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Southern Mongolians and Manchurians

Printed From: History Community ~ All Empires
Category: Regional History or Period History
Forum Name: Steppe Nomads and Central Asia
Forum Discription: Nomads such as the Scythians, Huns, Turks & Mongols, and kingdoms of Central Asia
URL: http://www.allempires.com/forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=5228
Printed Date: 28-Mar-2024 at 10:09
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Topic: Southern Mongolians and Manchurians
Posted By: Yungsiyebu_Uriankhai
Subject: Southern Mongolians and Manchurians
Date Posted: 26-Aug-2005 at 11:31

1, It's not completely corret to say Manchus "conquered" Inner(Southern) Mongolians. It's that Manchus help some Mongol tribes defeated a stronger tribe named Chahar that was directly ruled by Mongol great Khan, then, Manchus allied with Southern Mongolians to form a powerful steppe empire, which conquered China later. You can say Manchus conquered western Mongolians(Oirad Mongols), even included Northern Mongolians(Halha Mongols), but it's actually an alliance between the Manchus and Southern Mongolians. 

2, Southern Mongolians never thought they allied with(or submitted to) a Chinese empire, and Manchu empire was actually a non-Chinese empire before it conquered China. And, Southern Mongolian nobles even thought they were conquerers like the Manchus when their political and malitary alliance successed to defeat and conquer Chinese Ming empire later. However, the Mongols didn't rebel because of that the Manchu emperors had become Chinese emperors, just like that Mongol tribes in their native homeland didn't rebel for that Kubilai Khan established Yuan empire in China. But when those conquered empires in China was collasped in the end, things would turn to be very different for those people in their native land.

3, When Halha Mongols(Northern Mongolians) joined the alliance of Manchus and Southern Mongolians to avoid the thread from Oirad Mongols(Western Mongolians), and when they evetually defeated Oirad Mongols later, Manchu empire actually had already become a Chinese empire in this time.  

4, When Manchu empire was overthrow by Chinese, both Southern Mongolians and Northern Mongolians have realized their alliance with the Manchus didn't exited again, and they both began to struggle for their national independence and defended their country from the invasion of Chinese warlords, the difference between them was that Northern Mongolians got the help from Russians but Southern Mongolians got nothing, although they also tried to get it from Japan or USSR. BTW, Western Mongolians(Oirad Mongols) were destroyed so much by the Manchus that they were too week to do anything at that time.

 




Replies:
Posted By: Seko
Date Posted: 26-Aug-2005 at 11:40

Looks interesting. I agree with most of your write up except for the part where the steppe mongols didn't rebel against Kublai. They actually did rebel which led to immense civil wars.

And by the way, I noticed that you presented your exact post on two different forums: Steppes and Asian History. All we need is one. Thanks, and keep this in mind for future reference.



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Posted By: Yungsiyebu_Uriankhai
Date Posted: 15-Sep-2005 at 10:54

Some statements are related to China(east asia), but historically, the history of Southern Mongolians belongs to steppes and central asia history.  

 



Posted By: DayI
Date Posted: 15-Sep-2005 at 11:06

Ofcourse!

I wanna ask those people who makes such statements where they gonna set Ottoman empire? They've ruled in 3 continents...



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Posted By: tadamson
Date Posted: 15-Sep-2005 at 11:16
DayI,

I'm curious, why post under different names ?


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rgds.

      Tom..


Posted By: blitz
Date Posted: 17-Sep-2005 at 04:50

Hi Yungsiyebu Uriankhai,

is it true that the founder of Qing dynasty, Nurkhachi, was a descendant of Munkhe Khan, the 4th great khan of Mongols and grandson of Ghengis Khan?   

 



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Road to wisdom: err, err and err. But less, less and less!


Posted By: Yungsiyebu_Uriankhai
Date Posted: 17-Sep-2005 at 10:34

Nurhaci was the founder of Aisin Gurun(Manchu empire in Manchurian), his son Hong Taiji begun to conquer China and named his empire Amba Daicing Gurun(Great Qing empire in Manchurian), but he didn't achieve it. Nurhaci's grandson Shunzhi, who completed to conquer China, was the first Manchu emperor who begun to rule China and Chinese people, and the real founder of Qing dynasty.

