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We Central Asians.

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  Quote gok_toruk Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Topic: We Central Asians.
    Posted: 29-Jul-2005 at 02:04
All dear forumers,
   Hi there. Best wishes and respect. Well, Perdon and I decided to open a new forum about CA. We're going to talk about the culture of 4 brother nations; Kazak, Kyrigz, Turkmen and Ozbek. We're seeking to clarify anything realting to their customs. You can search for their images here, download their music, ask questions and a lot more.
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  Quote gok_toruk Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 29-Jul-2005 at 02:07
   Also spelled Kazakh, an Asiatic Turkic-speaking people inhabiting mainly Kazakstan and the adjacent parts of the Uighur Autonomous Region of Sinkiang in China. The Kazaks emerged in the 15th century from an amalgam of Turkic tribes who entered Transoxiana about the 8th century and of Mongols who entered the area in the 13th century. At the end of the 20th century there were roughly 7,600,000 in Kazakstan and about 1,200,000 in China (mainly in Sinkiang), with small numbers in Uzbekistan, Russia, and Mongolia. The Kazaks are the second most numerous Turkic-speaking people in Central Asia after the Uzbeks.

   The Kazaks were traditionally pastoral nomads, dwelling year-round in portable, dome-shaped tents (called gers, or yurts) constructed of dismountable wooden frames covered with felt. The Kazaks migrated seasonally to find pasturage for their livestock, including horses, sheep, goats, cattle, and a few camels. The diet consisted largely of milk products supplemented by mutton. Fermented mare's milk (koumiss) and horse flesh were highly esteemed but usually available only to the prosperous. Felt made the tent snug inside and out and was used for cloaks...
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  Quote gok_toruk Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 29-Jul-2005 at 02:08
Kazak Langugae:
   Also spelled Kazakh, member of the Turkic language family (a subfamily ofthe Altaic languages), belonging to the northwestern, or Kipchak, branch. The Kazak language is spoken primarily in Kazakstan and in the Uighur Autonomous Region of Sinkiang in China but is also found in Uzbekistan, Mongolia, and Afghanistan. The so-called Kipchak-Uzbek dialect is closely related to Kazak and is considered by some to be a Kazak dialect (its speakers, however, use the Uzbek literary language).
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  Quote gok_toruk Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 29-Jul-2005 at 02:09
Kazakstan:
   Also spelled Kazakhstan , officially Republic of Kazakstan , Kazakh Qazaqstan Respublikas country of Central Asia. It is bounded on the northwest and north by Russia, on the east by China, and on the south by Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and the Aral Sea; the Caspian Sea bounds Kazakstan to the southwest. Kazakstan's 1,052,100 square miles (2,724,900 square kilometres) make it by far the largest state in Central Asia and the ninth largest in the world. Between its most distant points Kazakstan measures about 1,820 miles (2,930 kilometres) east to west and 960 milesnorth to south. While Kazakstan was not considered by authorities in the former Soviet Union to be a part of Central Asia, it does have physical and cultural geographic characteristics similar to those of the other Central Asian countries. The capital is Astana (formerly Tselinograd) in the north-central part of the country. Kazakstan, formerly a constituent (union) republic of the U.S.S.R., declared independence on Dec. 16, 1991.

Kazakstan's great mineral resources and arable lands have long aroused the envy of outsiders, and the resulting exploitation has generated environmental and political problems. The forced settlement of the nomadic Kazaks in the Soviet period, combined with large-scale Slavic in-migration, strikingly altered the Kazak way of life and led to considerable settlement and urbanization in Kazakstan. The Kazaks' traditional customs uneasily coexist alongside incursions of the modern world
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  Quote gok_toruk Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 29-Jul-2005 at 02:10
The Land:
   Lowlands make up one-third of Kazakstan's huge expanse, hilly plateaus and plains account for nearly half, and low mountainous regions about one-fifth. Kazakstan's highest point, Mount Khan-Tengri (Han-t'eng-ko-li Peak) at 22,949 feet (6,995 metres), in the Tien Shan range on the border between Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, and China, contrasts with the flat or rolling terrain of most of the republic. The western and southwestern parts of the republic are dominated by the low-lying Caspian Depression, which atits lowest point lies some 95 feet below sea level. South of the Caspian Depression are the Ustyurt Plateau and the Tupqaraghan (formerly Mangyshlak) Peninsula jutting into the Caspian Sea. Vast amounts of sand form the Greater Barsuki and Aral Karakum deserts near the Aral Sea,the broad Betpaqdala Desert of the interior, and the Muyunkum and Kyzylkum deserts in the south. Most of these desert regions support slight vegetative cover fed by subterranean groundwater.

