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Medieval Europe and the Papacy

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  Quote Polish-UkrainianCanadian Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Topic: Medieval Europe and the Papacy
    Posted: 05-Feb-2005 at 13:34

Wat zijn papacy? Ik begrijp ook niet dit niet. Doe papacy levend in Zuidelijk Europa of iets. Iemand te vertellen gelieve me wat papcy is. Ik wil over papacy in Europa leren. Ik dacht zij of iets volgens die lijnen Italiaans waren.

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  Quote Winterhaze13 Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 27-Jan-2005 at 10:09

Suggested Reading:

The Crusades: Islam and Christianity in the Struggle for World Supremacy by Geoffrey Hindley. A intelligent book that is no just about the crusades by ranges from the Prophet Mohammed to the mid-15th century.

Indeed, history is nothing more than a tableau of crimes and misfortunes.

-- Voltaire
French author, humanist, rationalist, & satirist (1694 - 1778)
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  Quote Inquisitor Dei Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 18-Jan-2005 at 11:55

Originally posted by Frederick Roger

As for my favorite example in these struggles between temporal and spiritual powers, none strikes as much as Frederick Roger's monumental "excommunicate this", when he went on to conquer Jerusalem through dilpomatic genious while excommunicated by Pope Gregory IX. 

Didn't know that! Wicked!

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No one comes to the Father but through me."

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  Quote Temujin Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 11-Jan-2005 at 16:26
mmh, just checked wikipedia, apparently his full anme was indeed Frederick Roger...really strange that i've never noticed that before...
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  Quote Frederick Roger Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 11-Jan-2005 at 16:14
That's his name: Frederick(or Friedrich or Federico or whatever language you prefer) Roger of Hauteville and Hohenstaufen (at least as I learned it...).
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  Quote Temujin Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 11-Jan-2005 at 16:08
Frederick Roger? he was called Friedrich II. called Stupor Mundi, and he's my favourite as well...but Roger??
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  Quote Frederick Roger Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 11-Jan-2005 at 16:05

I figure most realms in the Res Publica Christiana had at least one ruler excommunicated (appart maybe from those ass-lickers Castille). And yes, the Papacy had quite an influence over temporal powers in Medieval Europe. If not over the crowns itself, the imense network of priests and monasterys throughout the land assured their influence over the masses. Having a leader of a country excommunicated would infuriate a large crowd of believers. No one likes a big angry mob. So in order to avoid these complications it was best to put up with the Pope's indications and shut up. Most excommunications were temporary and revoged in a few months, since there was no real offence to the religious ways of the Papacy. Most excommunications are due to questions regarding financial rights and appointments to high positions in the national churches. Normally rulers would send their "doctors in law" to Rome to sort things out and achieve a friendly agreement. Or you could do like the Emperor or the French and elect an alternative Pope or wage war on the existing one.

As for my favorite example in these struggles between temporal and spiritual powers, none strikes as much as Frederick Roger's monumental "excommunicate this", when he went on to conquer Jerusalem through dilpomatic genious while excommunicated by Pope Gregory IX. 

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  Quote Mosquito Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 10-Jan-2005 at 15:52

Originally posted by Temujin

I have a question that I just thought of: where any other catholic rulers apart from the emperors of the HRE ever excomunicated?

From polish monarchs only one: Boleslaus the Bold (Boleslaw Smialy) known also as Boleslaus the Generous (Boleslaw Szczodry) and also know as the Boleslaus the Cruel (Boleslaw Okrutny). Here is a short note about him, it says also about importance of papacy:

"Boleslaus the Bold (1039-1081), the eldest son of Casimir the Restorer, obtained the royal title in 1076, after 18 years of rule as a prince, thanks to his support of the pope in the latter's dispute with the emperor Henry IV. Papal legates restored the metropolis of Gniezno and established a new bishopric (next to the old ones of Poznan, Wroclaw and Cracow) in Plock. Boleslaus conducted many wars and intervened in dynastic conflicts in Hungary and Rus. His strong-arm rule provoked opposition among the nobles, including the bishop of Cracow, Stanislaw of Szczepanow. The bishop was put to death for treason, which caused a revolt by the nobles. Boleslaus was excommunicated and in 1079 he had to abandon the throne and seek refuge in Hungary, where he died several years later."

"I am a pure-blooded Polish nobleman, without a single drop of bad blood, certainly not German blood" - Friedrich Nietzsche
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  Quote cavalry4ever Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 10-Jan-2005 at 12:54
Originally posted by vagabond

As to the power of the popes themselves - some greater, some lesser - but the conflict between Frederick Redbeard and both Adrian IV and Alexander III is a good example of how they could - without armies under their own command - control the will of Europe (if only at times under pain of excommunication).



Frederic Barberossa (Redbeard) is my favorite emperor. His fight against papacy was interesting and in the end he outsmarted pope and, if believe ,  imprisoned him.
The next pope was more docile.

This continous struggle between church and state will set the stage  to what is probably the greatest European political achievement: the separation of the state and church.




