First Use of the Name Iran

Sebüktigin, aged twelve years, was taken prisoner by a neighbouring warring tribe and sold as a slave to a merchant named Nasr the Haji. He was purchased by Alptigin, the Lord Chamberlain of the Samani ruler of Khurasan. However, when Alptigin later rebelled against the Saminid influence, capturing Zabulistan and Ghazni, he raised Sebüktigin to the position of General and married his daughter to him. He served Alptigin, and his two successors Ishaq and Balkatigin. He later succeeded another slave of Alptagin to the throne, and in 977 became the popular ruler of Ghazni.

Sebüktigin enlarged upon Alptigin's conquests, extending his domain north to Balkh, west to Kandahar including most of Khorasan, and east to the Indus River.

Sebüktigin was recognized by the Caliph in Baghdad as governor of his dominions. He died in 997, and was succeeded by his younger son Sultan Ismail of Ghazni. Mahmud rebelled against his younger brother, Sultan Ismail of Ghazni, and took over Ghazni as the new Sultan.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferishta - Ferishta  records Sebük Tigin's genealogy as descended from the  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassanid - Sassanid  Emperors: "Subooktu-geen, the son of Jookan, the son of Kuzil-Hukum, the son of Kuzil-Arslan, the son of Ferooz, the son of  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazdgerd_III - Yezdijird , king of Persia." Some doubt has been cast on this due the lineage been reckoned too short to account for the 320 intervening years.^{[ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed - citation needed ]} What is known about Sebük Tigin is that he was of  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples - Turkic  origin, ^{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seb%C3%BCktigin#cite_note-0 - [1]}  born in  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barskhan - Barskhan  and bought by  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alptigin - Alptigin  as a boy in  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokhara - Bokhara . According to Grousset,

The Turkic mercenary army which Alptigin had raised in  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazni - Ghazni , and which was already profoundly influenced by Islam, was from 977 onward led by another Turkic ex-slave -another Mameluke- named Sebüktigin, who made himself master of Tokharistan (Balkh-Kunduz) and Kandahar, and embarked upon the conquest of Kabul.

Origins

[ http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germanic_peoples&action=edit&section=6 - edit ]Bronze Age

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nordic_Bronze_Age.png">

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nordic_Bronze_Age.png">

Map of the  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age - Nordic Bronze Age  culture, around 1200 BCE

Regarding the question of ethnic origins, evidence developed by archaeologists and linguists suggests that a people or group of peoples sharing a common material culture dwelt in a region defined by the  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age - Nordic Bronze Age  culture between 1700 BCE and 600 BCE. The Germanic tribes then inhabited southern  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia - Scandinavia ,  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein - Schleswig-Holstein  and  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg - Hamburg , ^{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples#cite_note-7 - [8]}  but subsequent Iron Age cultures of the same region, like  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wessenstedt - Wessenstedt (800 to 600 BCE) and  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jastorf_culture - Jastorf , are also in consideration. ^{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples#cite_note-8 - [9]}  The change of  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIE - Proto-Indo-European  to  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanic - Proto-Germanic  has been defined by the first sound shift (or  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms_law - Grimm's law ) and must have occurred when mutually intelligible dialects or languages in a  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprachbund - Sprachbund  were still able to convey such a change to the whole region. So far it has been impossible to date this event conclusively.

The precise interaction between these peoples is not known, however, they are tied together and influenced by regional features and migration patterns linked to prehistoric cultures like Hügelgräber,  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urnfield - Urnfield , and  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Tene - La Tene . A deteriorating climate in Scandinavia around 850 BCE to 760 BCE and a later and more rapid one around 650 BCE might have triggered migrations to the coast of Eastern Germany and further towards the Vistula. A contemporary northern expansion of Hallstatt drew part of these peoples into the Celtic hemisphere, including  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordwestblock - nordwestblock  areas and the region of  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elp_culture - Elp culture ^{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples#cite_note-9 - [10]}  (1800 BCE to 800 BCE).