Depressions filled by salt lakes whose water has largely evaporated dot the undulating uplands of central Kazakstan. In the north the mountains reach about 5,000 feet, and there are similar high areas among the Ulutau Mountains in the west and the Chingiz-Tau Range in the east. In the east and southeast, massifs (enormous blocks of crystalline rock) are furrowed by valleys. The Altai mountain complex to the east sends three ridges into the republic, and, farther south, the Tarbagatay Range is an offshoot of the Naryn-Kolbin complex. Another range, the Dzungarian Alatau, penetrates the country to the south of the depression containing Lake Balkhash. The Tien Shan peaks rise along the southern frontier with Kyrgyzstan.
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  Quote gok_toruk Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 29-Jul-2005 at 02:11
The Drainage:
   Kazakstan's east and southeast possess extensive watercourses: most of the country's 7,000 streams form part of the inland drainage systems of the Aral and Caspian seas and Lakes Balkhash and Tengiz. The major exceptions are the great Irtysh, Ishim (Esil), and Tobol rivers, which run northwest from the highlands in the southeast and, crossing Russia, ultimately drain into Arctic waters. In the west the major stream, the Ural (Kazak: Zhayyq) River, flows into the Caspian Sea. In the south the waters of the once-mighty Syr Darya have, since the late 1970s, scarcely reached the Aral Sea at all.

The torrent of the Irtysh River pours some 988 billion cubic feet (28 billion cubic metres) of water annually into the vast West Siberian catchment area. In the late 1970s Soviet authorities developed extensive plans to tap the Irtysh River for use in irrigating the arid expanses of Kazakstan and Uzbekistan, but the scheme was killed in 1986 because of the large investmentrequired and concern for the project's possible adverse ecological consequences. This left southern and western Kazakstan, as before, greatly in need of additional water resources. Kazakstan also suffers from the disastrous depletion and the contamination (by pesticides and chemical fertilizers) of the Syr Darya flow, on which the republic depends greatly for crop irrigation.

The Caspian Sea, the largest inland body of water in the world, forms Kazakstan's border for 1,450 miles of its coastline. Other large bodies of water, all in the eastern half of the country, include Lakes Balkhash, Zaysan, Alakl, Tengiz, and Seletytengiz (Siletiteniz). Kazakstan also wraps around the entire northern half of the shrinking Aral Sea, which underwent terrible declineduring the second half of the 20th century: as freshwater inflow was diverted for agriculture, thesalinity of the sea increased sharply, and the receding shores became the source of salty dust and polluted deposits that ruined the surrounding lands for animal, plant, or human use
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Climate:
   Kazakstan's climate is sharply continental, and hot summers alternate with equally extreme winters, especially in the plains and valleys. Temperatures fluctuate widely, with great variations between subregions. Average January temperatures in northern and central regions range from −2 to 3 F (−19 to −16 C); in the south, temperatures are milder, ranging from 23to 29 F (−5 to −1.4 C). Average July temperatures in the north reach 68 F (20 C), but in the south they rise to 84 F (29 C). Temperature extremes of −49 F (−45 C) and 113 F (45 C) have been recorded. Light precipitation falls, ranging from 8 to 12 inches (200 to 300 millimetres) annually in the northern and central regions to 16 or 20 inches in the southern mountain valleys
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Soil:
   Very fertile soils characterize the lands from far northern Kazakstan down to the more infertile, alkaline soils of the middle and southern areas. The vast stretches of arable land in thenorthern plains are the most intensely cultivated and productive. Other cultivated areas fringe the mountains in the south and east; irrigation and reclamation, when feasible, extend along river valleys into the deserts. Nuclear bomb testing conducted during the Soviet period near Semey (Semipalatinsk) contaminated the soils in the vicinity.
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  Quote gok_toruk Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 29-Jul-2005 at 02:13
Plant and Animal life:
   The vegetation on plains and deserts includes wormwood and tamarisk, with feather grass on drier plains. Kazakstan has very little wooded area, amounting to only about 3 percent of the territory. Many animals, including antelope and elk, inhabit the plains. The wolf, bear, and snow leopard, as well as the commercially important ermine and sable, are found in the hills. Fishermen take sturgeon, herring, and roach from the Caspian Sea. In parts of northeastern and southwestern Kazakstan, where commercial fishing collapsed as a result of industrial and agricultural pollution, efforts to revive fish populations have shown some success.
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  Quote gok_toruk Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 29-Jul-2005 at 02:14
Settlement Patterns:
   The extremely wide dispersion of population in Kazakstan is reflected in the large number of small settlements. In the late 1980s fewer than 100 settlements fell into the category of city or town and fewer than 300 were worker settlements, while well over 2,000 were auls (small farm villages).

