First of all, I was guided by my theory of interrelation between the
conflict and control under creation of my theory of social progress. And also I
was guided by the theory of biological evolution of Charles Darwin. This theory
of Darwin has become for me a sample for imitation under creation of my theory
of social progress. Besides, I have drawn conclusions from errors of a utopia
of Marx about communism and failures of Marxist experiment in Russia. The
negative result of Marxist experiment in Russia is too result for me. The
conflict and control is major human relations in society. Progress of society
leads to the invention everything new and new types of the conflict and
control.
According to the theory of
biological evolution of Darwin, four factors of evolution operate in the
biosphere:
• heredity,
• variability,
• fight for existence,
• natural selection of the most adapted.
The essence of the theory of
Darwin is expressed in the following provisions:
• There is a huge scope of individual variability of signs within one species.
There are no two absolutely identical individuals.
• All live organisms possess ability to fast reproduction. If there was
no destruction, that posterity of one pair quickly would cover all Earth.
• Vital resources are limited, therefore there is a fight for existence,
for a place under the sun (for life and possibility to have posterity) between
individuals of one species and between individuals of different species or
against an environment.
• The strongest most adapted individuals survive in this fight; those individuals
have deviations who appeared favorable in these conditions of environment
casually. Deviations in the hereditary device arise casually as though God
plays dice. Descendants of the survived individual inherit a useful deviation
and descendants appear more adapted for these conditions of environment.
• The survival and primary reproduction of the adapted individuals and death
of unadapted individuals is a natural selection.
• Natural selection of separate individuals of one species in different
conditions of environment leads to a divergence of signs and to arising of
new species.
The main thought of social
Darwinism consists in the following, that mechanism of social evolution doesn't
differ from the mechanism of biological evolution, therefore strongest man
survives in society only. Thus, heredity, the variability, natural selection
and fight for existence are factors of evolution both in society, and in the
biosphere.
The idea of evolution with help
of natural selection soared in air in
the 19th century. I am going to lift for a board and to develop this idea in 21
centuries to idea of social progress. For the first time the idea of social
evolution through about natural selection was formulated by T. Malthus. In his
opinion, systems of the help to poor people are inefficient. Ch. Darwin and A. R.
Wallace had formulated the idea about fight for a survival after reading the
book of Malthus. The theory of Darwin made stunning success in biology. Representatives
of social Darwinism solved by a method of analogy to apply principles of
biological evolution to society and by that to repeat scientific success of
Darwin. T. Malthus, G. Spencer, J. A. Gobineau, H. S. Chamberlain, L. Voltman,
J. V. de Lapuzh, F. Galton, L. Gumplovich. G. are representatives of social
Darwinism
Spencer considered that the
Universe, society, social institutes and the person undergo evolution under the
law of a survival of the strongest. People and the organizations should
develop, relying on own forces only, weak people and the organizations should
be lost or «to leave from a scene». These ideas were very close to the American
colonists on Wild West where not managed to adapt man perished simply. J. A. de
Gobineau considered that death of all
civilizations comes because of impossibility to keep purity of race long time. J. A. de Gobineau
considered that ethnic mixes lead to degeneration of the person. J. A. de Gobineau considered that there is an
inevitable hierarchy of races.
The cousin of Darwin F. Galton had
based a new science – eugenics, as a science about selection of mankind with
help of artificial selection. That to deduce the clever human race, it need to
create material incentives for encouragement of marriage and acquisition by
children of those who will undergo procedure of intellectual testing
successfully. By the way, these IQ tests are put today into practice widely,
despite bad glory of social Darwinism.
Anthropologist J. V. de Lapuzh considered that the most valuable racial type is the blond
dolichocephalic person, thus, signs of the highest race are a blond hair and a
"long" skull. This second sign was decided with help of the head
index as the relations of the greatest width of a skull to the greatest length.
The width and length of a skull were decided with help of special compasses.
The concept of the head index was entered by the Swedish anatomist A. Rettsius
in the 40th of 19 century. O. Ammon had carried
out a number of anthropological researches among recruits and students.
Sometimes the facts contradicted this hypothesis, and some geniuses appeared
"round-headed" – Brahicephalic persons, then Ammon was compelled to
write down them in false Brahicephalic persons. L. Gumplovich considered that
unit of social selection is not the personality, but an ethnic group or a
social class. Gumplovich considered that
the state is the organization of domination of minority over the majority that
the state resulted from fight between hordes. These ideas found application in
fascist Germany where «racial hygiene» found an embodiment in examination on thoroughbredness,
in violent sterilization and destruction "defective" men in
concentration camps and gas chambers.
Nazis had plausible scientific
justification of the monstrous experiments. But results of nazi experiments
terrified the whole world. My purpose is to disown from false Nazi theories,
terrible Nazi experiments and to revive true social Darwinism. Otherwise the
groundless criticism of social Darwinism splashes out the child together with
water.
It need begin my criticism of
social Darwinism with that attempt to explain social evolution by means of
natural selection was correct, but the social conflict differs from the
biological conflict a little.
There are three types of the social conflict:
• Fight for survival (for possibility to keep life and to avoid death)
and for possibility to have posterity.
• The conflict for the status of the controller.
• The conflict for a sphere of influence.
Darwin noticed truly that there
is a fight of only the first type in the biosphere. The conflict of the second
and third type is applied is widespread in society. Though fight of the first
type is applied in society, as a last resort. Destruction lost men is allowed
in the war partially. The loser can commit suicide or be lost as a result of
the use of drugs, toxins or alcohol-containing substitutes sometimes. There is
a transition from prevalence of distribution of fight of the first type to
prevalence of distribution of the conflicts of the second and third types in
the course of human history. Representatives of racial-anthropological school
didn’t see these differences. Representatives
of racial-anthropological school considered that there is a fight of only the
first type in society, as well as in the biosphere. Therefore attempt of
representatives of racial-anthropological school to apply the theory of Darwin
to society terminated in failure. For these reasons representatives of racial -
anthropological school gave incorrect forecasts and incorrect recipes of
development of society.
The mechanism of social
evolution differs from the mechanism of biological evolution on the following
signs:
• The conflict occurs more often in society not for possibility to keep
life, but the conflict for the status of the controller, conflict for a sphere of
influence and for resources therefore lost man doesn't perish usually, and lost
man becomes object of control usually.
• Development occurs through steps – formations in society, and there are
periods of prevalence of any species in the biosphere, for example, prevalence of
dinosaurs or mammals. A unit of selection is civilizations in society, and a unit
of selection is species in the biosphere. If it is possible to express essence
of any species as a set of information put in genes of representatives of this species and a set of physiological signs, that
it is possible to express essence of any
civilization as a set of social inventions which are applied under construction
of social structure of this civilization. For example, the social structure of
the Russian society has development at the expense of assimilation of such
western social inventions, as the market competition, a
private property and representative democracy as a result of Yeltsin's reforms.
Creation of system of the global world won't cancel, and, on the contrary, will
aggravate this global rivalry between civilizations when leading civilizations
will replace each other much more often, for example, rates of development of
South East Asia advance rates of development of Western Europe and the USA
today.
• If the strongest, most adapted organism wins in the biosphere,
that person wins in society who is armed with the
most effective tools.
