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Today in Polish history

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  Quote Mosquito Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Topic: Today in Polish history
    Posted: 31-Jan-2011 at 06:14
On this thread I wouldlike to present interesting events in history of Poland.
"I am a pure-blooded Polish nobleman, without a single drop of bad blood, certainly not German blood" - Friedrich Nietzsche
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  Quote Mosquito Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 31-Jan-2011 at 07:25
January 30-31
 
30 january Year 1018 - peace treaty of Bautzen/Budziszyn
 
The treaty between kingdom of Poland and Holy Roman Empire, signed by king Boleslaus I the Brave of Poland and emperor Henry II, ended Polish-German wars which were started in year 1002, over the control of Lusatia, margraviate of Meissen, Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia.
 
After the death of Emperor Otto III in year 1002 AD Polish ruler Boleslaw(Boleslaus) the Brave, supported his friend and relative Eckard I Margrave of Meissen for the position of Holy Roman Emperor against another candidate - Henry II.  Eckard was murdered probably by the agents of Henry and after his assasination Boleslaw took over his margraviate as well as the march of Lusatia. Emperor Henry II while was fighting for his position in Germany, had to sign agreement with Boleslaw recognising his gains in Lusatia while Boleslaw in turn recognized Henry as Holy Roman Emperor.

Fighting soon resumed however, after an unsuccessful assassination attempt against Boleslaw, which he believed had been ordered by Henry (who denied the charge) occurred soon after the peace was concluded. Boleslaw took control of Bohemia (having previously acquired Moravia and Slovakia). Finally after long wars and many campaigns the treaty of Bautzen was signed. Boleslaw I of Poland gained Meissen and Lusatia and married with Oda, daughter of Margrave Eckard. The emperor  was also obliged in the treaty to aid Boleslaw in his expedition against Ruthenia in the summer of 1018 with contingents of German and Hungarian troops which enabled the Polish king to capture Kiev,  and to grab part of the Ruthenian territory. 

30 january Year 1644 - battle of Ohmatov (Ochmatow)
 
Stanislaw Koniecpolski, Grand Hetman of the Crown (title similar to marshal in western Europe) on the territory of modern day Ukraine defeated army of Crimean Chanate commanded by Tugay - Bey. About 20.000 Tatars invaded Ukraine, their army was intercepted on the steppes by Polish commander, defeated and chased for hudnried miles.
 
Stanislaw Koniecpolski was one of the greatest commanders in the history of Poland who won many battles against Ottomans, Cossacks, Tatars, and also against Swedes, defeating on the battlefield even famous Gustav II Adolf - the Lion of the North.
 
31 january 1947 - second trial of Stutthof Concentration Camp Crew
 
 
Stutthof Trial was a war crime tribunal held in Gdansk (Danzig) in Poland in years 1946-1947. Actually there were 4 trials:
 
In the first were accused 1 SS-man, 6 German women - guards and 6 Polish prisoners who held "kapo" positions. In this trial the court issued 12 death sentences and 2 prison sentences.
 
In the second trial were accused 23 SS-men and 1 prisoner kapo. 10 death sentences were issued.
 
In the 3rd trial were accused 20 SS-men, none of them recived death sentence.
 
In the 4th trial were acussed 27 Germans including 1 kapo prisoner. 1 person was found not guilty, none recived death sentence.
 
"I am a pure-blooded Polish nobleman, without a single drop of bad blood, certainly not German blood" - Friedrich Nietzsche
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  Quote Cryptic Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 31-Jan-2011 at 10:20
How many of the death sentences were actually carried out? 
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  Quote Mosquito Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 31-Jan-2011 at 15:15
All, by hanging.
"I am a pure-blooded Polish nobleman, without a single drop of bad blood, certainly not German blood" - Friedrich Nietzsche
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  Quote Cyrus Shahmiri Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 01-Feb-2011 at 00:20
I think we should first know when Polish history begins.
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  Quote Mosquito Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 01-Feb-2011 at 13:22
Originally posted by Cyrus Shahmiri

I think we should first know when Polish history begins.
 
Depend on the word: "begins".
 
We know very little about Poland before year 966AD, when the country was christianised and have no historic informations about any events before 966, just assumptions, spoken traditions and such.