The 6th ancestor of Nurhaci Khan, with a Mongol name "Munkh Timur", was ever a leader of Jurchen(Manchu) Tumen(10,000 families) of Mongol's Yuan empire. It's possible that Chinggis Khaan's descendants ever ruled Jurchen tribes in today's Manchuria, just Like they ever ruled Turkistan and were Turkified in the end, but we lack the direct evidence to prove it yet. of course, It's also possible that he was the former Jurchen noble who adopted a Mongol name for improving his status.

 



Posted By: DayI
Date Posted: 17-Sep-2005 at 12:29

Originally posted by tadamson

DayI,

I'm curious, why post under different names ?

Huh??



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Bu mıntıka'nın Dayı'sı
http://imageshack.us - [IMG - http://www.allempires.com/forum/uploads/DayI/2006-03-17_164450_bscap021.jpg -


Posted By: Your_Overlord
Date Posted: 17-Sep-2005 at 22:12
Originally posted by blitz

Hi Yungsiyebu Uriankhai,

is it true that the founder of Qing dynasty, Nurkhachi, was a descendant of Munkhe Khan, the 4th great khan of Mongols and grandson of Ghengis Khan?   

 



most likely not


Posted By: blitz
Date Posted: 18-Sep-2005 at 05:05
Originally posted by Yungsiyebu_Uriankhai

4. When Manchu empire was overthrow by Chinese, both Southern Mongolians and Northern Mongolians have realized their alliance with the Manchus didn't exited again, and they both began to struggle for their national independence and defended their country from the invasion of Chinese warlords, the difference between them was that Northern Mongolians got the help from Russians but Southern Mongolians got nothing, although they also tried to get it from Japan or USSR. BTW, Western Mongolians(Oirad Mongols) were destroyed so much by the Manchus that they were too week to do anything at that time.

 


It is true.  Very sad for inner mongolians. I read  following story:

In 1911  the 4 khans of Khalkha Mongolia proclaimed their independence . And 35 of 49 inner mongolian qoshuns and the western mongols followed them and agreed upon a single mongolian state.  The prime minister of Mongolia became one of the 4 khans. But chinese warlords didn't accept this mongolian state and invaded inner mongolia.  But the chinese were defeated several times.  Soon the prime minister of Mongolia  visited russian tsar in St.Petersburg and  prayed for weapons.  But russia and china made a treaty before this visit  and according to this treaty  inner mongolia and buriat mongolia must remain in China and Russia respectively. So mongolia didn't get any weapon from russia and inner mongolia was taken by chinese.  

After the October revolution Khalkha Mongolia got weapons and another helps from Russia  and proclaimed again their independence.   

When in 1945 soviet troops liberated China from Japan khalkha Mongolia tried to unify inner Mongolia to Mongolia. But again Stalin made treaty with China and Inner Mongolia remained in China.



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Road to wisdom: err, err and err. But less, less and less!


Posted By: poirot
Date Posted: 18-Sep-2005 at 07:06

The pulling of Inner Mongolia to China after the overthrow of the Qing Empire had to deal more with the presence of Chinese merchants, mostly from the province of Shanxi.   Economically, Inner Mongolia had deep ties with Northern China.

After World War II, Inner Mongolia was a haven for the Communist Party,   During the Chinese Civil War, the Communist People's Liberation Army had divisions of Mongolian cavalry (yes, real horses).



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AAAAAAAAAA
"The crisis of yesterday is the joke of tomorrow.�   ~ HG Wells
           


Posted By: blitz
Date Posted: 19-Sep-2005 at 10:05
Originally posted by poirot

The pulling of Inner Mongolia to China after the overthrow of the Qing Empire had to deal more with the presence of Chinese merchants, mostly from the province of Shanxi.   Economically, Inner Mongolia had deep ties with Northern China.

I don't think so.  In the year of 1911-1913 for example southern(inner) Mongolia was almost unified with northern Mongolia.  In 1913 this two defeated chinese forses twice in Inner Mongolia.

In 1945 the the right wing of Soviet-Mongol forse was northern mongols(khalkha) and together they liberated inner Mongolia. Inner Mongolia was ready to join Khalkha. But Stalin didn't allow it because of the relationship with China and because one part of mongols(buriads) was in Soviet Union. So IM remained in China.  

  



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Road to wisdom: err, err and err. But less, less and less!