• Speed of social progress is higher approximately in one thousand times
than speed of biological evolution. Life on Earth arose about 4 billion years
ago, and society arose 40-30 thousand years ago. Therefore, if Darwin
formulated the theory of social evolution, I want to formulate the theory of
social progress. Just speed of development distinguishes a rapid progress from
slow evolution.
• If the generator of changes is a mechanism of genetic variability in
the biosphere, that the generator of changes is creative abilities of human
reason in society.
H. Chamberlain and L. Voltman
were representatives of racial-anthropological school in sociology. The main
mistake of representatives for racial - anthropological school consisted that
her representatives called, actually, for creation of privileges for the
"highest" race and to creation of an caste’s system. These privileges
limit course of the conflicts that results, on the one hand, to social
stagnation, falling of competitiveness and growth of dependant moods among
oligarchs. On the other hand, establishment of an caste’s system leads to
switching off of lifts of social mobility when born governors from bottoms can't make legal career and are
compelled to arrange a social revolution for the purpose of physical destruction
of oligarchs. The caste’s system is constructed on "powder keg"
always, on the insuperable conflict between "upstarts" and "degenerates".
Representatives of racial - anthropological school suggested to construct world
supremacy of the German nation, and Hitler tried to realize this utopia, but Hitler
had suffered full breakdown. Hitler constructed tyranny and totalitarianism
which are more backward form of government and more backward political regime,
in comparison with representative democracy. Nazi and eugenical experiments on
removal of the highest race by means of artificial selection contradict
humanity and democracy principles. Nazis tried to organize physical destruction
of Jews and Roma in practice. About 6 million Jews were lost as a result of
Nazi experiment. Hitler's attempt to construct in practice a utopia about world
supremacy of the German nation and to begin the Second World War led to death about
55 million people, among them of 27,5 million Russians. Crash of fascist
experiment had showed that the attempt to arrange artificial selection for
people is doomed to a failure. Mankind builds the global world today where
there is an inevitable resettlement and mixture of representatives of various
nationalities and races. There cannot be a place for policy of «racial hygiene»
- politicians of artificial selection of people and the nations by means of
violent sterilization and destruction of people in concentration camps in the
global world. The nationalism of the advanced nations was crushed as a result
of the Second World War, but the world is threatened much more by nationalism
of the backward nations today. Any empire, for example the Roman Empire,
Alexander the Great empire, Russia or the USA, arises by means of gains and any
empire represents a national copper where the nations mix up. Propagation of
nationalism in such multinational countries as Russia and the USA, can lead to
civil war, and it is the worst.
The system is a sum of elements
and communications between them.
Development of system is a
complication or simplification of system.
Progress is a complication of
system, emergence of new communications and elements in system.
Regress is a simplification of
system, disappearance of communications and elements from system.
Thus, progress and regress is
two opposite types of development. The example of regress is a structure of the
Soviet society in comparison with Russia at Provisional government of a sample
from March to October, 1917. Such social inventions as a private property
(economic control), the market competition, a multi-party system, parliament,
division of the authorities, free elections and political freedoms, a ban on
the state censorship were cancelled. Bolsheviks tried to cancel such social
inventions, as money, religious control and a family even, but Bolsheviks failed.
Conclusion: society develops
progressively as a whole. This axiom is proved by the huge sum of the facts of
progressive development of instruments of labor, functions of thinking,
emergence all of new and new groups and the organizations, types of the social conflicts and types of
the social control, growth of scientific knowledge new public formations, as
steps of development of society.
The social conflict is a type
of social interaction at which participants try to win a victory over the
opponents with help of various means with the purpose of physical destruction
of the opponent, his transformation into object of control or a gain of
another's sphere of influence and resources.
Social control is a type of
social interaction at which the controller forces of object for control to
performance of norms by means of threat of application of positive or negative
sanctions, by means of introduction of stereotypes.
Thus, there are two statuses –
the controller and object of control in the relations of social control.
The sanction is an award or
punishment, thus, sanctions happen positive or negative.
Norms are rules of behavior.
The stereotype is a sample for
imitation which takes root into consciousness of people through mass media and
cultures.
The essence of
interrelation between the social conflict and control consists in the
following. On the one hand, the winner in the conflict becomes by controller
before the following flash of the conflict, and looser becomes by object of the
control, looser is compelled to be lost or concede a sphere of influence to the
winner. On the other hand, the controller is compelled to support an optimum
level of severity of sanctions of social control as too strict or too soft
level of severity causes to new flash of the conflict because the object of
control starts to doubt in ability of the controller to carry out the functions
in this case. The object of control goes on the conflict to the controller in
case of too severe control because of feeling of despair and the object of
control decides to risk by own life, achievements in career or a salary for the
sake of liberation from too severe control. The object of control receives hope
of a victory over the controller in case of too soft control as the object of
control starts to consider that controller is too weak and incapable to apply
punishments. For example, pupils arrange lesson failure in case of tyrannical
or weak style of establishing order at a
lesson from the teacher.
The essence of my theory of
social progress consists in the following. There are three factors of social
progress by analogy with the theory of biological evolution of Darwin:
• The conflict for the status of the controller.
• Control of the winner of standards of behavior of the won.
• Natural selection of applicants in controllers as a result of this
conflict.
Conclusion: The relations of
the conflict and control serve as basic elements for creation of social
systems. Progress society as a result of the conflicts leads to emergence
everything new and new types of the conflict and control and to complication of
social system. The conflicts cause the necessity of the invention all of new and new means of
fight and the control devices, new types of the conflict and control. Control in society allows to keep, increase
and extend among the backward people these inventions.
It is possible to track
interrelation of the theory of Darwin with my theory:
• Fight for existence in the biosphere is similar to fight for the status
of the controller in society.
• Natural selection in the biosphere is similar to selection of controllers
in society.
First of all, war, the market
competition, ideological and religious fight, esthetic competition are the most
important types of the conflict which cause progress of society and emergence
of new technical inventions. It is possible to consider 2 World War as an
example of a rapid progress in the sphere of the invention of new types of
weapon. USSR advanced Germany in
development of tanks at the beginning of this war. The Soviet average tanks T
34 and the heavy tanks KV surpassed German average tanks T 3 and T 4. Germans
invented and applied under the Kursk arch in 1943 heavy Tiger tanks and average
Panther tanks that to overcome this backlog in tanks. In reply Russian invented
the heavy tanks IS. Germans invented FAU rockets to bomb London at the end of 2
World War. Americans invented and applied a nuclear bomb at the end of this war
that to force to the knees Japan. The market competition matters for society
progress even bigger today, than war. Market competition leads to economic
blossoming in the countries of South East Asia (China, Japan, South Korea and
so on) and to economic decline in the USA and the countries of the European
Union today. Just there was a crash and disintegration of the Soviet Union because
of defeat in the economic competition to the West. The American Hollywood
dominates in the world in the sphere of cinema today and Hollywood imposes to
other countries the American standards and values of capitalism in the sphere
of culture.
The countries which have lost in
the war are compelled to become colonies of more advanced winner countries and the
countries which have lost in the war are compelled to enter new social
inventions under control of these winners. Germany and Japan were compelled to
enter representative democracy instead of tyranny and hereditary monarchy after
defeat in 1945.
