Since I retired from FT,
PT and casual-employment in the years 1999 to 2005, after a 50 year student and paid employment life from 1949 to 1999, I have been
recreating myself as a writer and author, poet and publisher, editor and
researcher, reader and scholar, and online blogger and journalist. During the years,
1999 to 2014, I have taken an interest in the subject of genocide.
The following prose-poems, some 14 A-4 pages and 4000 words, are a reflection of this interest.
Readers
who find the following far too long for their reading sensibilities are advised
to: (i) skim or scan, (ii) read until your eyes glaze over or you lose interest
or (iii) just stop reading now. I do any one of all three of these choices all
the time. If I tried to read everything, I'd drown in words. The
following is for those with a special interest in the subject.
________________________________________________________
Counting Hell
Last
night I revisited Cambodia’s Killing Fields on the ABC's 4 Corners program “Where Are They Now?”1 I read some of the commentary on the
subject and the writing of Bruce Sharp2 interested me the most. In his essay Counting Hell, Sharp wrote that we are confronted with incomplete and inconclusive evidence, and it
is tempting, therefore, to say that we will never really see the full picture
of what happened in Cambodia’s Killing
Fields from April 1975 to January 1979. It is also tempting to say that after more
than thirty years have passed, it is time to move on. So much of the contemporary scene and of
history is so often “a time to move on.” History is, as Edward Gibbon once wrote, “little more than the register of
the crimes, follies, and misfortunes of mankind.”
To the German-Swiss novelist and poet, Hermann Hesse, as he put it in his
The Glass Bead Game, the study of history means “submitting to chaos and
nevertheless retaining faith in order and meaning. It is a very serious task.” Perhaps the most apt definition of history
insofar as The
Killing Fields is
concerned is the one from James Joyce in his Ulysses. “History,” Joyce wrote, “is a
nightmare from which I am trying to wake.”
Historians
are accustomed now to the idea of genocide. Cambodia was not the first
occurrence of genocide and it will not be the last. There have been a myriad
newer crimes since 1979. “Do we still need to worry about the old ones?” Sharp
asks rhetorically. Why should we bother with numbers? One and a half million,
two and a half million deaths in Cambodia: does it matter? There was once a
time when these were not merely numbers. These numbers had names, and that is
why it matters, he concludes.2-Ron Price with thanks to1
“Where Are They Now?” 4 Corners, ABC1 TV, 27/6/’11, 8:30 p.m., 2the link: http://www.mekong.net/cambodia/bsharp.htm,
and 3the internet site Cambodia,
1 April 2005.
It was a big year ’79. Those killing
fields came to an end, the
revolution
in Iran took place and I settled
into a
life in Tasmania at the age of 35
Y.O.
I was in Ballarat at the CAE
during all
those years of 1 to 2 million
deaths in
Cambodia. I was busy reading so
many
books, helping the Baha’i
community &
surviving another 4 years of
marriage-
family and community responsibilities
until I was worn-out due to my
own wars,
my own hell with bipolar-disorder……and
Cambodia was at least a million
miles away
in another world, indeed, another
universe.
Ron Price
28/6/'11 to 9/10/'14.
GENOCIDE
Part 1:
Levon Chorbajian
notes in the introduction to Studies in Comparative Genocide by Adam
Jones1 that "our current state of theorizing about genocide is the
product of a recent, incomplete and evolving process as well as a contested
one." Chorbajian points out that
the "systematic study of genocide is only 25 years old. The relative newness of this field of inquiry
lends the subject of comparative genocide studies much of its urgency and
vigour. It also accounts, as Chorbajian
suggests, for continuing debates over core definitions and applications.-Ron
Price with thanks to 1Adam
Jones, Studies
in Comparative Genocide, edited by Levon Chorbajian and George
Shirinian, Macmillan, 1999.
This book has its
origins in a conference on genocide held in Yerevan, the capital of the
Republic of Armenia, in 1995. The conference brought together many of the most
prominent names in this young field, including Yehuda Bauer, Vahakn Dadrian,
Helen Fein, Henry Huttenbach, the Cambodia specialist Ben Kiernan, and Ervin
Staub, author of The Roots of Evil. The published papers from the
conference, though predictably uneven, represent an exceptional contribution to
the theorizing of genocide, and to the continuing search for markers and
"early warning" signs that might allow outside forces to intervene
more intelligently, and directly, in cases of genocide and other mass
atrocities.
