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    Posted: 04-Oct-2006 at 06:27

Proto - Altaic: ay+r

Meaning: sour milk, melted fat

Turkic: ayran

Mongolian: ayiraq

Tungus-Manchu: ayara

Comments: Perhaps Korean. ari- 'bitter', Middle Japanese era- 'rank, offensive'.
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Proto - Altaic: iak
 
Meaning: light, white

Turkic: aq

Mongolian: jaqan

Tungus-Manchu: ixere

Korean: ikr

Japanese: aka

Comments: The final vowel is not quite clear: some languages point to *-i or *-e, others - rather to *-a.
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Will get back later...
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Proto - Altaic: ale
 
Meaning: below, lower

Proto - Turkic: al
 
Old Turkic: altin (Yensei, Uighur)
 
Modern Turkic: alt
 
Korean: arai

Japanese: arae 

Comments: The tone correspondence between Korean and Japanese is irregular.
 
The roots *al- 'below' and *āl 'front'. They are indeed mixed in Kirghiz and Oyrat literature, where we have  ald  'front, below', but are distinguished in dialects (Tuba: ald 'front', with a voicing in the consonant cluster after an old long vowel, but alty 'below'). The Chuvash form probably goes back to the compound *koltuk alty'. Most languages reflect *al-ty- (the simple form al is not attested, but the reality of the root *ăl is proved by a different derivative in Yakut, also Siberian dialects, Tatar alaa 'low, low place'. Another possible old derivative in -chak may be Proto - Turkic *aĺ(č)ak (Turkmen ashāq etc.) 'below, bottom part; low, humble': its traditional derivation from *āĺ- 'to cross (a mountain)' is unsatisfactory both phonetically and semantically. A certain problem is the attribution of the adjective *al-čak. Older occurrences of alčaq present the meaning 'modest, humble';  also Siberian dialects, Tatar alcaq 'valetudinarian', Turkmen alčak 'affable'. This group of forms may in fact reflect a different root, otherwise represented by Proto - Altaic *Alag (*ā̀le 'weak, tired'). Another group of forms -Crimean Tatar (and Oghuz texts like Korkut) alčaq 'low, low place' probably represents an Oghuz innovative derivation in -čak from the root al- (which is why -lč- did not yield -- here), perhaps influenced by Mongolian alča-gar, alča-n 'stunted, undersized', derived from Mong. alčaji- 'to spread legs apart'.


Edited by gok_toruk - 05-Oct-2006 at 05:13
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Proto - Altaic: ala
 
Meaning: take, receive

Turkic: al

Mongolian: ali-

Tungus-Manchu: al(i)-

Japanese: a-

Comments: The reason for close *ạ in Proto - Turkic is unclear (*al- would be normally expected). Note, however, that the Japanese reflex represents loss of *-l- in a verbal stem, thus strongly suggesting an original monosyllabic form *ál.
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Proto - Altaic: *ā̀le
 
Meaning: weak, tired, confused
 
Old Turkic: alaŋ-a-d- (Old Uyghur)
 
Middle Turkic: aluq
 
Modern Turkic: al-ŋ-a-sa, alang alas, alaq, (easy; weak)

Turkic: al-

Mongolian: al-

Tungus-Manchu: ali-

Korean: ari-

Japanese: ari-ka

Comments: The most probable accent reconstruction is *ā̀le, with regular correspondences between Turkic, and most Japanese dialects; Korean has a frequent "verbal" low tone.
 
Note Oghuz *al-čak sub al 'below'. Tends to contaminate with al 'red' and ala 'variegated', Turkmen ālaq-samsyk 'foolish' ('variegated fool'), Bashkir al-jot 'fool' ('red fellow'). 


Edited by gok_toruk - 07-Oct-2006 at 05:20
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Proto - Altaic: ŋi-ōle
 
Meaning: red, pink; yellow
 
Old Turkic: al (Orkhon)

Modern Turkic: al

Mongolian: ole

Tungus-Manchu: ŋule

Korean: nure

Japanese: mura-saki

Comments: The Japanese parallel is quite convincing, despite a mismatch in tone (probably distorted in a long compound).


Edited by gok_toruk - 07-Oct-2006 at 05:21
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Proto - Altaic: ali
 
Meaning: to deceive, trick

Old Turkic: al
 
Modern Turkic: alda(t)

Mongolian: alida

Tungus-Manchu: ali, alak

Korean: irbun 

Japanese: ira-p

Comments: Ramstedt cites Korean ari- 'angry', but all dictionaries available to us only have ari- 'bitter, pungent'. A suffixed form *ā́li-b may be probably recovered in Mongolian albin, Korean *ìrbun- (and perhaps also Proto - Turkic *alba-ste) and Proto - Japanese *ira-p-.