Russia was compelled to enter voluntary
representative democracy, a private property and the market competition instead
of tyranny, communistic oligarchy, state ownership, economic planning in 1991
and 1993 after defeat in “Cold war” (in race of arms) and in the market
competition with the West. This defeat in the market competition with the West
and race of arms caused to hunger, emergence of commodity deficiencies and big
economic problems in the USSR. The leadership of Russia led by president Yeltsin
was compelled to discharge from the power of communists and to carry out these
political and economic reforms that to solve these economic problems.
The social utopia is a false
theory, which calls to regress of social structure, to violent cancellation of
great social inventions. The social utopia is a fairy tale for adults. Utopians
suggested to cancel the various social organizations and forms of the social
conflict and control – the government, the state, bureaucracy, law enforcement
agencies, army, a private property, religion and church, a family, and also war
and the market. These organizations, types of the social conflict and control
represent "skeleton" of social structure. If to cancel these elements
and communications, the social structure will fall before foundation simply.
Progress of human society consisted in that the mankind invented and built to
each new element of this social structure with great difficulty. Each new
element carries out the specific function in society. Cancellation of this
element leads to that there is nobody to carry out this function, why there
comes to social illness. If Bolsheviks cancelled money, a private property and
the market competition almost in 1917, that full ruin and hunger came in Russia
as a result of these erroneous actions. Cancellation of a private property leads
to disappearance of economic stimuluses to work. Cancellation of the market
competition within the country leads to emergence of deficiencies, hunger,
decrease in quality of let-out production of a domestic production, defeat of
the domestic industry in the world market, to disappearance of possibilities
for export of a domestic production, self-isolation and backwardness of
domestic economy. Full economic equality can't be in principle as it destroys in
a root stimuluses to work. It is possible to do a conclusion that it is
impossible to cancel any type of the social conflict and control in society.
Any similar attempt encounters natural resistance of the people, common sense
of which doesn't allow to believe in
dangerous social utopias therefore utopians try to apply violence with purpose
to force people to build a utopia. Examples of utopians: Plato, Thomas More, Tommaso Campanella, Gerrard Winstanley, Jean
Meslier, Gabriel Bonnot de Mably, Etienne-Gabriel Morelly, Gracchus Babeuf,
Henri de Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier,Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Robert Owen, Carl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Nikolay
Chernyshevsky, etc. They were self-denying people often, but they were fanatics
of utopian idea. Many of these utopians promised to relieve by workers from
oppression, that is from social control. But to cancel social control in
society it is not obviously possible in principle.
Communistic experiment was
complete in Russia in 1991. It need do
conclusions from this experiment:
• Marx's first forecast: a ban of wars, establishment of the democratic
world between the people.
Result: Bolshevist Russia became an aggressor and a source of terrorist
threat often.
Conclusion: the absolute prohibition of wars is an unrealizable utopia.
• Marx's second forecast: the socialism should win around the world.
Result: Socialism affair is lost almost everywhere today.
• Marx's third forecast: the market, exploitation of the person by the
person, a private property on means of production should die off.
Result: Economic crash of socialism.
• Marx's fourth forecast: there should be a religion dying off as,
according to communists, the religion is opium for the people.
Result: Crash of all attempts to forbid a religion. A big share of
priests appeared in GULAG where many of them were lost. The most part of church
values was plundered by the Soviet power. Many temples were blown up or
profaned by order of the authorities. It was possible to undermine belief in God
at a considerable part of the population, it led to growth of number of
suicides, divorces, abortions, a crime rate, blossoming of household
alcoholism.
• Fifth forecast: a ban of bourgeois culture and ideology which,
allegedly, justify exploitation of the person by the person.
Result: Creation of the ideological machine on deception of own people, establishment of censorship.
Talented cultural figures were compelled to emigrate, sent abroad, appeared in
prison, were finished to suicide or vegetated in obscurity, but mediocre
timeservers let out the works in huge circulations. Thus, disappearance of
competition among the Soviet art workers led to the general degradation of
quality of the works of art created by them.
• Sixth forecast: dictatorship of the proletariat with the subsequent
dying off of the state.
Result: An arbitrariness of the authorities and the state terror against
own people. Deliberate unbinding of civil fratricidal war. Ban of opposition
parties and execution of their members. Elections turned into the farce gradually.
The state became tyrannical, and then oligarchic instead of state’s dying off.
The state security agencies could operate contrary to the law. The beginning of
Bolshevist terror became one of the reasons of Civil war.
• Marx's seventh forecast: creation of classless society.
Result: classless society (communism) remained an unrealizable utopia,
but destruction of representatives of the
nobility, the clergy, rich peasants, Cossacks, businessmen, confiscation of
property and the state robbery became reality.
Conclusion: while there will be a division of social activities while
society will be constructed on the social conflict and social control, until
then classless society remains an unrealizable utopia.
Conclusions from communistic
experiment:
To simplify social structure
it is not obviously possible in principle. The religion, a private property,
the market competition, the state, laws, money, a principle of division of the
authorities, democracy, a multi-party system, the constitution, art
competition, scientific discussion, penal system, army, law enforcement
agencies, social control and the social conflict is great social inventions
which never "will die off" and this inventions can't be cancelled
without damage for society and this inventions can't be cancelled
without just resistance of the population to efforts of "utopians".
Self-isolation of the utopian state leads to economic crash inevitably.
There are eight types of the
social conflict and eight similar types of social control:
1. Psychological conflict. 1. Psychological control.
2. Moral conflict. 2. Moral control.
3. Armed conflict. 3. The armed control.
4. Administrative conflict. 4. Administrative control.
5. Religious conflict. 5. Religious control.
6. Economic conflict. 6. Economic control.
7. Esthetic conflict. 7. Esthetic control.
8. Ideological conflict. 8. Ideological control.
Moral, armed, administrative,
economic and religious types of control are constructed on the mechanism of
threat of sanctions. Esthetic and ideological types of control are constructed
on the mechanism of introduction of stereotypes.
Five corresponding types of
sanctions are applied in five types of control:
• Moral sanctions – a praise or abuse.
• The armed sanctions – corporal punishments.
• Administrative sanctions – increase or demotion, providing work or
dismissal.
• Religious sanctions – threat of eternal torments in a hell or eternal
pleasure in paradise, the promise of rewards and punishments in process of regeneration
of souls.
• Economic sanctions – a prize or a fine.
Types of the social conflict
and social control were invented not at the same time, but in turn in the
course of social progress, in the course of history of human society.
Translation of norms and threat of sanctions in the course of psychological
control and psychological conflict is carried out not by means of words, but in
a sign language often. The mankind inherited these primitive types of the
psychological conflict and psychological control from animal ancestors.
It is possible to give the
following examples of each type of the conflict:
• Examples of the psychological conflict is a mutual intimidation in a
sign language, examination in the course of flirtation of that fact who is a
leader in the love relations, competition of demagogues for influence on crowd.
• The example of the moral conflict is a quarrel between people in the
course of fight for the status of the leader in small group.
·
Examples of armed
conflict is a hunting for wild animals, a war between the states, a civil war, a
war between criminal groups and a war criminal
group against the police, a armed capture of the power or political murder,
extremist terror, a duel or sports competitions.