Posted By: Yungsiyebu_Uriankhai
Date Posted: 20-Sep-2005 at 12:05

***

sorry, to avoid any unexpected trouble, I delete some of my statements, I hope my discussion could be limited in the ancient history of Inner Mongolia.

 

 



Posted By: Seko
Date Posted: 20-Sep-2005 at 12:24
No problem. If you will, continue with your work on inner Mongolia. Seems interesting too.

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Posted By: poirot
Date Posted: 20-Sep-2005 at 15:08
Originally posted by blitz

Originally posted by poirot

The pulling of Inner Mongolia to China after the overthrow of the Qing Empire had to deal more with the presence of Chinese merchants, mostly from the province of Shanxi.   Economically, Inner Mongolia had deep ties with Northern China.

I don't think so.  In the year of 1911-1913 for example southern(inner) Mongolia was almost unified with northern Mongolia.  In 1913 this two defeated chinese forses twice in Inner Mongolia.

In 1945 the the right wing of Soviet-Mongol forse was northern mongols(khalkha) and together they liberated inner Mongolia. Inner Mongolia was ready to join Khalkha. But Stalin didn't allow it because of the relationship with China and because one part of mongols(buriads) was in Soviet Union. So IM remained in China.  

  

I do not deny the Mongol quest for independence, I am just stating that without Chinese merchants from Shanxi, Inner Mongolia would have pulled away from China, regardless of warlord intervention.



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AAAAAAAAAA
"The crisis of yesterday is the joke of tomorrow.�   ~ HG Wells
           


Posted By: poirot
Date Posted: 20-Sep-2005 at 15:11
Originally posted by blitz

Originally posted by poirot

The pulling of Inner Mongolia to China after the overthrow of the Qing Empire had to deal more with the presence of Chinese merchants, mostly from the province of Shanxi.   Economically, Inner Mongolia had deep ties with Northern China.

I don't think so.  In the year of 1911-1913 for example southern(inner) Mongolia was almost unified with northern Mongolia.  In 1913 this two defeated chinese forses twice in Inner Mongolia.

In 1945 the the right wing of Soviet-Mongol forse was northern mongols(khalkha) and together they liberated inner Mongolia. Inner Mongolia was ready to join Khalkha. But Stalin didn't allow it because of the relationship with China and because one part of mongols(buriads) was in Soviet Union. So IM remained in China.  

  



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AAAAAAAAAA
"The crisis of yesterday is the joke of tomorrow.�   ~ HG Wells
           


Posted By: Your_Overlord
Date Posted: 20-Sep-2005 at 20:52
in my class at UCLA, they said that PRC traded Mongolian Independence for manchuria with the Soviets. 

and Russians liberated Manchuria not China as you guys are defining it (which excludes Manchuria), so by the way you mongols see things, the Russians didn't liberate China, no?  please show a little more consistency when you guys talk about what is chinese or what not, instead of just picking spots to condescend an entire group of people.

also, the topic is this thread is a little...uh...how the hell can inner mongolians see themselves as conquerors? by the same logic, can't han chinese see themselves as conquerors as well b/c the manchus had two divisions of Han Chinese Banners b4 their conquest of reminenscents of the Ming?  but thats stupid as well.  Bottom line, Manchus conquested both Han Chinese and Mongols during the 17th century(Even if they used a lot of Han and Mongol troops, the expeditions were still Manchu led). and the Manchu's  rocked the  mongols,  just live with it.

and this Inner Mongolian independence thing needs a better argument, cus historically Mongolians did even hold it for that long.  Most of Inner Mongolia was part of Xi Xia and Jin during the 5 Kingdoms era. only after Mongol conquests did it b/c Mongolia.  Manchu conquered it later, so isn't it a mere 3 centuries that "Inner Mongolia" was actually occupied by a mongol state?


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"All under heaven is one family"


Posted By: Yungsiyebu_Uriankhai
Date Posted: 21-Sep-2005 at 10:26

Those nomadic Tangud, Khitan, Ongud, Jurchen in today's Inner Mongolia, are the ancestors of today's Southern Mongolians like Naiman, Kereit, Merkit and others are. Chinggis Khaan didn't replace other nomadic tribes with his original Mongols, but unitified all nomads of Mongolian steppes to be a nation with the common name of Mongolia. Inner Mongolia belonged to Tangud, Khitan, Ongud and others many hundred years ago, today, it belongs to their descendents who are Southern Mongolian.