Edited by Mosquito - 01-Feb-2011 at 15:56
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  Quote opuslola Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 01-Feb-2011 at 14:37
Indeed the lack of any "real" Polish history before 966AD/CE is as strange as the lack of "real" history in numerous other places!

It is like some great authority figure actually developed a program to destroy the past?

I, of course, will nominate the Roman Catholic Church as the culprit! Hence, today we here of hundreds or thousands of Catholic Monks, priests, etc., where as, we might well understand that Roman Units, were also mounted Knights, etc.?

I would think even the saga of Robin Hood, whould make one understand that a trained Roman/Catholic monk/friar, with but a "quarterstaff" as his defense, was a major fighter of his day?

I think he was referred to as "Little John?"

There has been numerous historical statements concerning the orders of the various Popes, to have the Roman church-men destroy all remains of the pagaean past, via book burnings, etc.! Whilst we are sometimes told that certain various church-men "friars/monks, etc." , also kept various of these documents, secreted and protected, where they were later found during the 15th century and later! (the "rebirth!")

It seems that the Pope's decisions were not always carried out?

Edited by opuslola - 01-Feb-2011 at 14:39
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  Quote Mosquito Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 01-Feb-2011 at 14:55
1 February
 
 
1717
 
Silent Parliament or Dumb Parliament (or in Polish "Silent Sejm")
 
Frederick Augustus I or Augustus II the Strong was elected for the king of Poland in year 1697. He was an Elector of Saxony and during his reign Poland, Lithuania and Saxony formed the personal union. His nickname "the strong" came from his physical strenght, he was able to break iron horseshoes with his bare hands.
 
As the ruler he was completelly incompetent. He tried to change Poland and Lithuania into hereditary monarchy and join it with Saxony forever. He also tried to introduce in the Republic absolutist monarchy what caused civil war. None of the sides was able to win, finally both the king and the insurgents asked for Russian mediation of the Peter the Great. Russian army occupied Lithuania and Russian emissary dictated the conditions of treaty between the king and the parliament.
 
The parliament was called but noone was allowed to speak, all the bills were passed without voting. The speaker after 6 hours, when nobody dared to oppose him and risk Russian intervention, said that 'silence means lack of objections'.
The bills constitued the Polish political system for the next 50 years.
 
It was decided that:
 
1. Polish ministers and Saxon ministers will not intervene into each other domestic affairs.
2. The taxes for army will be 24.000 normal soldier's wages which meant that after paying officer pensions and other military needs, the effective army was a little over 10,000 strong, much smaller than armies of neighbouring states.
3. Saxon soldiers will leave Poland and Polish soldiers will leave Saxony.
4. The king will not be allowed to leave Poland for longer time.
5. Poland - Lithuania and Saxony will remain only personal union.
6. The freedoms of people will remain untouched and power of king will be limited.
7. The power of senate was limited.
 
 
The Silent Sejm is regarded as one of the first precedences that the Russian Empire dictated Polish internal policy an d in fact introduced some kind of Russian protectorate over Poland, where Russian tsar was supposed to be the guarant of freedom and internal peace. It finally brought to partitions of Poland which in 1795 erased the Commonwealth from map of Europe.
 
 
 
1943
 

Battle of Zaboreczno

 

In 1942 and 1943 in the eastern Poland Germans conducted the operation of expelling Polish citisens and settling on their land so called German colonists. Polish secret intelligence captured the orders for German commander about planned action in the village of Zaboreczno. At 8 in the morning German batallion (about 400 soldiers) of motorised infantry under the command of major Ernst Schweiger was attacked on the forest road to the village by the unit of 250 Polish partisans. Germans were completelly surprised by the attack and lost 110 soldiers who were killed in action and unknown number of wounded. Partisans lost 1 soldier killed and 2 wounded. After inflicting heavy casualties they succesfully retreated. The number of German losses comes from the number of coffins that Germans ordered to make in the next day in the town where was their garrison. German commander reported that was attacked by about 800 enemy bandits.
 
 
 
1944
 

Operation Kutschera

Operation Kutschera was the code name for the successful assasination of Franz Kutschera, SS and Reich's Police Chief in Warsaw, executed by Polish Home Army. It was part of the "Operation Heads" which was designed to kill Nazi officials who were part of the German terror machine in occupied Poland.