• Examples of the administrative conflict are elections, the conflict of
bureaucratic cliques or a strike of workers. The clique is a group or gang of
adherents which aspires to discharge by means of various mean methods from
office members of other cliques and to advance members of own clique on an
administrative office ladder. There are three types of elections: direct
elections on people's assembly, elections in exclusive meeting, national
multi-party elections. The election system in people's assembly was brought to
perfection in Ancient Greek Athens, the election system in the exclusive Senate
was brought to perfection in Ancient Greek Sparta and in Ancient Rome, the
system of national elections was brought to perfection in England and the USA
as a result of movement of chartist and feminists. Chartists had achieved by
vote for workers, and the feminists had achieved by vote for women.
• The example of the religious conflict is a religious competition
between the church and sectarian organizations for a sphere of influence on
believers within observance of the freedom of worship invented in the USA.
• The example of the economic conflict is the market competition in the
conditions of which that producer survives who can make and sell the goods at
the smallest price and with the best quality. The market relations were invented
by Phoenicians and Ancient Greeks in Athens. Sea trade and the sea ships, gold
money, craft production of the goods on sale and a private property on means of
production were invented in Phoenicia and Ancient Greece, but they used slaves
as worker force. The market was cancelled in the Middle Ages in Western Europe
and the subsistence economy was restored as the center of a civilization moved
from the Mediterranean Sea to the European continent, and trade on overland
roads was complicated because of feudal dissociation. Market competition were restored in Western
Europe during New Time on a new basis – ocean trade and the ocean ships
(caravels), hired labor and mechanical production were invented in addition to
old signs of the market. Ocean trade and caravels were invented in Portugal and
Spain.
• The example of the esthetic conflict is a competition between art
workers which was invented in Ancient Athens. The theater too was invented in
Athens.
• The example of the ideological conflict is a dispute or discussion
between scientists, between politicians or between mass media. Formal logic (a
science about laws of the correct thinking) and rhetoric (a science about
eloquence) were invented in Ancient Greece. Aristotle had invented formal
logic.
It is possible to give the
following examples for each type of control:
• The hypnotist, the demagogue, able to influence to crowd, the
"fatal" person, able to inspire unrequited love to own person (“fatal
love”) in side of the representative of an opposite sex is by examples of
controllers in the course of psychological control.
• The example of moral control is a control of the leader in small group
by means of such sanctions, as a praise or abuse in the conditions of moral
support of the leader from the majority of members of this group.
• The example of the armed control is a control in a farm against home’s animals,
control in criminal group, in any total organization – soldier’s barracks, a
clinic for deranged men, prison, a slaveholding economy, concentration camp for
prisoners of war where there are such sanctions, as corporal punishments. The
authorities turn system of criminal law into system of the state terror and
intimidation of citizens at such form of government as tyranny.
• Example of administrative control is a control in vassal system, in any
bureaucratic organization – in tax service, army, church, police, an education
system, system of the state health care, state sector in economy, a socialist
command management system, ministerial system of executive power where there
are such sanctions, as dismissal or employment,
increase or demotion. Administrative control was invented together with invention
of bureaucracy in Ancient Egypt and the states of Mesopotamia.
• The example of religious control is a control of "prophet" in
charismatic sect and control of the priest over believers by means of such
sanctions, as threats of eternal torments in a hell or promises of eternal
pleasure in paradise, promises of advantages in the course of reincarnation.
Religious control was invented in such world religions, as Christianity, Islam
and the Buddhism. The mechanism of religious control was invented in period of
a decline for the Roman Empire.
• Example of economic control is a control at private enterprise, control
of the international banks and state regulation of the market by means of such
sanctions, as a prize or a fine. Today this type of control is the most
effective. Economic control was invented during New Time in England and the
Netherlands. The international banks try to control policy of the whole
countries economically. The system of state regulation of domestic market uses
such economic levers as privileges on the credits, taxes and duties.
• The example of esthetic control is a control by means of introduction
of esthetic stereotypes – attractive images.
• The example of ideological control is a control by means of introduction
of ideological stereotypes with help of repeated repetition of norm. Political and
trading advertizing serves as an example of esthetic and ideological control. Mass
media and culture are newspapers, cinema, radio, television, a platform, video/
This mass media were invented in Western Europe and the USA during New time/
This mass media had allowed to construct system of ideological and esthetic
control. The state ideological machinery was constructed with aim of deception
and misinformation of citizens in interests of the authorities at communistic
and fascist tyranny even. There is a freedom of press in the conditions of the
western democracy that to secure citizens against this danger, that is
competition system between private mass media. Under which the television
company which provides false, uninteresting or out-of-date information, will be
compelled to be ruined.
My forecast: further progress
of human society should lead to the invention of new types of the conflict and
control.
The main difference of groups
from the organizations consists in the form of social control which is applied
at their construction. Small groups are constructed, mainly, on moral control.
Only criminal and, partly, teenage groups are constructed on the armed control.
The organizations can't be constructed on moral control in principle.
Charismatic groups are a transitional step from group to the organization. Charismatic
groups are constructed on religious control. The total organizations are
constructed on the armed control. The bureaucracy is constructed on
administrative control. The private firm is constructed on economic control.
Examples of the total
organizations are soldier’s barracks, ship team, prison, a military college,
concentration camp, a monastery, hospitals for blind, elderly, deranged, poor
men. Examples of the bureaucratic organizations is a school, executive power,
tax service, church, law enforcement agencies, professional army, the ministry.
Max Weber allocated seven traits of bureaucracy, In my opinion, it is possible
to add two more to them:
• Observance of rules of the schedule is constructed on application
threat from the direct head to its subordinated administrative punishments –
increases or demotions.
• Employees conduct among themselves fight of cliques for the power in
the organization behind the scenes. For example, there is a conflict of cliques
at school. Thus, the bureaucracy is the hierarchical organization constructed
on administrative control and fight of cliques for the power behind the scenes.
There are eleven main groups
and the organizations in society which were invented in turn in the course of
history:
• Family. It has function of production of healthy posterity. The
family was invented in period of origin of primitive society. The family, a kin
and a tribe are constructed on moral control. Wars flashed between tribes often.
• Production organization. Its function is production of the vital
benefits – food, clothes, houses and so on. The cattle breeding and agriculture
were the first modes of production historically and then a craft and mechanical
production had arisen. The most effective at that time forms of control in the
production organization, for example, moral control were applied at primitive
society, armed control were applied at slaveholding society, administrative
control were applied at feudalism, economic control were applied under
capitalism.
·
Army. It was invented in period a decline of primitive society (under period
of military democracy). Army has function to be at war, that is to protect
borders of the national territory from an aggressor and to win another's
territory. The army was constructed originally on moral control, then - on the
armed control, and then - on administrative control.
• Law enforcement
agencies – court, police, prison. They were invented under slaveholding
society. Their function is maintenance of a public order, that is
implementation of the armed control of the government over citizens,
implementation of system of criminal law. Later law enforcement agencies began
to apply administrative and economic sanctions except corporal punishments. Law
enforcement agencies are constructed on administrative control of the head over
the employees. The prison is constructed on the armed control when guards have
the right to apply corporal punishments against prisoners. The police is at war
against the criminal organizations. The criminal organizations are a reserve
center of the power which amplifies in case of temporary weakening of police
and legitimate authority of the government. The criminal organizations are at
war with each other.
• Bureaucracy. It has
function to collect taxes and to direct by public works sometimes, that is to
build channels, dams and so on. Economic function of bureaucracy is the
extremely inefficient form of use of labor in comparison with the system of
private business constructed on economic control. Writing and the cadastre (the
book of taxpayers) were invented for implementation of taxation in Ancient
Egypt.
