Where did Xia people go?

Where did Xia people go after Xia dynasty was overthrew (Wang Ning)

The original Xia state was in today's Shandong province, this canbe verified by historical evidences, historians who believe in this theory, for instance Wang guowei[王国维] state:" since ancient time, capital of monarchs were located to the East......from the third King Tai kang[太康] up to the era of the last King Jie[桀], Xia captial and other toponymies recorded in ancient classics were located to the "eastern land"(shandong province), for centuries they lived side by side with the Shang in the Heji[河济] region(Shandong province).

Gu xiegang[顾颉刚] also think that:"Xia's sphere of influence mainly in Shandong", Yang xiangkui[杨向奎]:"The early Xia's political influence encompassed area belong to today's Shandong, Henan, Hebei provinces, especially in Shandong", "from the first king Qi[启]to middle Xia reigns, its political centre was located in Shandong, but its political influence also extended to Henan, Hebei provinces"; "Shandong was Xia people's settlement area in their early days, they migrated westwards laterly. When great Yu(father to Qi, the first Xia King) battled with flood, of nine regions of China，Gunzhou[衮州]（in Shandong province) was the main area of his activities, with extension to parts of Yuzhou[豫州](in Henan province) and Xuzhou[徐州](in Jiangsu province) . later on, remains of "The great Yu battling flood" are to be found over many places in China, though the event was real, these remains were mostly strained interpretations."
Shandong was called "Zhongguo/middle kingdom" or "Jiuzhou/nine regions", where great Yu battled with flood.

But many documents which were made after the Zhou dynasty state that Xia's settlement area were located in Shanxi or Shannxi provinces, this is because there were great migrations of Xia people , the history is not well-known though. Some historians have already made comments on the migrations,but they covered only parts of it, for example Guo moruo[郭沫若] stated:" the people of Xia was the original people of China, but after they were banished by the Shang, where did they go? some migrated to the north." But those migrated northwards were only part of the Xia people, Xia descendants were located at places to other directions as well, not just to the north.

Those nations who think Great Yu was part of their history were descendants of the Xia. The distribution of Xia people after Shang replaced the Xia dynasty

-The "Dong yi"[东夷]

《世说新语�言语》二十二 state:"the great Yu was born to Dongyi", "Dongyi" were quite powerful remanents of the Xia. Thats because "the land of dongyi" was the original settlement area of Xia.

The character "yi" [夷] in Shang oracle bone inscriptions were written as "shi"[尸]or "ren"[人]，the "Shi fang"[尸方] or "ren fang"[人方] is the same as "yi fang"[夷方]，Zhou's bronze ware inscription also called them "shi fang", they called the "dongyi" as "dong shi"[东尸]， while the "huai yi"[淮夷] was called "huai shi"[淮尸]. Later, "shi" was used to mean corpse, to differentiate it from the original meaning, two strokes[二] were added to the original "shi"[尸], which became the character "ren"[仁], then "ren"[仁] was used to mean benevolence, another character "yi"[夷](as in "dongyi") was invented as a substitution, so originally, "ren"[人],"shi"[尸],"ren"[仁],"yi"[夷] were used to describe the same thing.

《说文》："yi, men of the East", also called "dongyi", "yi"[夷] is the same as "ren"[人]，the yi people lived in Shandong, today, in places like Jiaodong[胶东]，Jiaonan[胶南], local dialect still pronounce "ren"[人] as "yin"[寅], very close to the sound of "yi"[夷],ancient pronunciations of "ren" and "yi" were alike.

Its probably began with the Shang, that "yi" or "dongyi" were seen as "non-Chinese" or "ethnic minority", such was not the case during the Xia dynasty.

The Shang regardless of their relations to the Shang, used the term "fang"[方] to call nations, thus "dongyi" were called "shi fang"[尸方] or "ren fang"[人方], i.e "yi fang"[夷方]; while the Shang called themselves "Shang fang"[商方]。So its obvious, up until this stage, the concept that the term "yi"[夷] means "non-Chinese/ethnic minority", were still not there, so the situation should be same during the Xia. According to records of Xia from《竹书纪年》, except few tribes like the Zhunxun[斟寻] and Minshan[岷山](those tribes also reside in the land of dongyi, which belong to dongyi culture), all the rest were referred to as "yi"[夷]，for example:

-first year of King Dixiang[帝相],campaign against "Huai yi"[淮夷]
-second year, campaign agaisnt "feng yi"[风夷]and "huang yi"[黄夷]
-seventh year, "yu yi"[于夷] pays visiting

-Shaokang[少康]became the King, "fang yi"[方夷] visiting

-Fen became the King, third year, "quan yi"[畎夷],"yu yi"[于夷],"fang yi"[方夷],"huang yi"[黄夷],"bai yi"[白夷],"chi yi"[赤夷],"xuan yi"[玄夷],"feng yi"[风夷],"yang yi"阳夷 visiting.