Franz Kutschera, SS Brigadefuhrer and Generalmajor of police became SS and police commander in Warsaw on 25 september 1943. He has used terror measures against civilian population in Warsaw, increased the number of public executions and list of hostages to be shot in case of any attack on a German soldier, what was intended to crush the resistance of Polish citisens.
 
Franz Kutschera lived in Warsaw in conspiracy, hiding himself and keeping his name in secret. His orders were signed "SS and Police commander". Soon the courts of underground state sentenced him for death - as such - "SS and Police commander" cause his name and person was unknown. His disclosure was a matter of lucky coincidence.
 
Polish secret agent working in Gestapo office has once noticed a big limusine entering drive of a palace - the seat of the Warsaw District SS and Police Leader. Out of this car an SS-man emerged and his black coat opened a little, showing general's collar insignia. From then on his arrivals were closely followed and soon his name and address were revealed.
 
Kutschera had only about 150 metres from his home to SS headquarters but he always used his car. When he was close to the gate of SS HQ, he was blocked by a car. 2 Polish soldiers of the underground army ran up to the limousine and opened fire from close range. Later during the action and fight with the upcoming Germans 2 Poles were wounded and died from wounds and 2 other died later when were going back from action by their car.
The body of Kutschera was transported to Berlin and burried with honours and 100 civilians were executed for his assasination. However it was one of the last such mass executions in Warsaw, with time German officials were less less willing to order them, being afraid of their lifes.
 
 
 
 


Edited by Mosquito - 01-Feb-2011 at 15:04
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  Quote Mosquito Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 02-Feb-2011 at 19:45
February 2-3 
2 february Year 1676 - John Sobieski (Jan Sobieski) and his wife Marie Casimire Louise de La Grange d'Arquien crowned the king and queen of Poland - Lithuania
 
In the cathedral in Wawel Royal Castle in Cracow John Sobieski and his french wife were crowned. Sobieski ruled as John III Sobieski.
He was a skilled military commander, his victories on the battlefields brought him popularity which allowed him to run in the elections for the office of the king. However he was skilled as general, he was much less competent as politician and king. In 1683 he was a commander in chief of allied Polish-Lithuanian-Austrian-German army in the victorious battle of Vienna which was also the last great Polish victory until napoleonic wars.
His wife was a daughter of ruined French aristocrate and widow after another Polish aristocrate. Their wedding was a scandal cause they married in secret a week after the death of her previous husband. Two months after secret wedding they took another official one, which was given to them by Antonio Pignatelli (future pope Innocent XII) and reported by biggest european newspaper of those times Gazette de France. For many Polish poets and political writers it was a good subject to write pamphlets and satirics. She had 4 children from her first marriage and 13 with Sobieski, of them 4 grown up. The king and queen loved one each other and left incredible amount of love letters.
 
King Jan (John) III Sobieski
 
 
2 february  Year 1964 - death sentence in meat affair
 
About 20 years of communist rules after WW2 Poland was still in bad economic situation. Whats more it was also exploited by Soviet Union and most of civil goods as well as food - especially meat - were rationed. This also resulted in the growing black market. 10 people including chiefs of state owned companies were accused for stealing meat and selling it on black market. 1 of them recived death sentence, 4 Life imprisoment and the rest prison sentences from 5 to 9 years. It was an example of communist justice.
 
3rd february  Year 1959 - Notched Sword comes back to Poland from Canada
 
 
The Notched Sword is the coronation sword used in crowning ceremonies of most kings of Poland from 1320 to 1764.
 
Its name is derived from Polish word which means a gap, notch or chip, is sometimes rendered into English as "the Notched Sword" or "the Jagged Sword", although its blade has straight and smooth edges.

A legend links the sword with King Boleslaw the Brave who was said to have chipped the sword by hitting it against the Golden Gate of Kiev - the capital of Ruthenia, during his capture of the city in 1018. The sword was given to King by an angel and Polish kings were supposed to always carry it in battle to triumph over their enemies.

However, the sword is actually dated to the late 12th or 13th century, and was first used as a coronation sword by Vladislaus the Elbow-High in 1320. The original sword from the 10th century was probably taken by king of Bohemia in the end of 13th century, when he lost Polish throne and Vladislaus the Elbow-High probably oredered to make new sword. It was looted by Prussian troops in 1795, it changed hands several times during the 19th century until it was purchased in 1884 for the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg, Russia.  The Soviet Union returned it to Poland in 1928. During WW2, the sword was evacuated to Canada and did not return to Kraków until 1959.
 