Edited by cavalry4ever
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  Quote Dawn Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 01-Dec-2004 at 22:06
Really nice post Cornellia thank for sharing it. Also named another one of those English kings I was suppose to be thinking of when I got called back to work
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  Quote Cornellia Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 01-Dec-2004 at 21:08

A friend of mine posted this at another site.  They were discussing the effect of Harald's excommunication and how it may have affected the outcome when William invaded England.   She said it much, much better than I could have.

Excommunication was a declaration that severed the outward bond holding the individual to his place in the Church and in the Christian community. It also severed the internal bond of the excommunicate to God because the sentence pronounced on earth was deemed to be ratified in heaven. (The Vatican still considers it a "spiritual sword" and the heaviest penalty that the Church can inflict.)

In the centuries after the Christianization of Rome, the forum externum (the public ecclesiastical tribunal) was distinctly separated from the forum sacramentale (the tribunal of sacramental penance). From the ninth century on, excommunication gradually became an increasingly powerful tool of spiritual government in the hands of the Papacy. In essence, it became a coercive measure that could be threatened or inflicted to secure the observance of fasts and feasts, the payment of tithes, the obedience of inferiors, the denunciation of the guilty, and to compel the faithful to make known to ecclesiastical authority matrimonial impediments and other information. It also enabled the Papacy to enforce its secular agenda.

The immediate effects of excommunication are expressed in two reasonably well known verses:

Res sacr, ritus, communio, crypta, potestas,
prdia sacra, forum, civilia jura vetantur.

(Indicating that the excommunicate suffers the loss of the sacraments, public services and prayers of the Church, as well as the right to Christian burial. If he exercises power or authority he loses all jurisdiction over the Faithful and no longer may engage in ordinary social intercourse with members of the Faithful.)

Technically, the Faithful were barred from interaction with an excommunicate. This barred conversations and the exchange of letters, prayer in common with the excommunicated, marks of honor and respect as well as business and social relations. The Faithful could not share meals with the excommunicated. Conjugal law was suspended toward an excommunicate, and children, servants, vassals, and subordinates in general owed no duty of submission.

As a side note, an excommunicate who remained in that state for too long (usually a year and a day during the medieval period) was deemed an apostate and a heretic. Those who associated with such an excommunicate also would be suspected of being apostates and heretics. They would, moreover, be considered associates in sin and occasions of sin themselves.

 

Felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas
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  Quote JanusRook Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 01-Dec-2004 at 19:47

So what happens after you become excommunicated?

(Other catholic factions crusade against you ?)

I thought that was only after an interdict.

Economic Communist, Political Progressive, Social Conservative.

Unless otherwise noted source is wiki.
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  Quote Imperator Invictus Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 01-Dec-2004 at 17:44
So what happens after you become excommunicated?

(Other catholic factions crusade against you ?)
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  Quote Dawn Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 01-Dec-2004 at 16:04
Several of the English kings - King John comes to mind right off the bat and I think Henry VIII but I'll have to think on more of them.
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  Quote Temujin Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 01-Dec-2004 at 12:53
I have a question that I just thought of: where any other catholic rulers apart from the emperors of the HRE ever excomunicated?
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  Quote vagabond Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 01-Dec-2004 at 00:09

I would say very important - the HRE has already been mentioned.

The papacy at Avignon is another example - where the French throne needed the prestige of the papacy behind them to legitimize their claims - and simply replaced / appointed / kidnapped / murdered? popes until they got one that would support them and then held him hostage at Avignon.  That whole saga reflects how important it was for the HRE and France to each feel that they had legitimacy.  Tied to all of this are both French and HRE suport for the various antipopes.

As to the power of the popes themselves - some greater, some lesser - but the conflict between Frederick Redbeard and both Adrian IV and Alexander III is a good example of how they could - without armies under their own command - control the will of Europe (if only at times under pain of excommunication).

There is a good - if biased article at the Catholic Encyclopedia:  http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06252b.htm

Lots of good material there - Check their index for other related articles.

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  Quote Temujin Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 30-Nov-2004 at 12:33
Originally posted by Dawn

how effective was it. Did the rulers of the time acept the overlordship?

well, ing eneral not, however rulers of coutnries like Poland and Hungary which just have recently been vonverted to chritianity via Germany were of course udner great influence. when Richard I. was imprisoned by the Duke of Austria he forced him to swore vassalship to the name of the emperor, but it was more or less just symbolic, England was not the vassal of the HRE thereafter.



Edited by Temujin
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  Quote Dawn Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 29-Nov-2004 at 13:23

"but in theory giving overlordship above all christian (catholic) rulers of the time"

how effective was it. Did the rulers of the time acept the overlordship?

How do you think this effected and perpetuated "Fuedal relationship" in general?

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  Quote Temujin Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 29-Nov-2004 at 12:45
well easily, it was the pope who crowned first Charlemagne and later Otto the great emperor of Rome. not only a prestigious title, but in theory giving overlordship above all christian (catholic) rulers of the time. the HRE at least for a time became the prime power in bringing christianity to heathens, especially in eastern europe, thus amassing more power.
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  Quote Dawn Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 29-Nov-2004 at 12:37
how so?
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