At around this time, this culture became influenced by  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallstatt_culture - Hallstatt  techniques of how to extract  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog_iron - bog iron  from the  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ore - ore  in  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat_bogs - peat bogs , ushering in the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age - Pre-Roman Iron Age .

[ http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germanic_peoples&action=edit&section=7 - edit ]Early Iron Age

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png">

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png">

The expansion of the Germanic tribes 750 BC – AD 1 (after the Penguin Atlas of World History 1988):      Settlements before 750 BC      New settlements by 500 BC      New settlements by 250 BC      New settlements by AD 1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Homme_de_Tollund.jpg">

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Homme_de_Tollund.jpg">

The  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tollund_Man - Tollund Man  was buried in  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutland - Jutland  in the 4th Century BCE, a historically important area inhabited by the Germanic peoples. His corpse is one of several well preserved  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog_bodies - bog bodies  from the  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age - Pre-Roman Iron Age .

Archeological evidence suggests a relatively uniform Germanic people were located at about 750 BCE from the Netherlands to the Vistula and in Southern Scandinavia. In the west the coastal floodplains were populated for the first time, since in adjacent higher grounds the population had increased and the soil became exhausted. ^{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples#cite_note-10 - [11]}  At about 250 BCE, some expansion to the south had occurred and five general groups can be distinguished: North Germanic in southern Scandinavia, excluding Jutland; North Sea Germanic, along the North Sea and in Jutland; Rhine-Weser Germanic, along the middle Rhine and Weser; Elbe Germanic, along the middle Elbe; and East Germanic, between the middle Oder and the Vistula. This concurs with linguistic evidence pointing at the development of five linguistic groups, mutually linked into sets of two to four groups that shared linguistic innovations. ^{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples#cite_note-11 - [12]}

This period witnessed the advent of Celtic culture of  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallstatt - Hallstatt  and  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Tene - La Tene  signature in previous Northern Bronze Age territory, especially to the western extends. However, some proposals ^{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples#cite_note-12 - [13]}  suggest this Celtic  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratum_%28linguistics%29 - superstrate  was weak, while the general view in the Netherlands holds that this Celtic influence did not involve intrusions at all and assume fashion and a local development from Bronze Age culture. ^{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples#cite_note-13 - [14]}  It is generally accepted such a Celtic superstratum was virtually absent to the East, featuring the Germanic  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wessenstedt - Wessenstedt  and  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jastorf_culture - Jastorf  cultures. The Celtic influence and contacts between Gaulish and early Germanic culture along the Rhine is assumed as the source of a number of Celtic loanwords in Proto-Germanic.

Frankenstein and Rowlands (1978), and Wells (1980) have suggested late Hallstatt trade contact to be a direct catalyst for the development of an elite class that came into existence around northeastern France, the Middle Rhine region, and adjacent Alpine regions (Collis 1984:41), culminating to new cultural developments and the advent of the classical Gaulish  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Tene_Culture - La Tene Culture ^{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples#cite_note-14 - [15]}  The development of La Tene culture extended to the north around 200 to 150 BCE, including the North German Plain, Denmark and Southern Scandinavia: ^{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples#cite_note-15 - [16]}

In certain cremation graves, situated at some distance from other graves, Celtic metalwork appears: brooches and swords, together with wagons, Roman cauldrons and drinking vessels. The area of these rich graves is the same as the places where later (the first century CE) princely graves are found. A ruling class seems to have emerged, distinguished by the possession of large farms and rich gravegifts such as weapons for the men and silver objects for the women, imported earthenware and Celtic items. ^{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples#cite_note-16 - [17]}