 
 
 
 


Edited by Mosquito - 03-Feb-2011 at 05:26
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  Quote opuslola Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 02-Feb-2011 at 22:48
Mosquito, just how sure are you that the emblem on the above sword is that of an "Eagle?"

Is there any information that it could be a "Corvus"/"Raven?"

Regards,
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  Quote Mosquito Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 03-Feb-2011 at 12:34
Originally posted by opuslola

Mosquito, just how sure are you that the emblem on the above sword is that of an "Eagle?"

Is there any information that it could be a "Corvus"/"Raven?"

Regards,
 
It is sure that bird on the sword is a white eagle. Since the 13th century it was always eagle. However it is not sure if on the beginings of Poland it was an eagle or other bird.
 
Here is silver denar of Boleslaw the Brave from the year 1000 AD.
 
 
Historians still quarell if its an eagle or rooster or peafowl or somthing else.
 
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  Quote Mosquito Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 03-Feb-2011 at 13:16
February 3  1735 AD
 
Ignacy Krasicki was born. He was a Polish novelist (one of his books is considered as first novel written in Polish) playwright, journalist, encyclpedist and translator of French literature. He was one of the leading writers of Polish enlightment and also Prince-Bishop of Warmia and archbishop of Gniezno. He was a friend of Stanislaw August Poniatowski - the last king of Poland and of Frederic the Great - king of Prussia. In 1772 in the result of first partition of Poland his duchy-bishoprick became part of Prussia and he became prussian subject. He refused to pay homage to king of Prussia. Krasicki recived polish Order of the White Eagle and Prussian Order of the Red Eagle.
 
Here are some of his poems:
 
Part of "Hymn to Love of Country"
O sacred love of the beloved Country,
Only good and true minds can experience you!
For thee, virulent poisons are savory;
For thee, chains and fetters are not an abuse.
Thou embellish cripples with scars of glory;
In the mind, thou dost nestle pleasures most true.
Might one, to thy succor, endeavor to fly,
'Twere nothing to live poor, 'twere nothing to die.
 
FABLES AND PARABLES: they often had second sence, in many of them Krasicki was writing about fate of weak Poland which was on the sake of its powerful neighbours.
 
 
The Eagle and the Hawk

Eagle, not wishing to incommode himself with chase,
Decided to send hawk after sparrows in his place.
Hawk brought him the sparrows, eagle ate them with pleasure;
At last, not quite sated with the dainties to measure,
Feeling his appetite growing keener and keener —
Eagle ate fowl for breakfast, the fowler for dinner.

The Little Fish and the Pike

Espying a worm in the water, the little fish
Did greatly regret the worm could not become his dish.
Up came a pike and made his preparations to dine;
He swallowed both worm and hook, which he failed to divine.
As the angler pulled ashore his magnificent prize,
Quoth the little fish: "Sometimes good to be undersize."

Two Dogs

"Why do I freeze out of doors while you sleep on a rug?"
Inquired the bobtail mongrel of the fat, sleek pug.
"I have run of the house, and you the run of a chain,"
The pug replied, "because you serve, while I entertain."

The Master and His Dog

The dog barked all the night, keeping the burglar away;
It got a beating for waking the master, next day.
That night it slept soundly and did the burglar no harm;
He burgled; the dog got caned for not raising alarm.

The Humble Lion

'Tis bad at master's court to lie, bad the truth to tell.

Lion, intent on showing all that he was humble,
Called for open reproaches. Said the fox: "Your great vice
Is that you're too kind, too gracious, excessively nice."
The sheep, seeing lion pleased by fox's rebuke, said:
"You are a cruel, voracious tyrant." — and she was dead.

The Lamb and the Wolves

Agression ever finds cause if sufficiently pressed.
Two wolves on the prowl had trapped a lamb in the forest
And were about to pounce. Quoth the lamb: "What right have you?"
"You're toothsome, weak, in the wood." — The wolves dined sans ado.