• Government. It has
function to control activity of army, bureaucracy and law enforcement agencies
administratively. Government controls an education system and church sometimes.
Theocracy, on the contrary, means the form of government at which the church
controls the government. The government is constructed on administrative
control. Supreme power consists today in the conditions of representative
democracy of three branches – legislative, executive and judicial which are
independent from each other.
• Church and sects.
They have function to console fear of believers before death and to convince
them in necessity of existence of system of social control, in necessity of humility to controllers. Church as the
religious organization, was constructed in the Buddhism, Christianity and Islam
for the first time. Church applied corporal punishments against the opponents –
heretics sometimes. Church organized religious wars and crusades against
competitors sometimes. The church arose in period decline of slaveholding
society.
• Education system.
It has function of training (socialization) of younger generation. The
education system arose under slaveholding society.
• Health system. It has
function of treatment of people. The first doctors appeared under slaveholding
society. The medical organizations are constructed on administrative control.
• Art, mass media and
cultures. They has function to satisfy esthetic requirement and to inform
people, to carry out socialization. Mass media and cultures are in a condition of
competition with each other. Correspondents enter to polemic with each other
during fight for a sphere of influence on readers and the audience. Separate
mass media and cultures, for example, the separate newspaper or a television
channel, are constructed on economic or administrative control of the head over
the employees. Mass media and cultures were invented under capitalism.
• Science. It has
function of knowledge of truth, production of inventions and forecasts. The
science was invented under slaveholding society. Scientists compete with each
other during scientific discussions.
Conclusion: progress of society leads to
emergence everything the new and new organizations with the corresponding new
functions.
The statics is a social structure or
anatomy of a social organism for this historical moment, as system of the organizations
which remind organs in body.
Dynamics is a description of sequence of
stages for development of structure for a social organism, that is emergence
all of the new and new organizations and groups.
These concepts (a statics and dynamics)
were entered by August Comte.
In opinion of representatives to organic
school in the academic sociology, society is similar to a human body therefore
society has requirements. Each social organization or group reminds any organ
of society and satisfies any requirement, carries out any function.
Society is progressively developing system
of groups and the organizations which is constructed on the conflict and
control relations between people.
Ludwig von Bertalanffy created the theory
of open systems in biology, and then he tried to create the general theory of
systems, but this plan wasn't executed up to the end. Examples of open systems
are a water tower, a biological organism and society. Open system is a system
which has an entrance and an exit, open system exchanges with environment
substance and energy and supports internal balance. In my opinion, society is
open system which has an entrance and an exit and supports internal balance. Nature
serves as environment for society. It is possible to allocate minerals and
natural resources on an entrance in society. It is possible to allocate various
production wastes on an exit from society. Violation of internal balance occurs
because of the various reasons – because of a lack of resources on an entrance,
because of excessive growth of the population, because of sharp change of
environment – change of climate, an ecological situation and global problems.
Violation of balance leads to hunger, revolution, civil war when people kill
each other for a piece of bread. Violation of balance leads to wars between the
states in a pursuit for disappearing resources. Under the law A. Toynbee's
about a challenge and answer, a cause of infringement of balance is a challenge
for society, on which the elite should find the answer, that is elite should solve
a problem with deficiency of resources on an entrance. Restriction of birth
rate occurs or a natural way as a result of hunger, epidemics and wars or by
means of artificial ways, for example, by means of a tax on the second child as
in modern China.
Formations are steps of development of
society.
The main thought of a formational approach consists that development of society
goes through steps – through formations. Marx listed four formations in work
«To criticism of political economy»:
• antique,
• Asian,
• feudal,
• capitalist.
Scientific discussion was on this matter in
1928-1935 in the USSR, as a result of I. Stalin had summed up this discussion
and Stalin called five formations:
• primitive-communal,
• slaveholding,
• feudal,
• capitalist,
• communistic.
According to Stalin socialism is the first
phase of communism. Stalin forced to forget about an Asian formation, as Asian
formation reminded a socialism very much. It turns out so that there is
constructed the same society in the USSR, as in Ancient Egypt therefore the
socialism is a regress. The subject «Asian formation» became a taboo subject in
the Soviet philosophy. K. Wittfogel wrote on this subject in the West in work
«East despotism: comparative research of the total power". R. Aron had
mentioned Asiatic formation in work «Democracy and totalitarianism». Reason of incompleteness of discussions about formations
till today consists that philosophers couldn't find the correct criterion which
distinguishes one formation from another. According to Marx, such criterion is
the level of development of productive forces, but this criterion is too
abstract, unsuitable for comparison of formations therefore one researchers distinguished
four formations, and others researchers distinguished five formations, one researchers
considered an Asian formation distinct from others formations, and other
researchers didn't consider such. In my opinion, the type of control in the
economy sphere is such criterion:
• Primitive formation is
constructed on moral control in the economy sphere.
• Slaveholding formation is
constructed on armed control in the economy sphere.
• Feudal formation is
constructed on administrative control in
the economy sphere.
• Capitalist formation is
constructed on economic control in the economy sphere.
Marx didn't invent a new
type of control for communism and Marx considered even that all forms of social
control will be cancelled under communism, but such forecast has appeared by a
utopia as society can't exist without the relations of the social conflict and
social control. Communists did attempts to use in economy under a socialism
ideological stimuluses – flags, the pendants, badges of the Drummer of communistic
work, a medal of the Hero of socialist work, article in the newspaper,
glorifying drummers, the photo on the Honor desk, certificates of honor. Miner
Alexey Stakhanov became the first drummer. But this campaign ended with a total
failure as workers don't want to work for flags, workers want to work for money.
Such sanctions influenced on people under a socialism really, as corporal punishments
in the sphere of prison labor in GULAG,
threat of the death penalty for "wreckers" and administrative
sanctions in the sphere of free work. Corporal punishments is a sign of a
slaveholding society in the sphere of economy, and administrative stimuluses
are a sign of feudalism therefore the socialism was an Asian version of feudalism
where there is big on the size a public sector of slaveholding economy.
Thus, in my opinion, there were four
formations in the history of society:
• primitive,
• slaveholding,
• feudal,
• capitalist.
The Asian formation was invented in Ancient
Egypt and Mesopotamia, later similar societies arose in Ancient India, Ancient
China, Mexico, Peru, Byzantium and imperial Russia. "Asian" and
despotic character of imperial Russia, according to Vittfogel, is dictated by
an external factor - the Tatar-Mongolian gain. Bolshevist revolution cleared
away the road to total Asian state of the USSR nine months later after falling
of the Asian state created by tsarism. Vittfogel saw in imperial Russia the traits,
typical for "east despotisms" - a rural community and bureaucracy
absolutely accurately.
In my opinion, men invented irrigation
agriculture and cattle breeding in Asia, men constructed in Asia enormous
irrigational systems and other global objects - pyramids in Egypt, city walls
in Mesopotamia, the Chinese wall in China. These enormous objects became
archaeological monuments and often useless way of waste of human energy which
had no real advantage. Men invented in Asia the state slavery, bureaucracy,
taxes, hieroglyphic writing, a despotism, regular army, court, law enforcement
agencies, the code of laws, state ownership on the earth, a temple economy and
an economy of the Pharaoh. The bureaucracy had functions of taxation and the
management of building of global objects. The despotism or, in other words,
tyranny had benefit in the countries of the Ancient East as only the despot
could force to repair irrigational systems every year and by that to prevent
hunger. The Asian formation became an Asian version of a slaveholding society
which gradually turned into an Asian version of the feudalism, but Asian
formation had bright difference from such West slaveholding society and
feudalism as lack of a private property on
means of production in Asia.