Part 2:
Studies in Comparative Genocide was published the year I took a sea-change and
retired early after a 50 year student-working life: 1949-1999. I have taken an interest in the subject of
genocide due to my association with the Baha’i Faith for over 60 years. The
literature on genocide in relation to the Bahá'í community of Iran is now
extensive, and there is now an extensive documentation that can easily be
accessed in cyberspace. Baha’is, and the
precursor religion with which it is intimately associated, Babism, have been
officially persecuted since the 1840s. Some 200 Baha'is have been executed and
hundreds of thousands forced to convert or be subjected to the most horrendous
disabilities since the revolution in Iran in 1979. Systematic targeting of the leadership of the
Bahá'í community by killing or disappearance was focused on the Bahá'í National
Spiritual Assembly and Local Spiritual Assemblies across Iran in the last 35
years. Like most conservative
Muslims, Khomeini believed Bahá'ís to be apostates and issued a fatwa stating:
It is not
acceptable for a non-Muslim to change his religion to another religion not
recognized by the followers of the previous religion. Jews who become Baha’is have
a choice to accept Islam or be executed.
Part 3:
Khomeini
emphasized that the Bahá'ís would not receive any religious rights, since he
believed that the Bahá'ís were a political rather than religious movement.
Allegations of Bahá'í involvement with other political powers have long been repeated
in many venues with resulting denunciations from the president. Conversion from Judaism and Zoroastrianism to
the Baha’i Faith is well documented since the 1850s; such a change of status removed
any legal and social protections.
More recently,
documentation has been provided that shows governmental intent to destroy the
Bahá'í community. The government has intensified propaganda and hate speech
against Bahá'ís through the Iranian media; Bahá'ís are often attacked and
dehumanized on political, religious, and social grounds to separate Bahá'ís
from the rest of society. Of
all non-Muslim religious minorities the persecution of the Baha’is has been the
most widespread, systematic, and uninterrupted. In contrast to other non-Muslim
minorities, the Baha’is are spread throughout the country in villages, small
towns, and various cities, fuelling a social-paranoia throughout Iran.
Since the 1979
revolution, the authorities have destroyed most or all of the Baha'i holy
places in Iran, including the House of the Bab in Shiraz, a house in Tehran
where Bahá'u'lláh was brought up, and other sites connected to aspects of Babi
and Baha'i history. These demolitions have sometimes been followed by other
crimes like the desecration of cemetaries in a deliberate act of triumphalism. In addition the Bahá'í Institute for Higher
Education(BIHE), "an elaborate act of communal self-preservation",
has been systematically raided. Between 1987 and 2005 the Iranian authorities
closed down the Institute several times as part of the pattern of suppressing
the Bahá'í community. Between September 30 and October 3 1998, and most
recently again in 2014, officials from the Ministry of Intelligence entered the
homes of academic staff of the BIHE, seizing books, computers and personal
effects as well as shutting down buildings used for the school.-Ron Price with
thanks to “Cultural Genocide,” Wikipedia, 19/9/’14.
It is such a long
story going
back to the 1840s
and in my
lifetime to the
1950s, & me
in a culture where
people do
not give a
tuppence what are
your religious
beliefs as long
as you drink beer
or wine, &
take an interest
in football, &
don’t take
religion seriously.
Religion here is
like a custom;
It’s something you
take on like
a feeling you get
when you go
into a church.
Catholic, Jew, &
Protestant—a
complacent trinity,
part of a small,
safe & familiar
world they grew-up
in and so
hang-on to like an
old-doll or
dummy for
psycho-comfort….
Ah well, it’s
better than all that
fanatical
anti-Baha’i stuff I’ve
been reading about
in Iran all my
Baha’i life. I
think I’ll take the big
doses of
indifference that have been
my lot since I was
in my teens, and
my friends found
out I actually took
my religion
seriously and it was not
the same stuff
they all got in church
and did not give a
tuppence-apeny
for, anyway, most
of the time..time.
Ron Price
19/11/’12 to
9/10/'14.
_______________________________________________________
A QUESTION OF JUSTICE
Part 1:
The rule of the
Pol Pot-led Khmer Rouge first came onto my radar in the late 1970s when I was
up-to-my-ears in my own life's battles. I had my own psychological killing
fields to worry-about as I bottomed-out yet again on my journey, my
life-narrative. Last night Pol Pot and
the Khmer Rouge were back on my agenda at about 3 a.m. when I got up from my 12
hours-in-bed-a-day for a cup-of-tea.
