February 11th: 1st Spanish Republic

Today in 1873, the Spanish Cortes (parlament), after being slammed by the briefly king Amadeo I, proclaimed the Republic.


The day before, constitutional king Amadeo of Savoy had abdicated as king of Spain, declaring that the Spaniards "were ingovernable". In this situation the Cortes, unwilling to allow the return of the absolutist Bourbons, declared the Republic, after an incediary discourse of Emilio Castelar.


Republicans though were divided between Unitarians and Federalists. Initially Estanislao Figueras, a weak figure, is elected as President, supported by the Unitarians. Nevertheless, by June, the Constitutive Cortes, drafted a federal constitution and procalimed Francisco Pi i Margall as new President.


But institutional federalism, that stabilished a limited ammount of states seemed little thing for the aspirations of provincial federalists, who led a cantonalist uprising, with each city or province claiming for their own sovereignity...

Simultaneously fundamenatlist Carlist rebellion (also fed by ethnic grievances against the Liberal centralist state) was benefitting from the chaos to improve its positions taking some cities in the Basque Country and Catalonia.

Pi i Margall is briefly replaced by Nicol�s Salmeron, who leads the counter attack against the Cantonalists and Carlists, restoring the state in most of Spain, except Cartagena (Cantonalists) and Pamplona (Carlists).


But the Federalists had been weakened by the cantonalist revolt and now a Unitarian, Castelar takes over, with Monarchist support, reinforcing the reaction of the central state against all revolts, including the one in Cuba, restoring the death penalty.


In January 2 1874, Castelar is lef in minority in the Cortes, what implied a return of the Federalists to the government. In that situation a General Pav�a staged a coup, entering the Cortes on horse and sabre in hand, supported by military police forces (Guardia Civil). Castelar that didn't want to stay in power with such unwanted and anti-democratic support, abdicated.

He was replaced by General Serrano, who ruled by decree, with Monarchist support.  After almost a year, in December 1874, another coup demands the restoration of the Bourbon dynasty, which would eventually be effective in January 1875, under a constitutional but corrupt system.


Some other things that happened today:

• 660 - traditonal date of the foundation of Japan by Jimmu Tenno

• 1531 - Henry VIII is recognized as supreme head of the Church of England
• 1808 - experimentation with mineral anthracite coal proves it effective as fuel
• 1916 - Emma Goldman is arrested for lecturing on birth control

• 1929 - the last European theocracy is created by a treaty between Mussolini and Pietro Gasparri. The Vatican state was created this way

• 1963 - The Beatles publish their first record: Please, please me.
  

• 1979 - Ayatollah Khomeini seizes power in Iran

• 1990 - Nelson Mandela is finally released after 27 years imprisioned

• 1991 - the UNPO, the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization is created in The Hague

Ful list: Wikipedia.



Edited by Maju

Look a woman!! without headscarf in the "ISLAMIC" revolution, why is she so happy? because the betrayal has not yet happened. 

Khomeini seized nothing, he was given everything on a platter.

Khomeini on the Iran way at Air France Plane
a Reporter asked him: " What do you feel?? you are comming back to Iran after ~~ years & you are leader of revolution"
Khomini Answerd: NOTHING


After Arrive, Army didn't arrest him
By Military Police Scourt (Dejbane Markaz) (most loyal part of Imperial Army) went to Behesht Zahra
I don't understand why shah didn't kill him??

Where is the shah and his fellows now?

http://www.iranchamber.com/history/historic_periods.php

go to the bottom of the page check pictures of revolution.

Not that picture Zagros, it makes me sad to see peshmergas get executed...