   Kazakstan's distinct regional patterns of settlement depend in part on its varied ethnic makeup. SlavsRussians, Ukrainians, and Belarusianslargely populate the northern plains, where they congregate in large villages that originally served as the centres of collective and state farms. These populated oases are separated by wheat fields or, in the more arid plains to the south, by semideserts and deserts where sheep breeders live in temporary quarters, usually yurts (round tents with sturdy pole frames covered by heavy felt).

   Kazak nomads formerly obtained their schooling and manufactured goods from Russian towns such as Troitsk, Orenburg, and Omsk, or, in the south, from the ancient cities of Transoxania, theFergana Valley, and eastern Turkistan. After the Russian conquest established military governors and administrators in Alma-Ata (now Almaty), Uralsk (Oral), Yaik, and elsewhere, Kazakstan began in the 19th century to develop its own cities. Qaraghandy (Karaganda), skemen (Ust-Kamenogorsk), and Rūdnyy (Rudny), which are typical Soviet planned towns, have straight, wide streets and multistoried buildings and accommodate industry around their fringes
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  Quote gok_toruk Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 29-Jul-2005 at 02:15
The People:
   The Kazaks are a nominally Muslim people who speak a Turkic language of the Northwest or Kipchak (Qipchaq) group. Fewer than one-fifth of the more than eight million ethnic Kazaks live outside Kazakstan, mainly in Uzbekistan and Russia. During the 19th century about 400,000 Russians flooded into Kazakstan, and these were supplemented by about 1,000,000 Slavs, Germans, Jews, and others who immigrated to the region during the first third of the 20th century. The immigrants crowded Kazaks off the best pastures and watered lands, rendering many tribes destitute. Another large influx of Slavs occurred from 1954 to 1956 as a result of the Virgin and Idle Lands project, initiated by the Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev, himself a Slav. This project drew thousands of Russians and Ukrainians into the rich agricultural lands of northern Kazakstan. By 1989, however, Kazaks slightly outnumbered Russians.

   In the early years of independence, significant numbers of ethnic Russians in Kazakstan emigrated to Russia. This emigration, along with a return to the country of ethnic Kazaks, changed the demographic makeup of Kazakstan: by the mid-1990s the Kazak proportion was approaching half the total population, while that for the Russians was closer to one-third. The other ethnic groups in Kazakstan include Uzbeks, Uighurs, and Tajiks, along with Ukrainians, Germans, Tatars, and Koreans.

   The urban areas of Kazakstan are still home to more Slavs than Kazaks. Kazaks constitute about half the inhabitants of Almaty, the country's largest city and, until 1997, its capital. About three-fifths of Kazak families live in rural areas. Urbanization in Kazakstan involves much more immigration of foreigners than movement of Kazaks from the countryside into the cities.