Edited by gok_toruk - 07-Oct-2006 at 05:21
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Proto - Altaic: p ala
 
Meaning: field, level ground

Turkic: ala-n / ala-ŋ
 
Modern Turkic: alaŋ, alas, alaq

Tungus-Manchu: pala-n

Korean: par(h)

Japanese: para 

Comments: Length in the Turkmmen variant ālaŋ is not clear


Edited by gok_toruk - 05-Oct-2006 at 05:43
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Proto - Altaic: ā̀l
 
Meaning: to destroy, kill

Old Turkic: alqun
 
Modern Turkic: alq, alqun

Mongolian: ala

Tungus-Manchu: ali

Comments: Reflexes in modern languages are not quite secure. The reflexive form alkun- 'weaken' may be derived both from *alq- and from *aluq- 'to deteriorate, disintegrate' , which belongs rather to *Al 'silly, weak', alq 'bad, weak, wicked' (in any case, cannot be morphologically identified with *alk-), thus modern languages may exhibit a contamination.


Edited by gok_toruk - 05-Oct-2006 at 05:40
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Proto - Altaic: p iolge
 
Meaning: to pray, sacrifice

Old Turkic: alq-
 
Modern Turkic: alqysh (1 to bless, praise 2 blessing, praise 3 curse)

Mongolian: (h)ergul 

Tungus-Manchu: pulqa 

Japanese: punk (-ua-)
 
Comments: An interesting common Altaic religious term.


Edited by gok_toruk - 05-Oct-2006 at 05:47
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Proto - Altaic: alpa
 
Meaning: unable, sick; being at service, man-at-arms

Turkic: alp (1 difficult, hard 2 warrior 3 hero 4 brave 5 giant 6 landlord)

Mongolian: alba-n 

Tungus-Manchu: alba-

Korean: arpha-

Japanese: apar-

Comments: Clauson's hypothesis that the reflexes of *alpawut in recent languages are the result of a re-borrowing from Mongolian , partly contaminated with Mongolian alban 'tax', is unnecessary: a semantic shift 'warrior' > 'gentry' > 'landlord' seems to be natural borrowing from Mongolian alba-tu in Tuva, Oyrat albatu, albatq, Kirghiz. albat 'tax-payers, people'.
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Proto - Altaic: am
 
Meaning: to be quiet; sleep

Old Turkic: am
 
Modern Turkic: amraq, amaraq, amra (1 gentle, quiet 2 to love, desire, rejoice 3 politeness 4 beloved 5 to be quiet)

Mongolian: amu, ami

Tungus-Manchu: am 

Comments: The root presents considerable difficulties because of widespread later interlingual borrowings. A specific problem is raised by initial h- in some Southern Mongolian forms ( hamura-, hamera-, xamurā- 'to rest'). The aspiration here is evidently secondary, because it is absent both in Dagur and in most attested Middle Mongolian sources. It is, therefore, probable that these forms are in fact borrowed from modern Turkic dialects with secondary aspiration (h- in Khalaj). This would be indeed an argument in favour of the whole *amura- group of words in Mongolian to be regarded as borrowed from Turkic (although later reborrowings into modern Turkic languages were, of course, also possible). However, significant semantic and formal differences do not allow us to regard as borrowed, on the one hand, the Turkic forms going back to attested Old Uyghur (e.g. amur- 'to love), on the other hand, Mongolian ami-n 'life, soul' and amu- 'to rest'.
 
Also confused with abra- 'to save' 


Edited by gok_toruk - 05-Oct-2006 at 05:50
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Proto - Altaic: e
 
Meaning: that (deictic root)

Proto - Turkic: a(-n) 
 
Old Turkic: an-ta (loc.), aŋ-ar (dat.) (Orkhon)
 
Modern Turkic: anda, onda
 
Mongolian: e-ne

Tungus-Manchu: e- 

Korean: a-mo

Japanese: a

Comments: In most modern languages the root a(n)- acts as an oblique stem for ol 'that' (as well as a deriving stem for pronominal adverbs). Only in Sari Uyghur, a- is the direct stem.


Edited by gok_toruk - 05-Oct-2006 at 05:55
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Proto - Altaic: ena
 
Meaning: mother, elder sister

Turkic: ana/ene

Tungus-Manchu: eni 

Korean: eni

Japanese: anai

Comments: A "nursery word" (like most kinship terms), but no doubt archaic
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Proto - Altaic: ŋana
 
Meaning: clear sky

Old Turkic: anar
 
Modern Turkic: ayas, ayaz

Tungus-Manchu: naŋna

Japanese: amai

Comments: A metathesis (typical for roots with two nasals): *ńaŋńa < *ŋań-ŋa.
 
A different suffixation is seen Kazak, Kirghiz ajuq 'clear (weather'). A derivative *an-gyr- (pointing to original *-n-) is found in Kazak aŋzaq, Turkmen aŋzaq 'cold with dry wind'.


Edited by gok_toruk - 05-Oct-2006 at 06:04
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Proto - Altaic: anta
 
Meaning: oath; comrade, match

Turkic: anta

Mongolian: anda

Tungus-Manchu: anda

Japanese: anta

Comments: -----
Sajaja bramani totari ta, raitata raitata, radu ridu raitata, rota.
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would you care to inlighten us with what the meaning of your comment isSleepy
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Proto - Altaic: *enu ( -o)

Meaning: to beware, attention

Old Turkic: anu-
 
Modern Turkic: anyq (1 ready, certain 2 to get ready)

Mongolian: (h)an

Tungus-Manchu: (x)en- te-

Comments: ------------------

Edited by gok_toruk - 07-Oct-2006 at 05:20
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