"The Khmer
Rouge: A Question of Justice" on SBSONE1
was being televised in the middle of the night and the middle of an Australian
autumn season. The focus of this film was the faltering attempts at providing
Khmer Rouge victims with long overdue justice.
When the atrocities were ending and the Khmer Rouge were ousted from
rule in Cambodia in early January 1979, I was just settling-in to my second
period of years in far-off Tasmania where I had first come back in September
1973 to a job at what is now the University of Tasmania. With a wife and 3
children, and the rigors of bipolar disorder winging their wild-fires on my
emotions I was simply unable to take-in the horrors of April 1975 to January
1979 and, for that matter, the next 19 years of Khmer Rouge soldiers waging
guerilla warfare.
Part 2:
In 1999 I stopped
my 60 to 80 hour a week life of nose-to-the-grindstone stuff that had kept me
busy in a myriad of different ways from 1949 to 1999. I took an early
retirement at the age of 55 and began working out how to go on a disability
pension. This I achieved by the age of 60 in 2004. I was finally able to devote myself to a life
of writing and editing, research and study, poetizing and publishing. The court
set up in the late 1990s and, with Pol-Pot finally dead, it began its work in
2006. By then I had also retired from PT and casual employment and was engaged
in a 60 hour literary-work-week at the bottom-end of the world in my third
period of years in Tasmania.
Watching this doco
on TV last night made me more aware of the incompetence and ineffectiveness of
the court, the corruption, the lengthy trial proceedings and the complicated
political issues involved in the years 2006 to 2014. Since I retired form FT
work in early 1999 neither Cambodia's local civil society organizations nor its
citizens have had much say in the functioning of the tribunal. They follow it
on TV for the most part and justice can not be arrived at due to the fact that
the court can not prosecute individuals who are currently part of the
government.2-Ron Price with thanks to 1SBSONE TV, 2:40 a.m. to 4:20 a.m., 8/10/'14 and 2Lak Chansok,
"Can Khmer Rouge Survivors Get Justice?" The Diplomat, 30/5/'14.
2 Lak Chansok is a lecturer
at Institute of Foreign Languages’s Department of International Studies, Royal
University of Phnom Penh, and has been a research fellow at the Cambodian
Institute for Cooperation and Peace.
__________________________________________________
GENOCIDE AND
ME
Ben Kiernan tells
us that “genocide” is a very new word, invented in 1944 by a Polish Jew named
Raphael Lemkin in his book Axis Rule
in Occupied Europe, and given legal definition by the United Nations in
1948 through The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide. That
convention defines the crime of genocide as “an attempt at extermination
through acts committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a
national, racial, ethnical, or religious group.”1
My life beginning,
as it did, in that same year 1944 has seen many an example of genocide which I
won’t list here or cite in any detail, but there is one group with whom I have
been personally associated and this simple prose-poem deals with that
group.–Ron Price with thanks to 1Blood and Soil: A World History
of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur by Ben Kiernan, Yale
University Press, 2008.
I will say,
though, that
the religion I
have now
been associated
with for
more than 60 years
has
also
been associated with
the
word genocide in the
land
of its birth; it has been
this
fierce opposition and
hatred
that has been the
chief
instrument for the
spread
of its organization
&
form to every corner of
the
planet. I have seen this
in
my lifetime since the
beginning
of the second
century
of the Baha’i Era
while
I have lived and had
my
being-& the story is far
from
over in this century!!
Ron
Price
20/11/'11
to 9/10/'14.
_____________________________________________________
STARS
IN A PARALLEL UNIVERSE
Section
1:
In
1994, as I was heading into my last five years of employment as a teacher and
tutor, lecturer and adult educator, the ruling Hutu government in the then
small African nation of Rwanda, set out to eradicate its Tutsi minority. The Rwandan
Genocide, as this eradication
program came to be called, consisted of the mass murder of an estimated
800,000 people. The Hutu people alleged that the Tutsi minority held an unfair
monopoly of power in Rwanda.
The
majority Hutu people had come to power in the rebellion, the revolt, of 1959–62
which overthrew the Tutsi monarchy, and established a republic. I was just 15
years old in 1959, had just joined the Baha’i Faith, and played a lot of
baseball, hockey and football in a small town in southern Ontario. By 1962 I
was working on my matriculation studies and had begun to travel and pioneer for
the Canadian Baha’i community.
