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gramberto
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Topic: Hittites were just rulers. Posted: 25-Aug-2006 at 15:45 |
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what caused the hittite empire to collapse?
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Sharrukin
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Posted: 26-Aug-2006 at 00:47 |
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The current thinking is that natural factors were the initial cause. We note that by the end of the 13th century BC, Anatolia was facing famine. Inscriptions indicate that the Egyptians were aiding the Hittites with shipments of grain, but other parts of Anatolia not under Hittite rule were not getting relief. This would have caused Anatolian peoples, not under Hittite rule to migrate into the Hittite Empire. Some of these and other peoples were taking advantage of Levantine economic woes, and undertaking piratic raids throughout the eastern Mediterranean. These migrating and attacking peoples were known collectively as the "Sea Peoples". The Egyptian account relates to them destroying various Anatolian states before arriving into Syria-Palestine where they planned to invade Egypt by both land and sea, but were defeated both in the Delta and in Palestine.
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Bashibozuk
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Posted: 27-Aug-2006 at 16:36 |
The sea peoples have invaded many regions in near east, and all over Eastern Mediterranean. Phrygians were one of them, and they settled in Northeast of Arzawa . Philist people, have settled in southern Canaan, renaming the region as Palestine. Achaeans were also one of these sea peoples and they colonised shores of Anatolia, Balkans and Black sea. They have even settled around southern Cilicia (Que), but later the region was liberated by the local Neo-Hittite kingdom. They were refered as "Dynnim" by Phoenicians.
But one of the main reason which caused the greatest empire of ancient Middle East was the Achaean colonisation. The Arzawa rulers in the west, in Zippasla / Sipylus (near Magnesia) who were dependent to the kingdom since Mursilis, allied with Achaeans and even their king escaped to Greece and helped Ahhiyawans to colonise the region together (Sharrukin can explain that political crisis better). Hittite power was based on mines, including iron and copper. They've lost the control of these mines in the west, and in southeast, the copper found in the southeaster region (Carcemish) wasn't enough. Tudhaliyas tried to contol Cyprus for its great copper mines, but he failed. With the final down of Hittite economy, new migrations and Luwian rebels, the empire ceased to collapse.
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Garibim, namima Kerem diyorlar,
Asli'mi el almis, harem diyorlar.
Hastayim, derdime verem diyorlar,
Marasli Seyhoglu Satilmis'im ben.
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Vivek Sharma
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Posted: 28-Aug-2006 at 02:32 |
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The light war chariots were not introduced by the Hitties. They were introduced by the Mittani empire, which was indiependednt for a few hundred years, but for the other part was largely a vassal state of the hitties. In fact the entire community of chariot warriors is said to have originated from the mittanis & comprised a substantial portion of the noble classes in the middle east for a thousand years during the mittani (hurrian/subari) empire & even after it becoming a vassal state of the hitties, they acted as merceneries, were a part of the warrior nobility of numerpous empires, untill being gradually absorbed into them.
These mittanis were possibly the closest in relation to their ancient Indian contemprories of the time & worshipped the same Gods, had similiar names & customs as the hindus
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PATTON NAGAR, Brains win over Brawn
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mamikon
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Posted: 28-Aug-2006 at 12:32 |
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I read that Cimmerian raids played a role in the decline of the Hittite empire...
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Sharrukin
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Posted: 28-Aug-2006 at 23:24 |
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The latest date for the existence of the Hittite Empire is about 1180 BC (i.e. the end date for the reign of Shuppiluliumash II). The Cimmerians only made their appearance in Anatolia after they defeated the Urarteans, about 714 BC. Their power was not destroyed until about 650 BC.
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Bashibozuk
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Posted: 29-Aug-2006 at 10:10 |
The Cimmerians caused the collapse of the Phrygian state, and they were finally kicked out of Anatolia by a Neo Hittite king, Alyattes of Lydia.
BTW, Sharrukin, I know that the capitol of Assuva confederation was moved to Abassa (Ephesos) after Zippasla (Sipylus). I've read somewhere, that the king of Arzawa, escaped from Anatolia and took shelter at Mychenian Greece, and it caused the Hittites to lose their control of coastal Aegean. Do you know what this story is about?
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Garibim, namima Kerem diyorlar,
Asli'mi el almis, harem diyorlar.
Hastayim, derdime verem diyorlar,
Marasli Seyhoglu Satilmis'im ben.
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Sharrukin
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Posted: 31-Aug-2006 at 00:24 |
While I'm familiar with Zippashla and Abassa (Apasas), I've never seen any document which relates them to Assuwa. In the list of the 22 countries which made up the Assuwan confederacy, neither name occurs.
As far as the story about the Arzawan king's flight from Apasas to "overseas", this story relates to the actions of Mursilis II. Rebels from three countries under Hittite rule sought refuge with the Arzawan king Uhha-zitis. When Mursilis demanded their return, the king of Arzawa refused to turn them over. Mursilis then decided to head a campaign against Arzawa in person. After settling affairs in Mira-Kuwaliya and Walma, he entered Arzawa in pursuit of Piyama-Inaras, the son of the king of Arzawa, without difficulty. He was able to capture one of the strongholds of the rebels but could not take another of the strongholds. On approaching Apasas, the king of Arzawa fled "across the sea". The Hittite king withdrew from Arzawa but before returning to Hattusas, settled affairs in Seha River-Land. In the next year, after the death of Uhha-zitis, from apparent ill-health, the rebels, now under Tarpalazanaulish, another son of Uhha-zitis were entirely dealt with and Arzawa was pacified. The Arzawan prince escaped overseas to the Ahhiyawans (Achaeans), but when the Hittite king demanded his extradition, the Ahhiyawans obliged him.
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