Originally posted by Omnipotence
Thanks for the info Charioteer. It seems that my statement was unclear when I said that there was no Xia and pre-Xia written accounts. What I meant was that there was no Xia recorded history of the Xia. But I didn't know there's such a variety of documents about the Xia not long afterwards(and SimaQian's sources on the Xia), so you learn something new everyday. |
There was also no written record of Shang to prove its existence before oracle bone inscription was discovered. They were regarded as "myth"(mainly by the western historians) back then.
but the problem is there were those successor states to the Shang, like the Song. if the Shang didnt exist, where did the Song come from?
likewisely the Xia
Shiji, Xia dynasty
"太史公曰:禹为姒姓,其後分封,用国为姓,故有夏后氏、有扈氏、有男氏、斟寻氏、彤城氏、襃氏、费氏、杞氏、缯氏、辛氏、冥氏、斟戈氏。孔子正夏时,学者多传夏小正云。自虞、夏时,贡赋备矣。或言禹会诸侯江南,计功而崩,因葬焉,命曰会稽。会稽者,会计也"
to Sima qian, there were many successor states to the Xia, the accounts of the existence of Xia were preserved through their existence, perhaps thats why his predecessor Confucius couldnt ignore the existence of Xia as well because the evidences are too overwhelming to deny .
we all know the last Western Zhou king favored the concubine Bao si, that girl was from bao state, a descendant of the Xia.
another well known descendant state of the Xia, the Qi state, its ruler was referred to as "duke of Xia" by other states. There are various pre-Qin documents can be referenced with. for instance
"有夏虽衰,杞、鄫犹在"《国语周语》
"夫杞,明王之后也"《管子大匡》
"殷汤封夏后于杞,周又封之"《世本王侯》
"成汤卒受大命乃放夏桀,散亡其佐,乃迁姒姓于杞""《大戴礼记少间》
"(卫成)公命祀相,宁武子不可,曰,鬼神非其族类,不歆其祀,杞、鄫何事?"《左传-僖公三十一年记》
"(称杞为)"夏肄(余)"";《左传-襄公二十九年记郑子大叔之语》
oracle bone inscription have the record of the people of Qi as well
"丁酉卜,殼贞,杞侯炬弗其祸,有疾"
"癸巳卜,令登赉杞"
"己卯卜行贞,王其田亡灾,在杞"
"庚辰卜行贞,王其步自杞,亡灾"
"庚寅卜在女香贞,王步于杞,亡灾"
"壬辰卜,在杞贞,王步于意,亡灾"
if the Xia didnt exist, where did the people of Qi come from? just like if the Shang didnt exist, where did the people of Song come from?
the difference is archaeologist havent found any written evidences from erlitou site like they found the oracle bones from Shang ruins.
but to historians like Confucius and Sima qian to prove the existence of Xia and Shang and include it in their history works doesnt have to be determined by archaeology. even they can dig the graves the custom of their society were different from ours.
if anyone say to Confucius that the Shang didnt exist because there was no archaeological evidence of it, he would probably remind them that hes actually the descendant of Shang.
thus in 《逸周书王会》the ruler of Qi state was referred to as "duke of Xia"(夏公),while the ruler of Song state was referred to as "duke of Yin(Shang)"(殷公)
and Confucius actually equals the Song to Shang, and the Qi to Xia
"夏礼,吾能言之,杞不足征也;殷礼,吾能言之,宋不足征也" 《论语八佾》
btw, there is a village near the mausoleum of Yu the great, about more than a thousand people live there today still bear the surname of Si
the clan name of Xia ruling household, the ancestor of these people belonged to Xia household and was assigned to Kuaiji mountain to maintain the mausoleum.
We dont have to dig graves to know the existence of these people.
Edited by The Charioteer - 24-Nov-2007 at 00:11