 



Posted By: yan.
Date Posted: 21-Sep-2005 at 13:10

Originally posted by blitz


It is true.  Very sad for inner mongolians. I read  following story:

In 1911  the 4 khans of Khalkha Mongolia proclaimed their independence . And 35 of 49 inner mongolian qoshuns and the western mongols followed them and agreed upon a single mongolian state.  The prime minister of Mongolia became one of the 4 khans. But chinese warlords didn't accept this mongolian state and invaded inner mongolia.  But the chinese were defeated several times.  Soon the prime minister of Mongolia  visited russian tsar in St.Petersburg and  prayed for weapons.  But russia and china made a treaty before this visit  and according to this treaty  inner mongolia and buriat mongolia must remain in China and Russia respectively. So mongolia didn't get any weapon from russia and inner mongolia was taken by chinese.  

After the October revolution Khalkha Mongolia got weapons and another helps from Russia  and proclaimed again their independence.   

When in 1945 soviet troops liberated China from Japan khalkha Mongolia tried to unify inner Mongolia to Mongolia. But again Stalin made treaty with China and Inner Mongolia remained in China.

It's slightly more complicated. After 1911, the role of Japan shouldn't be forgotten. In fact, it was the fear for their relations with Japan (right after the 1905 disaster) that kept Russia from providing arms to Inner Mongolians and made them intervene against Halha interference in Inner Mongolia. Besides, I'm somewhat sceptical about Mongol victories at that time. If you look at the events of 1919, the Bogd Gegeen government was very weak. I could imagine there were problems between the different mongol tribes (why would Inner Mongolian tribes accept Halha nobles as leaders?), I don't have any proof so far, though. Then there was the problem of a corruptible nobility that would prefer getting annuities from Beijing to being independent (another important point in the chinese  Re-occupation of Outer Mongolia in 1919 as well). And of course there were large Han-Chinese settlements in Inner Mongolia even back then.

IIRC, 1921 would actually see two declarations of independence in Outer Mongolia: one after Ungern-Sternberg had driven Chinese troops out, and the other (canonic) one after the Red Army had captured Ungern-Sternberg (Both Reds and Whites coudl apparently rely on local support, while the Chinese couldn't).

The Mongolian participation in the Soviet Manchurian Offensive of 1945 was IMO rather a political act than a military endevaour. The main point was probably to neutralize the De Wang government and have a stronger position in future negotiations with China re. the acceptance of Outer Mongolia's independence (the ROC was still claiming it as part of China until Dec. 1945 or so). Having locals as guides and interpreters may have played a role as well, but the Mongolian forces' manpower certainly wasn't sufficient to put up an independence war for Inner Mongolia, besides the fact that Stalin, and therefore Choibalsan, wasn't interested. AFAIK Stalin only raised the question of Inner Mongolia's independence when Mao tried to raise the question of Outer Mongolia's re-annexation to China.

OTOH, I'm quite sure Stalin didn't view Mongolia's independence as somewhat that could be traded. At least that was my impression when I read an account of the negotiations for the Sino-Soviet treaty of August 14(?)th, 1945.



Posted By: Guests
Date Posted: 28-Apr-2006 at 16:03

Since 1911 Mongolia was de facto independant, but not recognised by anyone except Tibet. Although Soviets support Mongolia, but Soviet was hesitating to recognise Mongolia as independant State due to China's claim.  Mongolia was still de jure  part of China which was talking for Mongolia in world affair.
Mongolia leaders doing the best for State of Mongolia,  in lobbying Stalin to talk for Mongolia, declare themselves 2nd Communist State, , joining Soviet war, supporting all Soviet decisions.
This realism reached its apogee at Yalta, a small town in Crimea where Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt met from February 4 to 11, 1945, to discuss the post-war scenario.

Roosevelt was pro nationalist China. US Senate was lobbied by appeal of May Ling Soong, who is Madame Chiang Kai-Shek. Churchill care for Europe affair. 

Stalin's stand was pro independant state of  Mongolia.