   During much of their long nomadic period, the Kazaks' adherence to Islām remained informal and permissive. When they moved into settlements or sent their children to towns of Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, and Central Asia for an education, that situation changed. There, young Kazaks entered Muslim maktab s or madrassah s, where religion supplied the main subjects and ideology. Thus, the younger generation of intellectuals turned into urban-style Muslims before the Soviet communists took over in the early 1920s. Thereafter, the authorities actively suppressed or discouraged religious life in Kazakstan until the U.S.S.R. disintegrated. Since independence, Kazaks generally have enjoyed freedom of religion.
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  Quote gok_toruk Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 29-Jul-2005 at 02:16
The Economy:
   Kazakstan possesses abundant natural resources. Its major exports include agricultural products, raw materials, chemical products, and manufactured goods. Privatization of state-owned industries was undertaken during the 1990s. In 1994 Kazakstan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan formed an economic union that enabled free movement of labour and capital amongthe three countries and established coordinated economic policies.
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  Quote gok_toruk Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 29-Jul-2005 at 02:17
Recources:
   Among the most important minerals are copper in the central areas and in Aqtbe (Aktyubinsk) province; lead, zinc, and silver in the Rūdnyy Altai area and the Dzungarian Alatau and Qarataū (Karatau) spurs; tungsten and tin in the Kolbin Ridge and southern Altai; chromite, nickel, and cobalt in the Mugozhar Hills; titanium, manganese, and antimony in the central regions; vanadium in the south; and gold in the north and east. Processing facilities at Aqtaū produce large quantities of uranium mined in the Mangghyshlaq area. Much iron ore comes from Qaraghandy and Qostanay (Kustanay), and coal from the Qaraghandy, Torghay (Turgay), Ekibastuz, and Maykuben basins. In 1993 Kazakstan finalized a contract with the Chevron Corporation to exploit the reserves of the Tengiz oil field, one of the world's largest. In the mid-1990s agreements also were sought with foreign investors for the development of oil and natural gas from the Tengiz, Zhusan, Temir, and Kasashyganak wells. The profitability of such ventures rested principally on the establishment of new pipelines
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  Quote gok_toruk Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 29-Jul-2005 at 02:18
Agriculture:
   Farming occupies some one-fifth of the labour force, largely the Kazak portion plus the Slavic wheat farmers of northern Kazakstan. Kazaks raise sheep, goats, cattle, and swine. The country produces cereal crops, potatoes, vegetables, melons and other fruits, sugar beets, and rice, as well as fodder and industrial crops. Nuclear contamination of soils near Semeythe result of Soviet weapons testinghas hindered agricultural development in the northeast
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  Quote gok_toruk Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 29-Jul-2005 at 02:19
Industry:
   Industry constitutes a prominent sector of the Kazak economy, but it employs fewer than one-tenth of the indigenous Kazaks. Manufacturing industries employing primarily Russian andUkrainian workers produce cast iron, rolled steel, cement, chemical fertilizer, and consumer goods. Plants in Temirtaū and Qaraghandy produce steel; the country, with its nonferrous metallurgy concentrated in the east, is a major lead and copper producer. Kazakstan's fuel production has increased with the extraction of coal from the Qaraghandy and Ekibastuz basins.

Meat-packing plants operate in many areas, but creameries exist chiefly in areas settled by Slavs in the north and east. Sugar refineries are located in the south in the Taldyqorghan (Taldy-Kurgan) and Almaty areas. Fruit and vegetable canning, grain milling, brewing, and wine making are among the light industries. Synthetic fibres come from a factory at Qaraghandy and pharmaceuticals from a plant in Shymkent (Chimkent).
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Transportation:
   Railways carry most of the freight going long distances. The Trans-Siberian, South Siberian, and Kazak (formerly Turkistan-Siberian) trunk lines cross Kazakstan east to west, and the Orenburg line extends as far as Tashkent in the south. Air transport carries the bulk of passenger traffic, both domestic and regional. The international airport at Almaty offers service to Frankfurt (Ger.), Istanbul, and other cities. The republic has an extensive network of oil pipelines between Atyraū and Orsk and Shymkent and Tashkent, as well as the Uzen-Zhetibay-Aqtaū pipeline from the west
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  Quote gok_toruk Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 29-Jul-2005 at 02:21
Administration and social conditions:
Government:
Kazakstan's first postindependence constitution was adopted in 1993, replacing the Soviet-era constitution that had been in force since 1978; a new constitution was approved in 1995. The 1995 constitution provided for legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government dominated by a strong executive.

   The 1995 constitution established a bicameral legislature consisting of a Senate and an Assembly (Mazhilis). Working jointly, the two chambers have the authority to amend the constitution, approve the budget, confirm presidential appointees, ratify treaties, declare war, and delegate legislative authority to the president for up to one year; each chamber also has exclusive powers. Legislators serve four-year terms: two members of the Senate are elected from each province-level entity (called an administrative-territorial unit) by all legislative members of that unit, with the exception of several appointed by the president; members of theAssembly are elected from population-based constituencies by universal adult suffrage.

   The president is the head of state and is elected directly for a maximum of two consecutive five-year terms. The president appoints the prime minister and other ministers of the cabinet, as well as the chairperson of the National Security Committee. The president also appoints the heads of the local government entities, can reverse decisions made by these officials, and has broad authority to issue decrees and overrule actions taken by the ministries.

   The highest judicial body is the Supreme Court, and there also are a number of lower courts; a Constitutional Council, the members of which are appointed by the president and legislature, reviews constitutional questions. Judges serve life terms and are appointed by the president, with those of the Supreme Court also subject to confirmation by the legislature.

