THE NON-ARYAN ELEMENT IN ETRUSCAN, AS DETERMINED BY ETRUSCAN NUMERALS.
One subject still remains to be considered, in order to complete the design of the present work, as expressed in its title : nor can I here pass that subject over, although it is one which I have discussed on former occasions. For it has been inferred in the preceding chapters that the Basque and the Lycian languages are both to be classed with that division of the Scythian tongues which I have called 'Iberian*, and whose great home is now the Caucasian regions. And this connection of the Basque and the Lycian languages with those still used in the Caucasus was, as it may be remembered, partly made out above, by the ap- parent affinity of them all to the American, and especially the South American languages, together with the Japanese, the Chinese, and the South Turanian languages in general; one link between the Himalaya and the Caucasus being supplied by the Accadian, a Scythian tongue which Mr. Sayce has compared with the Basque, and which M. Lenormand would connect with the Finnish and the Turkish, to all three of which this Pre-Semitic language of Assyria would doubtless be allied, though probably by still closer ties to other languages, the linguistic place of the Accadian appearing to correspond with much accuracy to its geographical position. 1 But, if Iberian varieties of speech once extended, as I have inferred, from the Caspian to the Atlantic, then not merely the Basque, but likewise the other Pre- Aryan lan- 1 See the Accadian words cited and compared above, pp. 55, 60, 67, 70, 75, 90 (note 2), 113 (note 2), 117, 118, 125, 136, 139.
158
PERUVIA SCYTHICA.
guages of the South of Europe would probably be Iberian : and such an affinity, if it existed, might be expected to dis- close itself in the Non- Aryan element in Etruscan ; for in that language, even though it is Aryan in type, as, at least, I am myself convinced, there is yet no doubt that an im- portant Non- Aryan element is to be found. This is, indeed, sufficiently evinced by the Etruscan dice-numerals, some of which I have already noticed, and to which I will now re- turn. These numerals are, in their proper sequence, according to Campanari, mach, thu, zal, huth, ki, sa: but Mr. Isaac Taylor, who wishes to bring them into better accordance with Finnish, Turkish, and Siberian languages in general, prefers the following order for them : - much, ki, zal, sa, thu, huth. Yet, even with this exchange of places in four out of the six numerals, a permutation made exclusively for the benefit of the Ugrian languages, those of the Caucasus would still retain a decided advantage over them, as may easily be seen thus : -
2. 4. 5. 6. Supposed Etruscan ki sa thu huth Finnish . . Hungarian kett'6 negy 6t hat
Lapponic qwekte nelje wit hot
Fin kaksi nelja wiisi kuusi
Syrianic kyk n J°U vit kvait Turkish . Osmanli iki dort besh alti
Tshuvash ikke dwatta jpilik olta
Samoyed side tet samlik mat Mongolian . Sokpa hoyur fo'rba thahs, tshorka Tungusian Sangara zur duye tonga nyungu 1 Chinese Canton i sze n luk
1 Of course this may be the same word as those which follow ; but since it only slightly resembles huth, I leave it unitalicised, as I also do the Basque sei, but not the Circassian shu.
PBRUVIA SCTTHICA.
159
2. 4. 5. 6. Indo-Chinese . Karen khi luri yai khu
Burmese nhach le na khyok Bhot Butani nyi zhi na dhu Dbayidian Bhumij barisk upuniSk monayaturuya
Basque hi lau bost sei Caucasian Circassian oh tley tpey shu
Although Mr. Taylor's order for these Etruscan numerals would thus bring together, as I wish to do, the Tuscan of Italy and the Tuscan of the Caucasus, which are analogous in all four cases, while the Finnish languages only resemble the Etruscan in two instances out of four, yet I cannot avail myself of such an expedient for my purpose, but must adhere to Campanari's arrangement, mach, thu, zal, huth, ki, 8a. There is, however, it must be admitted, some option in the matter, as one assumption of identity has to be made to start with, if not more afterwards. That arrangement is to be preferred, which is in accordance with the usual rela- tive position of ancient dice-numerals, and most consistent with itself and with general analogy. Thus, thu and huth are consistently inferred to be 2 and 2 X 2, as two and twenty, duo and viginti, dwy and ugain, are consistently inferred to be 2 and 2 X 10. Corssen, who holds that the Etruscan language, while borrowing many words from the Greek, is to be classed with the Latin, denies that the syllables on the six faces of the dice, and identical on both dice, are numerals at all, on the ground that no ancient dice have been produced where the numerals are expressed in
160 PERUVIA SCYTHICA. words: yet he takes the syllables in the same order as if they were numerals, and thus combines and interprets them (p. 806) :- mach thuzal huth cisa Magus donarium hoc cisorio facit. fecit. 1 Of course, ancient dice bearing inscriptions of similar meaning can be produced, though I am ignorant of their existence. But Corssen has another reason for denying the syllables on the dice to be numerals ; for he has discovered that the first twelve of the Etruscan numerals are to be found, or are contained, in the following words, which he selects from various inscriptions : - 1. eca, un-i. 2. teis. 3. tri-na-ch-e. 4. chvar-thu. 5. cuin-te. 6. se8-th-s. 7. 8etu-me. 8. uhtav-e. 2 1 This is a good illustration of Corssen's system of interpretation, a system which could be applied with equal success to many languages. Thus an Armenian, while accepting the loan of ' Magus 1 as a sufficiently Oriental rendering of mach, would be supplied by his own language with the words, tovzheal, i recompensed', ovkht, ' vow, prayer', and khzi, 1 cuts 1 , for the explanation of thuzal, huth, and cisa : and a Caledonian of the same class could employ the Gaelic words, ud, 'that 1 , and cis, ' tribute 1 , after the manner in which Corssen has availed himself of the Latin words, hoc and cUorium, and so gain for huth cisa the meaning of 4 id tribuit'; the subject of the verb, and donor of the dice (if cubes without numerals can be called dice), being Mach- thuzal, ' MacDougal'. The objection, that g ought not to correspond to z, is obviated by Corssen, who, as will be seen immediately, considers that the Aryan ' ten' takes in Etruscan the two forms, tet- and teen-. 9 Probably the Etruscan form of Octavius, a name used in England, but not therefore containing the English ' eight*.