So following agreement is important document on Mongolia internationally

------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------
AGREEMENT REGARDING JAPAN
The leaders of the three great powers - the Soviet Union, the United States of America and Great Britain - have agreed that in two or three months after Germany has surrendered and the war in Europe is terminated, the Soviet Union shall enter into war against Japan on the side of the Allies on condition that:
1. The status quo in Outer Mongolia (the Mongolian People's Republic) shall be preserved.
2. The former rights of Russia violated by the treacherous attack of Japan in 1904 shall be restored, viz.:
(a) The southern part of Sakhalin as well as the islands adjacent to it shall be returned to the Soviet Union;
(b) The commercial port of Dairen shall be internationalized, the pre-eminent interests of the Soviet Union in this port being safeguarded, and the lease of Port Arthur as a naval base of the U.S.S.R. restored;
© The Chinese-Eastern Railroad and the South Manchurian Railroad, which provide an outlet to Dairen, shall be jointly operated by the establishment of a joint Soviet-Chinese company, it being understood that the pre-eminent interests of the Soviet Union shall be safeguarded and that China shall retain sovereignty in Manchuria;
3. The Kurile Islands shall be handed over to the Soviet Union.
It is understood that the agreement concerning Outer Mongolia and the ports and railroads referred to above will require concurrence of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek. The President will take measures in order to maintain this concurrence on advice from Marshal Stalin.
The heads of the three great powers have agreed that these claims of the Soviet Union shall be unquestionably fulfilled after Japan has been defeated.
For its part, the Soviet Union expresses it readiness to conclude with the National Government of China a pact of friendship and alliance between the U.S.S.R. and China in order to render assistance to China with its armed forces for the purpose of liberating China from the Japanese yoke.
Joseph Stalin
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Winston S. Churchill
February 11, 1945
--------------------------------------------


After the WWII, Soviets  induced the Republic of China to recognize Outer Mongolia's independence, provided that a referendum was held. The referendum took place on October 20, 1945, with, according to official numbers, 100% of the electorate voting for independence.


After the establishment of the People's Republic of China,
People's Republic of Mongolia was second country after Soviet to recognize People's Republic of China. So both countries recognized each other on October 6, 1949.
So MONGOLIA became really INDEPENDANT STATE - de facto and de jure.
[/quote]



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Posted By: cliveersknell
Date Posted: 29-Apr-2006 at 23:58
Hi Yungshiebu
What is the actual difference between traditional Mongol
and Manchu Scripts?
r's
Clive


Posted By: Guests
Date Posted: 01-May-2006 at 17:32

You could see the differences following table

 



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Posted By: Guests
Date Posted: 10-Jul-2006 at 12:13
i see here manchu people also not even conected with chines.i thought manchu's are part of china.and chine destroed them. from her i see ____ chines never concured mongolia

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Posted By: raygun
Date Posted: 10-Jul-2006 at 20:36
Where ate the Manchus today? Were they all assimilated into Han Chinese? Or are there still enclave living some where in Mongolia or Russia?
 
cheers


Posted By: Guests
Date Posted: 10-Jul-2006 at 23:53
Originally posted by real mongol

i see here manchu people also not even conected with chines.i thought manchu's are part of china.and chine destroed them. from her i see ____ chines never concured mongolia
 
You are 100% right Mongols never occupied by CHINA at all. Manchus were the ones that subjeguted Mongols through marriage with alliance other Mongols.
 
Most of the Manchu Emporers were married with Mongol princesses of Golden royal line.  
 
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You are right.

There are lots of documents about Mongol and Manchu intermarriages. Unfortunately Mongols (specially in Mongolia) are not really fond of being related to Manchus, because Manchus brought Mongols in
China. Mongol khans and Noyons who allied with Manchus through marriage or annual gold /silver/silk
payment were considered/ labeled as collaboraters/ traitors present Mongolian History.
So historical texts are very hesitant to mention it.
Actually it is just one of the ancient traditions, even Chinggis khaan gave his daughters to allied
princes. It was same to Manchus too. The Qing Manchus often contracted marriages with the Mongols as a means of securing political alliances.
Personally i believe Manchus played good and bad roles in history of Mongols. Good ones are Manchus prevented any further bloody civil wars among Mongols and protected Mongols from Russians and Chinese for 2 centuries.