Section
2:
In
the colonialist period, under Belgian rule before 1959, the Tutsis and Hutus,
the two ethnic groups concerned, had come to hate each other through
systematized inequality and a struggle for power. It is a somewhat complex story that can be
easily read by those interested. I shall
say no more here. I certainly knew none
of this back around 1960, occupied as I was with my local agenda, with
growing-up, in the small town culture of Burlington Ontario.
In
August 1998 the largest war in modern African history began. Called the Second
Congo War, it began on the eve of my retirement after 50 years in classrooms:
1949 to 1999. It directly involved eight
African nations as well as about 25 armed groups. It took place in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo. By
2008, the war and its aftermath had killed 5.4 million people mostly from
disease and starvation. This war was the deadliest conflict worldwide since
World War II. Millions more were
displaced from their homes or sought asylum in neighbouring countries.
By
then, by 2008, I was fully ensconced in
retirement, had taken a sea-change, was on a pension, and was still as far
removed from all this slaughter in Africa as I had been 14 years before. I had,
though, begun the recreation of my life and its narrative from a teacher and
tutor to writer and author, student and researcher, online blogger and
journalist.-Ron Price with thanks to "All
Watched Over By Machines of Loving Grace", SBSONE TV, 8:30-9:30 p.m. Parts 1-3, 18/10/’11 to
1/11/’11.
So
much of the world’s slaughter
goes
on in some parallel universe
as
one eats one’s evening meal &
tries
to get through one’s own life
unscathed
by the slings-&-arrows
of
some outrageous fortune..And
Ill-equipped
to interpret the social
commotion
at play throughout the
planet,
we listen to the pundits of
error
& sink deeperinto the slough
of
despond, troubled by forecasts
of
doom and doing battle with our1
wrongly
informed imaginations as
our
days pass swiftly like those tiny
twinkling
stars that fill a night sky!!
1 Ridvan message 1999, The Universal House of Justice
Ron
Price 2/11/'11 to 9/10/14.
MEANDERING
In the Old Testament, in Genesis 11:31, Abraham is portrayed as leaving
the city of Ur, as commanded by God, to cross the desert wilderness to
Haran. Other manifestations of God in
the great religions are also required to move from place to place. But, as far as I know, the Bahá'í Faith is
the only religion on earth that has its beginnings in a refugee experience,
commanded not by God, but by man, to leave its place of origin, its homeland. The experience of community in a prison
colony, a type of concentration camp would come to provide a relevant
metaphorical base for its future struggle.
Its early history also experienced an
attempt at genocide, an attempt not yet entirely finished. That early history has affected and will
affect the Bahá'í community, perhaps, forever.
The years of being convicts, the prison years, were relatively short,
1867-1907. Certainly by the time of
‘Abdu’l-Baha’s Western tour in 1912 they were well and truly over. But they would affect the community for
centuries to come. -Ron Price, Pioneering
Over Four Epochs, May 30th 2006.
You can’t have birds flying dead,
candles stuck in flesh and heads
rolling around in a lounge-room,
thousands dying over decades,
prison cells, bodies smashed
to smithereens without it affecting
the way you live, move and are.
A telescopic-lens to look at
one’s universe is born out of
all this horror and violence,
a lens to see it all as one single,
divinely inspired current, vision,
dogma, principle of such magnitude
and emotional potency--a oneness,
no unwitting over-simplification, nor
mankind’s presumptuous construction?
The impulse to envisage, comprehend
the whole of life is deep within us
and the individual seems obliged,
under pain of being stunted, enfeebled
in his own development, if he disobeys
to carry others along with him in his
march to perfection, to be continually
doing all he can to enlarge the volume
of the human stream sweeping along
and flowing down from mountain,
meandering to the great ocean of life.
Ron Price
30/5/'06 to 9/10/14.
__________________________________________________________
MANUFACTURING
On 1 June
1962, as I finished my high school exams in Canada, and about 12 weeks before
my Baha’i travelling-pioneering life began near the end of August, Adolf
Eichmann, the Nazi boss responsible for transporting 100s of thousands of Jews
to death camps, was executed. Research
Professor of history and specialist in Jewish history, David Cesarani, argues
that Eichmann had a corporate mentality and that he made a conscious career
decision to do what he did within the immense bureaucratic wheel of the German
totalitarian state.