Compassion

The sheep was praising the wolf for all his compassion;
Hearing it, fox asked her: "How is that? In what fashion?"
"Very much so!" says the sheep, "I owe him what I am.
He's mild! He could've eaten me, but just ate my lamb."

 
 


Edited by Mosquito - 03-Feb-2011 at 13:18
"I am a pure-blooded Polish nobleman, without a single drop of bad blood, certainly not German blood" - Friedrich Nietzsche
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  Quote opuslola Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 03-Feb-2011 at 14:21
Very funny poetry! Thanks!

I mentioned the "Corvus", as the symbol, because of this;

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korwin_coat_of_arms

And have since found this;

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygmunt_Krasi%C5%84ski

Is Krasinski close to your author above?

Here is his coat of arms;

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herb_Slepowron.jpg

Perhaps the names are not similar in Poland, but they look similar in English?

Regards,



Edited by opuslola - 03-Feb-2011 at 14:31
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  Quote Mosquito Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 03-Feb-2011 at 17:14
Originally posted by opuslola

Very funny poetry! Thanks!
 
That means that english translator did good job. Krasicki and Krasinski were 2 different and not related people but yes, their surnames are similar and sound similar.
 
 


Edited by Mosquito - 03-Feb-2011 at 17:15
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  Quote opuslola Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 03-Feb-2011 at 17:31
While I already seem to know that extant Polish sources are very few, does there exist a chance that the name was changed in the few hundred years that seperate both men?

That is, do you think that there exists some possibilty of two reknowned poets from Poland, with similar names, were actually related?

Edited by opuslola - 03-Feb-2011 at 17:36
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  Quote Mosquito Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 03-Feb-2011 at 19:39
Originally posted by opuslola

While I already seem to know that extant Polish sources are very few, does there exist a chance that the name was changed in the few hundred years that seperate both men?

That is, do you think that there exists some possibilty of two reknowned poets from Poland, with similar names, were actually related?
 
Dont really think so. They also had 2 different coats of arms. In Polish heralrdy the coat of arms wasnt attached to 1 familly but to the many. The surnames of Polish nobility, just like in other countries in Europe, comes from the names of the villages or towns. Krasicki seems to be derived from the town or village "Krasiczyn" and Krasinski from "Krasin".
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  Quote opuslola Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 03-Feb-2011 at 20:23
Just a wild guess! Thanks for your time!

Keep the Polish history lessons comming!
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  Quote Mosquito Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 03-Feb-2011 at 21:29
4 February
 
 
1454 
Uprising of Prussian people against Teutonic Order and begining of 13 years war 1454-1466
 
 
After several wars with Poland in the half of the 15th century most of Prussians were discontent with the anachronic rules of Teutonic Knights. Prussian knights, gentry and cities with envy observed the freedom which enjoyed the gentry and cities in Poland. The Knights were also accused of violating the few existing privileges of the nobility and the cities. Finally in 1440 a group of 53 gentry and clergy and 19 Prussian cities, under the leadership of the city of Gdansk (Danzig) founded so called Prussian Confederation. The knights and German Emperor declared confederation illegal. The people living in Prussia who were Kashubians, Germans, Poles and Prussians were slowly melting into one nation and their symphaties were becoming pro - Polish. So the insurgents called for help the king of Poland and declared their will to join Polish kingdom. King of Poland Casimir IV Jagiellon asked the Prussian Confederation for a formal petition. On 4 February 1454, the Secret Council of the Prussian Confederation sent a formal act of disobedience to the Grand Master of Teutonic Order. Two days later the confederacy started its rebellion and soon almost all Prussia, except for Marienburg, Stuhm and Konitz were free from Teutonic rule. Most of the captured Teutonic castles were immediately destroyed. On 20 February 1454 the official delegation of the confederacy asked king Casimir to bring Prussia into the Polish kingdom. After negotiating the exact conditions of incorporation, the king agreed and delegates of the Prussian Confederation pledged allegiance to Casimir on 6 March 1454. Most of Prussian cities and nobles pledged allegiance to king of Poland what resulted in new Polish - Teutonic war which came to history as 13 years war. Lithuania did not support Poland in this war and most of Polish knights were reluctant to take part in it, especially because king has called them during harvest time. Teutonic order was able to get the help from the Empire, to gather money and to hire large army of German and Bohemian mercenaries. Polish and Prussian commanders proved to be incompetent and lost several battles. Finally the allies (Poland and Prussia) also hired big number of mercenaries, mostly for the Prussian money, payed by Prussian cities. Poland also won the battle of Battle of Schwetz during which was killed the best Teutonic commander, brillant  Fritz Raweneck. After his death Teutonic Knights started to suffer more defeats and finally run out of money, having problems to pay thousands of mercenaries which they hired. The peace treaty was signed on October 10, 1466. Western Prussia became an autonomous Polish province later known as Royal Prussia. Eastern Prussia remained under the control of the Teutonic Knights, although they became vassals of the Polish king. The Grand Master received the title of Senator of the Polish kingdom. The war broke the power of Teutonic Order. It was also first war in the history of Poland in which money played major role as both sides heavilly rellied on mercenaries. After Polish taxpayers refused to agree for new taxes, most of the money were given by Prussian cities. When Denmark joined the war on the side of Teutonic Order, the Danish fleet was also defeated by the mercenary fleet hired by Prussian cities - especially Gdansk (Danzig). The capital of Teutonic State - great castle in Malbork (Marienburg) was sold to Polish king by its unpayed mercenary Bohemian garrison. It might look strange but in general situation was looking like this: Prussia wanted to join Poland but Poles didnt want to fight for Prussia nor to pay the taxes for war, what forced Prussians to fight and pay for everything. Lithuania - the state which was in union with Poland completelly ignored the war.
 