Men had invented in Ancient Greece
representative democracy and the aristocracy, the military ship – a triyer, the
market, sport, theatre’s, competition, a private property on the earth and
slaves. There were in the West only a serfdom and vassal system, constructed on administrative
control. Exactly in the West capitalism was invented. Capitalism was brought on
bayonets of the West European colonialists to Asia.
Conclusion: in my opinion, Vittfogel was
right partly only in question about reasons of emergence of a despotism in the
various countries. Vittfogel concentrated own attention only to one reason of
emergence of a despotism (need to build irrigational systems in the conditions
of irrigation agriculture) and Vittfogel didn't see other reasons. In my
opinion, the main reason of emergence of a despotism are extreme external and
internal conditions of living society. Threat of external aggression, the big
territory and imperial state system can be such conditions There is a need of
suppression of separatist revolts in imperial state. There aren’t irrigation
agriculture in Russia, but there were threats of external aggression from side
of numerous aggressive neighbors for Russia always. Russia possessed the big
territory always and there was a need to suppress revolt of separatists in
Russia always. It is not casually that Russia chose today the most rigid model
of democracy – the presidential republic, otherwise civil war could begin
against separatists in Russia or Russia could lose war on the international
scene.
Russia occupies median place between
Europe and Asia therefore Russia invented nothing herself almost,
and Russia borrowed social inventions alternately that of Europe, of Asia. In
general, there are very few countries which could to make at least one social
invention.
The list of
"teachers" for Russia:
• Vikings became the first
teachers for east Slavs. Vikings were from the West, from Sweden. Vikings had
brought to Russia the princely power, trade on the rivers, the weapon and a
military system, laws, collecting a tribute.
• Byzantium was the second
teacher for Russia. Byzantium occupied median place between Europe and Asia too.
Russia had borrowed the Christianity, writing, architecture from Byzantium.
• Tatar-Mongol and the
Golden Horde from Asia were the third teacher for Russia. Golden Horde had
taught to Russian men to collect taxes from each house and to build despotism,
as a result the absolute monarchy were established in the Moscow principality where the throne
was handed down to the eldest son or the big brother.
• Western Europe (at first
Poland, then Sweden, Holland, England, Germany, France became the fourth
teacher for Russia in 17 century, and under Russian emperor Peter 1 especially.
Russia was at war alternately with some of these countries and Russia studied
at them). Russia borrowed from Western Europe three English inventions -
technical inventions, the market and economic control. Russian emperor Nicolay
2 tried under pressing of liberals and revolutionaries to enter the fourth
English invention - to construct system of representative democracy, Nicolay 2
entered parliament and multi-party elections, but Nicolay 2 couldn't complete
this form of government – Nicolay 2 didn't enter the constitution and
parliament control over the government.
There was a failure in social construction as
a result of October revolution of 1917. Bolsheviks destroyed a capitalist
system and constructed a primitive Asian formation by an example of Ancient
Egypt.
Four campaigns for construction of an Asian
formation were carried out by Bolsheviks:
• Military communism.
Lenin cancelled a private property on the earth and plants, economic control in
economy, the market, unfinished representative democracy; he tried to cancel even
money, religion and the code of laws vainly. This campaign caused to Civil war
in Russia, but Bolsheviks could win in Civil
war though Bolsheviks had to go on temporary concessions to peasants in the
form of New Economic Policy.
• Industrialization.
Bolsheviks had organized big buildings of plants of heavy and war industry,
channels and the railways. The agriculture robbery, gratuitous work of
prisoners, coercion to purchase of bonds of the state loan, vodka sale became
sources of financing of these buildings.
• Collectivization.
Bolsheviks tired out peasants in collective farms violently and Bolsheviks
forced to peasants to work in collective farms almost free of charge – for
"ticks" in the magazine of workdays. Peasants ate and paid heavy
taxes from a kitchen garden. Rich peasants were plundered and subjected to
repression. As a result peasants have
not stimuluses to work completely, and the agricultural branch came to a
condition of complete decline.
• Cultural revolution or
big terror or «big cleaning». Lenin constructed oligarchy where oligarchs were
called by "Lenin guard». Fight of fractions began for the power within
this «Lenin guard» in the 20th years 20 century. Stalin won in turn the paralyzed
Lenin, Trotsky's fraction, Zinoviev’s and Kamenev's fraction, Bukharin’s,
Rykov's and Tomsky’s fraction. Stalin destroyed physically almost all «Lenin
guard» in 1937-1938 and Stalin had constructed tyranny. Stalin had created
instead of «Lenin guard» a new ruling
layer – the nomenclature which was rigidly subordinated to the tyrant.
Thus, Asian formation was completed and
represented a classical sample under Stalin.
Khrushchev had destroyed physically the new
applicant in tyrants – Beria and Khrushchev
had restored oligarchy with what gradual dismantle began of an Asian formation
in Russia. Yeltsin had destroyed oligarchy and an Asian formation in Russia
completely, Yeltsin had constructed capitalism and system of representative
democracy on the western samples.
The Asian formation was constructed and in
other countries of socialist camp where these four campaigns were carried out
on the Soviet sample too. As soon as the Soviet armies were disengaged from
countries of Eastern Europe in 1989, there were "velvet" revolutions
and capitalism was restored. The Asian formation in China was constructed by
Mao Tse Tung who won civil war and carried out such campaigns, as «big jump»,
national communes and a cultural revolution. Policy of the New Economic Policy
is carried out in China today, but the power is in hands of communistic
oligarchy, and students who demanded democracy on Tiananmen Square, were
crushed by tanks. The Asian formation remains today in Northern Korea and in
Cuba.
The conclusion consists that the socialism
is regress in comparison with capitalism, and this grandiose communistic
experiment led to big victims in Russia. Bolsheviks couldn't find the Russian
way of development of the country and Bolsheviks had moved Russia to a backward
Asian way. Communists aren't able to build today anything, except this
primitive model of society. Repetition of similar utopian experiment becomes
for Russia catastrophe.
There are three main ideas of a
civilizational approach:
• Each local civilization
has a unique originality. Each local civilization differ from each other on
systems of values, customs, culture, production technology, the morals and
philosophy.
• Each local civilization
endures the periods of the birth, blossoming, decline and death. Such is a
cycle of life of a civilization.
• These local civilizations
exist nearby with each other, replace each other and fight against each other.
Researchers allocate some local
civilizations: Ancient Egypt, civilization of Babylon and Assyria, Ancient
China, Ancient India, antique civilization of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome,
civilization of Ancient America, Muslim civilization of the Arab Caliphate and
Ottoman Empire, West European civilization. There is a discussion about
composition of this list of civilizations. The reason of this discussion
consists that researchers didn't find yet criterion which distinguishes one
civilization from another. In my opinion, such criterion is the list of the
great social inventions made by these civilization. For example, my big doubts
are caused by attempt to consider Russia a separate civilization. Despite the
Russian patriotism, it is difficult to find the fact in the history of Russia of
the great social inventions made by Russian which were included into gold fund
of mankind. Russia, as well as the majority of the countries of the world,
didn't invent, but Russia studied at other civilizations. It would be desirable
to repeat once again that Russia is a transitional country from Asia to Europe,
like Byzantium. The civilization is the society constructed on a certain set of
great social inventions. One civilization differs from other civilization a set
of these inventions.