He was not an
embodiment of evil, not a brutal, depraved, an ideologically-driven
psychopath. These popular views are a
myth, Cesarani argues. He learned to be
an anti-semite; he learned to hate and chose to be part of the genocide
process. He was part of a
“paperwork-based collapse of morality.”
He was in many ways a detached, passionless administrator, as the
sociologist Max Weber describes such men so well; he was an ordinary, common, far from atypical
man, a graduate in mechanical engineering.
He could have been, so argues Cesarani, you or I.-Ron Price with thanks
to David Cesarani, Eichmann: His Life
and Times, Vintage, 2004.
You
can get a man’s life so
wrong,
even if you study him
for
years; and you can get your
own
life quite wrong even though
you
live it decade in and decade out,
for
man, it is said, is God’s mystery.
You
certainly found, as the decades
rolled
insensibly and sensibly by,
some
bad, false wretched fame,
notoriety,
a failed celebrity,
mortifying
failure, a career move
in
the wrong direction, a socio-historical,
ideological
apparatus and a psycho-social
profile
that manufactured you
as
they manufacture us
with
enough autonomy thrown-in
so
that we can call ourselves free
even
if we are everywhere in chains
in
the Most Great Prison that is our life,
in
which we cannot walk away but
in
which there is always a degree of
voluntarism,
there are always half-truths
and
we must manage our lives within
a
new structure of freedom for our age.
Ron
Price
23/12/'05
to 9/10/'14.
_________________________________________________________
In the months both before and after I was born in 1944, Jewish prisoners
were exterminated in a planned program of genocide in Nazi concentration
camps. Auschwitz had the biggest killing
machine of all the camps. It was
situated in Poland southwest of Krakow and between 1 and 1.5 million Jews were
gassed from 1942 to 1944. In September
1944 the deportation of Jews to Auschwitz ended, and in November 1944 the
gassing operations ceased. The camp of
Auschwitz was liberated on January 27th 1945. That was nearly 70 years ago, as I revise
this original prose-poem.
It seems to have taken me at
least 50 years of living before the power of understanding, and the
reinforcements of the electronic media, have enabled me to see the holocaust in
any kind of perspective, of conceptual integration. What I was born into back in July of 1944, that
'final solution' as it was sometimes called, I had no idea even existed until
at least my mid-to-late teens in the late 1950s and early 1960s, more than half
a century ago. The light, the darkness,
dawned on me insensibly over six decades.
-Ron Price with thanks to “Auschwitz: The Nazis and the Final Solution,”
ABC TV, 9:25-10:15 p.m., 13/10/'05-3/11/'05,
and 9/10/'14.
The gassing stopped before
I was four months old,
little did I know then
in those early months
of life in the lunch-pail
city of Hamilton Ontario
Canada a million miles away
with a 40 year old mother,
a 55 year old father,
a 70 year old grandfather
helping me into my world
on the edge of a Canadian Lake.
Surely that was the nadir, then,
of civilization’s journey, surely?
But the dark heart had yet to come,
the darkest hours of a slough of despond
when, in a brief span of time, so charged
with potential and hope for all of humankind
I would inscribe my mark and assist in the
operation of forces that would lead us out
of the valley of that misery and shame
which bestrewed my years and my father’s---
to the loftiest summits of majesty and glory.1
1The Universal House of Justice, Ridvan 1996.
Ron Price
28/10/'05 to 9/10/'14.
____________________________________________________
THE INTERNET: ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
The internet now has a great deal of material on the
subject of genocide in addition to an online game entitled Genocide. One such
example is: The Second Regional Forum on the Prevention of Genocide took place in Arusha, Tanzania on
March 3–5, 2010. The
Regional Fora on the Prevention of Genocide are co-organized by the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of the United Republic of
Tanzania, the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs
(FDFA) and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Commerce and Religion
of the Nation of Argentina.
The First
Regional Forum took place in December 2008 in Argentina, and the next forum is scheduled to be
held in Asia in 2011. Two additional examples are: (i) the Fourth
Regional Forum on the Prevention of Genocide Co-organized by the Governments of
Argentina, Cambodia, Switzerland and Tanzania, 28 February – 1 March 2013; and
(ii) The New York Review of Books has an article on the problems the definition of genocide is causing, a
case of where the popular definition of the word clashes with a legal one.
Edited by RonPrice - 10-Oct-2014 at 06:09