   The constitution specifies a number of rights to the citizens of Kazakstan, including freedom ofspeech, religion, and movement. Citizens have the right to work, to own property, and to form trade unions. Despite the democratic language in both the constitutions of 1993 and 1995, in the early years of independence Kazakstan became increasingly authoritarian. The country's first parliamentary elections (1994) were declared illegal by what was then the Constitutional Court. This precipitated the drafting of the 1995 constitution, which expanded the already substantial powers granted to the president by the 1993 constitution.
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Armed forces
   Kazakstan possesses a small army, air force, and navy. In 1995 it agreed to partially unite its military with that of Russia, establishing a joint command for training and planning and for border patrols. During the Soviet period, a vast nuclear arsenal was stationed in Kazak territory. Kazakstan ratified the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty in 1993, however, and by 1995 it had dismantled or returned to Russia all of its inherited warheads.
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Education
   Kazakstan moved to influence profoundly the future course of education in 1989 when it declared Kazak the official language of the republic, though in the 1995 constitution Russian was also officially acknowledged. Prior to independence, Russian generally served as the language of government and of education in the Kazakh S.S.R. Many younger Kazaks, educated entirely in Russian, scarcely know the traditional language of their people. The shift tothe Kazak language affects classroom instruction, textbooks, newspapers, and such media as television and cinema, all of which contribute to public education. The process of conversion to Kazak-oriented communication began immediately and has greatly affected the educational system. Few Russians speak and write Kazak well. Implicit in the change has been the necessity for teachers to have a fluent knowledge of Kazak, a requirement that tends to remove Slavic personnel from the elementary and secondary classrooms for Kazak children.

   A major reorganization of the curricula and redesign of textbooks began in the years after 1989. The study of Kazak history, literature, and culture, long slighted in general education, now receives appropriate attention in school curricula. The institutes in the Kazakstan Academy ofSciences (founded 1946) focus their research on subjects important to Kazakstan, in science as well as in the humanities. The renunciation of Marxist-Leninist ideology in Kazakstan has freed scholars from the restrictions that hampered their research and interpretation of findings. Many serious works long proscribed by communist censors have appeared in print for the first time or after many years of being out of print.

   In addition to the Academy of Sciences, higher educational institutions include the Kazak al-Farabi State National University, Qaraghandy State University, and a number of polytechnical, agricultural, veterinary, and other facilities in Almaty. Medical and teachers' institutes function in Qaraghandy, and different institutions can be found at other regional centres. A network of vocational schools offers specialized secondary and technical training.
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  Quote gok_toruk Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 29-Jul-2005 at 02:24
Health and welfare
   Housing, medical care, and other services are inadequate, despite large outlays by municipalities and the republic to keep up with the expanding population. Housing and other shortages exacerbate ethnic tension between Kazaks, Russians, Uighurs, and other city dwellers, tensions that equitable distribution can partly alleviate.

   Rates of infant and maternal morbidity and mortality, though lower than in other Central Asian republics, are far higher in Kazakstan than in Western countries because of an unbalanced diet, environmental pollution, and inadequate prenatal care. Life expectancy is low compared with the West. Although sanatoriums and hospitals exist in many locations, they dispense a level of medical care far below that considered standard in the West.

   Public health suffers greatly in heavily industrialized areas, such as Qaraghandy province, owing to the fact that Soviet authorities never seriously made environmental protection a high priority. In the vicinity of the Aral Sea, and especially in Qyzylorda (Kzyl-Orda) and Aqtbe provinces, Kazaks suffer from the pollution and salinization of the sea. Its waters are contaminated with pesticides, especially DDT, and with chemical fertilizer fed into it by various rivers; the contraction of the Aral Sea has left a toxic dust in the newly formed salt flats, leading to respiratory disorders and other health problems. In Qyzylorda province the toxic emissions from rocket launches and related activities in the Baikonur Cosmodrome near Tyuratam have introduced additional industrial pollution into the area. But the most serious general health problems in Kazakstan arise from the widespread radiation poisoning of the soil, food products, and water sources of eastern Kazakstan, especially Semey province, where the Soviet military command for decades exposed almost one million people to nuclear weapons testing. Birth defects, cancer, and other illnesses related to radiation poisoning occur with unusual frequency among people in the region. These severe health hazards led the cultural and medical intelligentsia of Kazakstan to organize mass demonstrations to protest the continued poisoning of Kazakstan by nuclear testing and development in adjacent sites in LopNor in northwestern China after Soviet nuclear tests in eastern Kazakstan had ceased.
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