The first Germani in Roman ethnography cannot be clearly identified as either Germanic or Celtic in the modern ethno-linguistic sense, and it has been generally held the traditional clear cut division along the Rhine between both ethnic groups was primarily motivated by Roman politics. Caesar described the  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eburones - Eburones  as a Germanic tribe on the Gallic side of the Rhine, and held other tribes in the neighbourhood as merely calling themselves of Germanic stock. Even though names like Eburones and  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiorix - Ambiorix  were Celtic and, archeologically, this area shows strong Celtic influences, the problem is difficult. Some 20th century writers consider the possibility of a separate " http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordwestblock - nordwestblock " identity of the tribes settled along the Rhine at the time, assuming the arrival of a Germanic superstrate from the 1st century BCE and a subsequent "Germanization" or language replacement through the "elite-dominance" model. ^{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples#cite_note-17 - [18]}  However, immigration of Germanic  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavians - Batavians  from Hessen in the northern extent of this same tribal region is, archeologically speaking, hardly noticeable and certainly did not populate an exterminated country, very unlike Tacitus suggested. Here, probably due to the local indigenous pastoral way of life, the acceptance of Roman culture turned out to be particularly slow and, contrary to expected, the indigenous culture of the previous Eburones rather seems to have absorbed the intruding (Batavian) element, thus making it very hard to define the real extents of the pre-Roman Germanic indigenous territories. ^{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples#cite_note-18 - [19]}

[ http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germanic_peoples&action=edit&section=8 - edit ]History

Genetics

The genetic makeup of the Nordwestblock region is typified by the occurrence of the following Y-chromosome markers:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b - haplogroup R1b  (averaging 70%) and  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_I_%28Y-DNA%29 - haplogroup I  (averaging 25%), associated respectively to the robust Eurasiatic  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnon - Cro Magnoid  homo sapiens of the  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurignacian - Aurignacian  culture, and the subsequent gracile leptodolichomorphous people of the  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravettian - Gravettian  culture that entered Europe from the Middle East 20,000 to 25,000 years ago. ^{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordwestblock#cite_note-19 - [20]}  A very small Neolithic element can be concerned in occurrences of haplogroup E (Hg E3b1a, 5% or less) that originally presented a clearly Sub-Saharan African element ^{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordwestblock#cite_note-20 - [21]}  An equally low occurrence is concerned in haplogroup R1a1, Investigation of the Y-chromosome reveal markedly low occurrences of the  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a1_%28Y-DNA%29 - Hg R1a1  gene, whose lineage is thought to have originated in the Eurasian Steppes north of the Black and Caspian Seas, associated with the Kurgan culture. http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpR.html - [9] . R1a1 measurements read 6.2% to Germans (a 4X drop to Czechs and Slovakians reading 26,7%) and 3.7% to Dutch. ^{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordwestblock#cite_note-21 - [22]}

With regard to the Nordwestblock hypothesis that a unique culture lived in the region, apart from the Germanic and Celtic people, it can be concluded that none of these genes point to genetic isolation. Both Hg R1b and Hg I are largely to fully represented by subgroups having their maxima in the  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisia - Frisia  (R1b1c9, the most common subgroup of R1b), in the Netherlands and Northern Germany (Hg I1b2a, also referred to as Hg I1c), and adjacent Northern Europe (Hg I1a). ^{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordwestblock#cite_note-22 - [23]}  This result is contradictory to genetic barrier analyses that had shown a clear gene barrier along the Vistula. ^{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordwestblock#cite_note-23 - [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordwestblock#cite_note-23 - 24 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordwestblock#cite_note-23 - ]}

^{and now only 6% R1A1(genetic aryan marker) in germany  in this case kurds are more aryan than germans the% of R1a1 is much higher among the kurds!!! and while in all  the scandinavian countries "origin land of germans according themselves"  R1a1 is always more than 20% and in norway even  it is over 30%!! the scandinavians are probably less german and more aryan}

^{coclusion the kurds are more aryan than germans, because R1a1 is much higher in kurdestan and germans are no longer aryans!!! and kurds and germans are not related to each other}

^{70% R1b+ 25% I  + 6,2 % R1a1+ 5 % E3b1= 106.2%not bad maybe those 6,2% over the 100% is % of ilegal aliens}