The essence of the Toynbee's law of a challenge
and answer consists in the following: environment offers civilizations a challenge,
the elite should find the answer. If there aren’t the answer or answer is
inadequate, that civilization perishes. If the elite could find the right
answer, this civilization conquers and teaches neighbors to this great
invention.
Examples of successful answers of
civilizations:
• Hunters of Sahara. Process
of a drying up of the Africa-Asian steppe began after the termination of ice
period. There was a Sahara Desert on a place of corpulent pastures. Process of
a drying up is a challenge for ancient people. Some tribes of hunters and
collectors died out simply. Other tribes made two great answers: nomadic cattle
breeding and irrigation agriculture. Nomads based a nomadic civilization and
Nomads began to drive the herds from one oasis to another skillfully. Ancestors
of Egyptians and Schumer could dry up bogs in valleys of Rivers Nile, Tiger and
Euphrates, they based river civilizations, Egyptians and Schumer had
constructed grandiose drainage and irrigating systems, using not iron, but only
stone and wooden instruments of labor.
• The Andean civilization
had arisen in the uplands territory. The challenge for ancestors of Incas
is a small territory of the earth suitable for agriculture in mountains, severe
climate and low fertility of the earth. The answer is a terrace agriculture.
• Minoan civilization.
The island of Crete was the center of this civilization. This civilization had
arisen from challenge of sea. The Minoan civilization was lost as a result of a
volcanic eruption in 1 600 year BC. Phoenicians lived in mountains on the seashore and Phoenicians had not
enough earth suitable for agriculture. The answer of Phoenicians is the
invention of the sea ships, sea trade and the alphabet. The bronze weapon,
products from glass and purple cloth became the Phoenician goods. Phoenicians
were forced out from maritime routes by their pupils – ancient Greeks. The last
colony of Phoenicians – Carthago - was destroyed by Ancient Rome and the
Phoenician civilization was lost.
• The challenge for an antique
civilization of Ancient Greece is a small fertility of stony soils. There
were three attempts to make the answer to this challenge. The answer of Sparta
consisted that it is necessary to win nearby lands in Messeny, to turn
conquered inhabitants into the state slaves and to force them to work for
Spartans. Sparta was compelled to create regular army for performance of this
task, but Spartans had no craft and trade, Spartans were backward in all areas,
except war. The answer of Corinth and Colchis consisted that it is necessary to
base overseas colonies in Sicily, the Southern Italy and Thrace where there was
a lot of fertile earth and to import bread from there. But the most successful
and effective answer was made by Athens. Athens borrowed the invention at
Phoenicians – sea trade and craft, and Athens bought bread on the obtained
money simply. Athens had surpassed the Phoenician teachers that Athens had
invented the first military ship, instead of the trading ship – to a triyer. Athens
had invented the new goods – the iron weapon, grape wine, olive oil, silver
jewelry, ceramics and so on. Invasion of Persians to Greece caused Alexander
the Great successful campaign. Ancient Rome invented mobile creation of
infantry in answer to invasion of Gauls, then Romans invented the Roman code of
laws.
• Continuous invasions of
nomads became challenge for Russia. Russia is located on the road
from Asia to Europe. Byzantium had perished as a result of similar invasions
simply, and Austria had stood against the Ottoman Turk somehow. The answer of
Russia consisted in the invention of new estate – the Cossacks, in use against
nomads of firearms and a ships. The firearms were invented by Frenchmen and
Englishmen during Centenary War, the ship or “dracar” is an invention of
Vikings, thus, Russians invented nothing, and Russians used against Asians the European
inventions successfully. Cossacks located on the rivers and Cossacks had made rivers
as natural boundaries of defense, then Cossacks began to use a ships and a gun
for advance to Siberia, thus, Cossacks had won the earth of nomads and Cossacks
had crushed this ancient center of aggression against farmers of Europe and
Asia. Example of a successful campaign of Cossacks is Ermak's campaign from
settlement Stroganov's capital the Orel (Perm province) to Siberia.
• If to develop Toynbee's
ideas, that, in my opinion, it is possible to call challenges which led in
answer to four Great English inventions:
- Low labor productivity of
serf workers caused necessity to invent instead of administrative stimuluses
more effective economic stimuluses – a monetary prize and a monetary fine.
- Deficiency of the goods,
especially pepper and spices, became a callenge which resulted in need to
invent ocean trade, the ocean ships (caravels) and the market competitions
at which deficiency can't exist in principle. If the ships were primitive
earlier, and it was possible to float only along the coast on old ship that it
was possible to hide in any bay in case of a storm, it was possible to float
straight across the ocean on a caravel.
- The competition in side of
the Indian weavers who were able to produce handwork fabrics at very low price
and excellent quality, caused to invent mechanical weaving looms and the steam
engine.
- Abuses of tyrants caused
to invent system of representative democracy which consists of the
constitution, parliament, system of division of the authorities, multi-party
elections and political freedoms.
Some authors opposed formation’s and
civilizational approaches at research of history of society unreasonably.
Theoretical synthesis of these approaches is necessary. Who drives up mankind on
steps of progressive formation’s development? Progress of society goes by trials
and errors under the Toynbee's law of a
challenge and answer. Local
civilizations realize various projects of development, local civilizations fight
with each other, as a result there is a natural selection of these
civilizations and their answers with help of war and the competition in the
international market. There is a change of civilizations – leaders on the world
scene because of this fight of civilizations. War and the market is a lot
always therefore any civilization can't win eternally according to the
probability theory, good luck can turn away from earlier successful
civilization once. Besides there is a degeneration of creative elite of this
civilization over time, creative elite loses ability to do the invention. The
local civilization is a sampling unit in human history, like a species in the
biosphere. Thus, fight of local civilizations is reason of the formation’s
development, fight of local civilizations is that whip which drives up mankind on
steps of progressive formation’s development though certain people, the
nations, the organizations, groups, the countries and civilizations develop
cyclically through the birth, blossoming, decline and death.
There are two ways of development of social
structure - a peace reform and a social revolution.
Possible consequence of revolution is
emergence of civil war and a large quantity of victims. All reformers and
revolutionaries say usually that they are supporters of progressive development
or establishing order, but the result of reform or revolution can be both
progress and regress of society. For example, October revolution of 1917 led to
regress of social structure in Russia in practice, but Yeltsin's reforms are
progressive.
The sociology of revolution was created by
Pitirim Sorokin. Lenin considered that revolution is good, revolution is a
holiday for oppressed men which can revenge with impunity for sanctions and
plunder yesterday's controllers. Revolution is an only way for such revolutionaries
as Marx, Engels and Lenin to receive the power without elections, without
asking will of the people as communists lost on honest elections always. Marx
called revolutions «history locomotives».