-Xie became the King, twenty first year,orders to "quan yi","bai yi","chi yi","xuan yi","feng yi","yang yi"
-twenty first year, peerages given to "quan yi" etc

-first year of King Fa, all "yi" visiting the king, dances were performed by all "yi".

The tribes and nations associated with the Xia, whether they were rivals or friends were referred to as "yi"[夷],used just like the Shang term "fang"[方].

These "yi" werent reagrded by Xia as "non-Chinese/ethnic minority", but as associated tribes. Since Shang called itself "Shang fang"[商方]，Xia probably also called itself "Xia ren/yi"[夏人/夷]。Hence during the Xia, the term "yi"[夷] was used to refer nation, while the term "fang"[方] was used to refer nation during the Shang, then the term "guo"[国] was used to refer nation by the Zhou. "ren"[人]，"fang"[方]，"guo"[国] had same connotation, so during the Xia, there was no difference between "Xia" and "yi", "yi" then was not referring to "non-Chinese". So Cheng deqi程德祺 in his《夏为东夷说略》argues Xia people were the same as "dongyi" which lived in today Shandong province.

Tang[汤](first Shang king) sent an expedition against Jie[桀]（last Xia king), according to 《竹书纪年》，Jie lived at Zhenxun[斟寻](今山东潍坊西南五十里德斟城/in Shandong), so Tang led his army eastwards,and defeated Jie's army around today's Jining[济宁].But Tang didnt gain foothold in Shandong, instead he returned to Hao[亳] in a hurry. Thats because although Tang had defeated Jie's main force, which forced some Xia tribes to migtate, but there were still many Xia tribes remained in Shandong, they were numerous and warlike, Tang understand he had no way to pacify them immediately. Nevertheless, Shang has overthrew the Xia, and became the overlord. Those Xia tribes who remained to the east were called "ren"[人] by Shang,since Xia refer themselves as "ren", hence the term "ren fang"[人方], Guo morou:"so called "yi/ren fang", were the "dao yi"[岛夷] and "huai yi"[淮夷] in Shandong peninsula."

The "yi" rejected Shang rule, and were constantly having wars with the Shang, which made the Shang disdained them much, its from this background, that the term "yi" began to take the connotation "non-Chinese", while the term "dongyi" was originated around the "spring-autumn" period.

"Dongyi" were remanent of Xia people in Shandong which was their original country. Wars with the Shang were constant, according to《竹书纪年》，during era of yinzhongding[殷仲丁],hedanjia[河亶甲] campaigns were waged against the "lan yi"[蓝夷]; oracle bone inscription from the ruins of Yin/Shang recorded during king Wuding's reign, the queen Fuhao[妇好], and youhou[攸侯] led campaigns against "shi fang"[尸方]repeatedly; during reigns of king Diyi[帝乙] and Dixing[帝辛],massive military campaigns were waged against the "ren fang"[人方], there are many records regard these events from the oracle bone inscriptions. Guo moruo said:"Diyi offered ten sacrifices which were for the campaigns against "yi fang"[夷方], which endured long time."

But Diyi didnt conquer the "dongyi",it was achieved by his son king Zhou[商王纣]. After all the efforts, "dongyi" were finally pacified, many "dongyi" were captured by the Shang as slaves,，《左传�昭公二十四年》引古本《大誓》state:"king Zhou captured millions of yi which were discontent towards him", this is definately an exaggeration, but still one can imagine there were many captives. But only part of the yi were taken away, many rather stayed but now as subjects to the Shang dynasty.《禹贡》, composed during "warring states" period, records there were still yi factions such as "dao/niao yi"[岛/鸟夷],"yu yi"[嵎夷],"lai yi"[莱夷],"huai yi"[淮夷],"he yi"[和夷] etc.

It was unfortunate for King Zhou,while he was concentrating on the war against "dongyi", the Zhou from the west took the opportunity, and invaded the Shang. King Zhou didnt anticipate such attack, he hurriedly armed the "dongyi" slaves and ordered them to fight the Zhou army,but the "yi" have bitter hate for the Shang, they let King Wu's army pass without fight, the Shang was defeated, King Zhou killed himslef. Like《左传�昭公十一年》said:" King Zhou conquered the dongyi, but doomed himself."

The war between "dongyi" and the Shang were constant throughout the entire history of Shang dynasty, they were rather continued struggles between the Xia and the Shang.