Inner Mongolia Khans had contact with Manchus much earlier. There were lots of inermarriages between them. therefore some Inner Mongolian princes remained loyal to very end Manchu Imperors line. Last Emperor Pu Yi mentioned in his memior " from Imperor to citizen" that inner Mongolian prince Babojaoba ( maybe Bavuujav) was paying homage even at that time Pu Yi had no power.

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1.

-Huang Taiji (Manchu: ; Chinese: 皇太極 huáng tài jí; also known as 洪太極 hóng tài jí or 黃台吉 huáng tái jí; Abahai Sain Khaan- in Mongolian) had Mongol princess, who later became the Grand Empress Dowager Xiao Zhuang (Manchu: Hiyoošungga Ambalinggū Genggiyenšu Hūwanghu).

Grand Empress Dowager Xiao Zhuang Wen (zh: 孝莊太后 Hiyoošungga Ambalinggū Genggiyenšu Hūwanghu as the Empress in Manchu; March 28, 1613 - January 27, 1688) was the grandmother of Emperor Kang Xi of the Qing Dynasty. She was a daughter of a prince of Borjigit, the Horqin Mongols, Prince Jaisang, thus was a descendant of Genghis Khan. Her given name was Bumbutai.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Empress_Dowager_Xiao_Zhuang - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Empress...ger_Xiao_Zhuang


2. The Shunzhi Emperor (March 15, 1638–February 5, 1661?) was the second emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty, and the first Qing emperor to rule over China proper from 1644 to 1661.
Emperor Shunzi had 2 Mongol consort
- The Demoted Empress (廢后), from the Borjigit Mongol clan, niece of Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang, demoted in 1653
- Empress Xiaohui Zhang (Chinese: 孝惠章皇后; Manchu: Hiyoošungga Fulehun Eldembuhe Hūwanghu) (d. 1718) from the Borjigit Mongol clan, made empress in 1654

3. The Kangxi Emperor - Enkh Amgalan Khaan (May 4, 1654 – December 20, 1722) was the third Emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty, and the second Qing emperor to rule over all of China. His grandmother was Mongol. He gave his some of his daughters to Mongol Princes for marriage.

4. The Yongzheng Emperor - Nairalt Tuv Khaan (born Yinzhen 胤禛) (December 13, 1678 - October 8, 1735) was the fourth emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and the third Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1722 to 1735.

Not

5. The Qianlong Emperor - Tengeriig Tetgesen Khaan (born Prince Hongli, September 25, 1711 – February 7, 1799) was the fifth emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty,
He had consort Ying Kuai Fei (1731 - 1800) of the Silam clan of Mongol origin.

6. The Jiaqing Emperor - Saishaal Eroolt Khaan (November 13, 1760 – September 2, 1820) was the sixth emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty, and the fifth Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1796 to 1820.

Not

7. The Daoguang Emperor - Tor Gerelt Khaan (September 16, 1782 - February 25, 1850) was the seventh emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty, and the sixth Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1820 to 1850.

He had Empress Xiaojing Cheng (孝静成皇后) (1812 - 1855) of the Borjigit Mongol clan.

8. The Xianfeng Emperor, - Tugeemel Elbeg Khaan- born Yizhu, (July 17, 1831 - August 22, 1861) was the eighth Emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and the seventh Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1850 to 1861.

Not

9. The Tongzhi Emperor, -Buren zasagt Khaan - born Zaichun (April 27, 1856–January 12, 1875) was the ninth emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and the eighth Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1861 to 1875.
-Empress Alute, (孝哲毅皇后) of the Alute clan (1854 - 1875). Tongzhi married Lady Alute from a Mongol clan and died of smallpox at the age of 18.

10. The Guangxu Emperor - Badarguult Tor Khaan- Badarangga Doro -(August 14, 1871–November 14, 1908), born Zaitian (載湉), was the tenth emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty, and the ninth Qing emperor to rule over China

Not

11. Puyi - Hevt Yos Khaan - (Chinese:溥儀;) (February 7, 1906–October 17, 1967) of the Manchu Aisin-Gioro ruling family was the Xuantong Emperor (宣統皇帝) of China between 1908 and 1924 (ruling emperor between 1908 and 1912, and non-ruling emperor between 1912 and 1924), the tenth and last emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty to rule over China.

But i read about that he had Mongol consort from Daur Mongol


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