 
1746 

Andrzej Tadeusz Bonawentura Kościuszko was born 

 

In Poland known as Tadeusz Kosciuszko, in other countries as Thaddeus Kosciusko or in  full Andrew Thaddeus Bonaventure Kosciusko. Napoleon called him “the hero of the North”, Catherine the Great - a beast, Thomas Jefferson - the pure a son of liberty as he has ever known, Lord Byron wrote about him: “That sound that crashes in the tyrant’s ear – Kosciuszko!”. He was educated in elitary Polish military academy known as  "Nobles' Academy of the Corps of Cadets" in Warsaw. After graduating recived the rank of captain.
In 1776 he went to America and joined Amercian revolution as Colonel of Engineers in the Continental Army. In 1783 Kościuszko was promoted by Congress to the rank of brigadier general, received American citizenship and land in the USA. He also was was admitted to Society of Cincinnati and American Philosophical Society. In 1784 he came back to Poland. In 1791 Polish Parliament enacted constitution which was modernising Polish - Lithuanian Republic, giving it an effective goverment and 100.000 soldiers strong army, to which Kosciuszko joined as general. It was the last attempt to save Poland and its independence from Russia, Prussia and Austria. But the conservative forces in Poland and Lithuania raised rebellion and called for help Russia which invaded Poland. The king who was very nice and cultural and well educated person was unfortunatelly also very soft and was a former lover of Russian empress Catherine the Great. He won elections for the king only because of her support. He betrayed patriotic cause and joined insurgents and Russians, calling the army to follow him.
In 1794 Kosciuszko raised rebellion in Poland and became its commander in chief. On the begining he was able to defeat enemy forces in spite of their numerical superiority but finally was defeated and captured by Russians. In 1796 was pardonned by tsar Paul I and set free. In 1798 took part in creation of Polish Legions in Italy. In 1799 met with Napoleon Bonaparte but failed to reach any agreement with the French leader, who regarded Kościuszko as a "fool" who "overestimated his influence" in Poland. He did not return to the Duchy of Warsaw nor did join the reborn Polish Army allied with Napoleon whom he did not trust and didnt belive in his succes. He died in 1817. For most of Poles he became a symbol of fight for independece and national hero.
 
 


Edited by Mosquito - 03-Feb-2011 at 21:39
"I am a pure-blooded Polish nobleman, without a single drop of bad blood, certainly not German blood" - Friedrich Nietzsche
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  Quote Mosquito Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 07-Feb-2011 at 16:24
atm im on vacations in Austria, will continune, when come back home :)
"I am a pure-blooded Polish nobleman, without a single drop of bad blood, certainly not German blood" - Friedrich Nietzsche
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  Quote opuslola Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 07-Feb-2011 at 21:26
Take the tour of the Salt caves out side of "Saltz-burg", for a full view of the times?

This may well be a meaningful experience?
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