Sorokin and Gobbes
considered that revolutio is very bad. I agree with this point of view. Sorokin
considered that revolution is a serious social illness which can lead to death
of a social organism suddenly that revolution is the worst way of improvement
of life of masses. Revolutionaries promise to masses «mountains of gold» in
words, masses receive hunger, epidemics and executions of innocent people in
practice. Insignificant results of revolution are reached by the huge price.
Sorokin calls two reasons of revolution:
• Infringement of base
instincts at the majority of the population.
• Disorganization of the
power and social control.
Types of the infringed instincts, as the
first reason of revolution:
• Hunger.
• The impoverishment.
Soldiers of revolutionary army is beggars and slaves always. Marshals of
revolutionary army are losers from elite at which legal career didn't turn out
for the various reasons and which are ready to walk to the power on corpses.
• Unsuccessful war and
state terror. War turns soldiers into raging crowds of mentally ill people.
Despotic regimes are “pregnant" by revolution constantly.
• Censorship and a ban on
migration. For example the poet V. Mayakovsky glorified October revolution
because of a censorial ban on his publications before revolution. There was a
ban on migration of Jews from the western areas to the central Russia (boundary
of settlement). Therefore many Jews became revolutionaries.
• Estate’s restrictions.
These restrictions prevented people to make legal career from bottoms of
society.
Disorganization of the power and social
control means inability of the government to suppress a revolution, to
eliminate the conditions displeasing of the population, to split masses into
parts and to set them at each other by a principle «divide and dominate», to
send an energy output of masses to other not revolutionary course by a
principle «to open the valve that the copper didn't blow up». The atmosphere of
prerevolutionary eras surprises by observer with powerlessness of the
authorities and degeneration of ruling privileged classes always. The history
"suffers" the cruel and injurious governments, that time while they
are able to operate by country, but history pronounces a severe verdict to the
powerless and parasitic governments.
When there is a revolutionary explosion, that
the ruthless revolutionary sweeper puts out absolutely all social garbage –
degenerates from elite. At the same time "upstarts" from bottoms rush
up on a social ladder sharply through a huge crack in a social sieve of
selection. Such sieve exists on each floor of a social ladder. But the new
elite erects at the second stage of revolution new "sieve" under
which protection the upstarts who have reached tops, merge with the remains of
not gone wrong aristocracy which new elite leave for transfer of experience of
management people. New Bolshevist "sieve" passed upward only those
who «from the machine tool» or «from a plough» and New Bolshevist
"sieve" rejected down all the
others.
It is possible to draw a conclusion that
revolution is favorable to bandits and usurpers of the power, and revolution
isn't favorable to all other social groups. A merit of president Yeltsin was
not only that Yeltsin carried out reforms necessary for the country, but also
that Yeltsin crushed two attempts of communists to seize power with help of army
and KGB mutiny in 1991 and with help of the organization of mass riots and the
armed capture of the power in 1993.
It is possible to explain success of
Bolsheviks in 1917 also to that there was a difficult process of change of
elite in Russia, as well as in other advanced countries. The power passed from
hands of noblemen to hands of businessmen gradually, and the power was
intercepted at this turning point suddenly by rascals, like racketeer Stalin
and Lenin who lived many years in Paris on the stolen money and money of German
investigation.
The reasons generating the second stage of
revolution are strengthening of hunger, crime, requisitions, epidemics,
primitive chaos «wars of all against all» are. People stat before a dilemma: or to be lost, continuing
revolutionary uproar, or to put things in order at any cost. Examples «creators
of an order is Caesar, Octavian Augustus, Cromwell, Napoleon, Robespierre,
Lenin and Putin who were able to put things in order «an iron fist» after the
period of revolution or reforms. There is a mad energy output at the first
stage, but the person is not the perpetual motion machine therefore mass apathy
and weariness comes sooner or later. Society which isn't capable to develop by
peace reforms is compelled to pay for revolution a tribute at a rate of a
considerable part of the population. It is possible to draw a conclusion that
peace reform is much better, than a social revolution.
How many and forms of government existed in
the history of mankind? What forms of government existed in the history of
mankind? To answer this controversial question, it is necessary to choose
correctly criteria which distinguish one form of government from another.
Aristotle called six forms of government:
• Tyranny.
• Oligarchy.
• Ochlocracy.
• Kingdom.
• Aristocracy.
• Democracy.
There are only two forms of
government in classification of Machiavelli:
• Republic.
• Monarchy.
In my opinion, it is possible to
make classification of five forms of government:
• A TYRANNY or a KINGDOM are
constructed on such type of the conflict, as the armed capture of the power and
civil war.
• An ARISTOCRACY or A
OLIGARCHY are constructed on elections in privileged meeting.
• A DIRECT DEMOCRACY is constructed on elections in people's
assembly.
• A HEREDITARY MONARCHY is constructed
on transfer of a throne by inheritance almost without fight, it is constructed
on palace revolutions.
• A REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY
is constructed on national multi-party elections.
The representative democracy is the best from
five forms of government. But building of representative democracy is the most
complex problem. Society rolls down to the archaic forms of government –
tyrannies or oligarchies in case of failure of similar building of
representative democracy, as it had happened in 1917 in Russia under Bolsheviks.
The ochlocracy and tyranny are worst of five forms government, and an ochlocracy are worse than tyranny even. The tyranny was
invented in the countries of the Ancient East, the aristocracy was invented by
Lycurgus in Sparta, direct democracy was invented in Athens, hereditary monarchy was invented in
the form of custom about throne transfer to the eldest son or the big brother was
invented in the Moscow principality, representative democracy was invented in England and the USA. Direct
democracy was invented in primitive society, oligarchy and tyranny was invented
in a slaveholding society, hereditary monarchy was invented at feudalism,
representative democracy was invented under capitalism.
Russia is a unique country where the power
tried to enter all five forms of government in turn during 20 century.
hereditary monarchy was before 1905 under emperor Nicolay 2 in Russia. Russians tried to
construct representative democracy from 1905 to February 1917, Russian
parliament, a multi-party system was for this purpose created, political
freedoms and free elections are guaranteed, but the constitution wasn't
adopted, and the right of appointment of members of the government remained in
hands of the emperor, instead of parliament. The diarchy of Provisional
government and the Soviet power was established from March to November 1917. an
election in the Constituent assembly was held, this Constituent assembly should
choose the form of government. Bolsheviks seized power in October 1917, and
Lenin had constructed oligarchy where «the Lenin guard» became an privileged
layer instead of the nobility, opponents of Bolshevist oligarchy were destroyed
physically during Civil war and with help of KGB terror. Bolsheviks had
destroyed an ochlocracy of father Makhno in Ukraine. Stalin had constructed
tyranny in the thirties 0f 20 century, thus there was again a change of elite –
replacement of «Lenin guard» on the nomenclature at power top. Khrushchev had restored oligarchy, having eliminated
Beria, as new applicant in tyrants. Gorbachev's merit consists that it loosened
oligarchy to the basis. Yeltsin destroyed oligarchy and established representative
democracy. Putin destroyed an ochlocracy and the center of civil war in
Chechnya, and then Putin put things in order after Yeltsin's reforms.
The USA
and Britain as leaders of world development in the 20th century, pursued policy
of overthrow of the tyrannical and oligarchical governments and building of
representative democracy worldwide. Overthrow of tyranny of Saddam Hussein in
Iraq is the last example of such progressive policy.