PERUVIA SCYTHICA. lGi 9. nu-na-8. 10. tes-n-8, tecu-m-n-al. 11. tes-ne eca. 12. tes-n-8 teis. A complete proof (vollstandiger Bevceis) of this is promised in a future volume, sections 568-570 ; but, as Corssen's first volume of a thousand pages only extends to section 289, we may perhaps be for some time without such a demonstration. When we come to consider, as we shall below, the statements of age in Etruscan epitaphs, we shall meet with only one of the above forms, sesths, and even there the reading is doubtful : but we shall, on the other hand, fiud three out of the six dice-syllables where numerals ought to occur. Of tesn- f which may mean f ten', some notice will be taken at the end of this chapter, when I shall touch upon the Aryan element in Etruscan, though it is not my proper subject on this occasion. At present, and pend- ing the arrival of the demonstration promised in Corssen's expected volume, let us proceed to deal provisionally with the syllables, mach, thu, zal, huth, hi, sa, as if they were the first six Etruscan numerals. Of these, I shall first consider thu, 'two', zal, e three', and huth, 'four', which are to be analysed thus : - thu, 'two\ za-l, ' one-two\ hu-th, e two-two*. Here there would be two elements only; one of them being identical with our own two, and appearing under the four different forms, thu, hu-, -th, -Z; and the other being za-, 'one', which would be identical with such Caucasian ' ones' as sa, zi, zo, and za, and with such Malay ' ones' as sa and ta. The Etruscan za-l, 'three', is, in fact, like the Gebe (Malay) tu-l, ' three', to be identified with the Gebe sa-lu, ' one-two'; just as the Maori to-ru, c three', Y
162 PERUVIA SCTTUICA. is = Maori tahi-rua, 'one-two', and as the Hawaii ko-lu, 1 three', is = Hawaii kahi-lua, 'one- two'. From these Poly- nesian forms, besides, hahi-lua, or ko-lu, and tahi-rua or to-ru, with the Saparaa (Molucca) o-ru, 'three', we can easily pass to the Basque hi-ru or i-ru, ' three', and thus reduce the Basque and Etruscan ' threes' to the same cate- gory. Again, as our two assumes in Malayo-Polynesian ' twos' such forms as dua, lua, rua, and hua, so it might appear in Basque as la-, -ru, -u, and bi; and in Etruscan as thu, -th, -I, and 7m-. In New Ireland, if we take into the account ' four' and ' eight', ha-t and wa-l, as well as ' two', ru, our two occurs under the forms, ru, -t, -I, wa-, and ha-; and the New Ireland ' three' is tu-l, as the Etruscan is za-l: so that this Malay language, spoken E. of New Guinea, thus gives us ru, tul, and hat, to compare with the Etruscan thu, zal, and huth, ' two', ' three', and ' four'. Yet, though these three numerals are to be identified in the two lan- guages, we are, of course, not to infer that they were de- rived from the Etruscans by the Malays, or from the Malays by the Etruscans. Both nations would have obtained them from a common, and probably Asiatic, source at some re- mote period. Now let us turn to the Caucasian 'twos', 'fours', and ' eights', given above (pp. 20, 21), and compare together the various forms which our two takes in them, and the forms which it takes in the ' two', ' three', and ' four' of the Etrus- can dice, thu, za-l, hu-th, and in the Basque bi, hi-ru, la-u : - Eteuscan. Basque. thu -I hu- bi rru la- -u -th Caucasian. Georgian -th o- -va o- Circassian t- -ley oh -ley oh Tuschi shi
PERUVIA SCYTHIOA. 163
Tuschi dhe-
-10 Abkhasian -shi
a- Andi de
-0 -t- -/
Avar ki
-k
-U 4 u- Ude
-w
-w VI
a- ph-
bo-
-0 bei- -I
mi- -I u- pha
bi-
-P
mn-
bi -rti, U- -u
Et., Ba. -th 4 hn- From this comparative table it appears that the Caucasus presents us with forms corresponding to all the four Etrus- can forms of two, as well as to all the four Basque forms of the same numeral with the exception of -ru, which is so frequent in Malay, though it does not occur in Etruscan, unless perhaps in zathru (see infra), which may be 'eight*. - 1 have already noticed (ante, p. 20, note 3) the change of b into m in the case of two Lesgi e eights', the Andi beitlgu and the Avar mitlgo, which have been resolved above into their component 'twos'; and I have compared mi-t-lgo with a Californian ' eight', ma-la-hua, where we may recognise in ma- the Caucasian ' two', mi- or mu- ; as we may in -la- the Basque ' two', la- 9 and the Etruscan ' two', -I ; and in -hua the Polynesian (Mayorga) 'two', hua, the Etruscan ' two', hu-, and the Basque ' two', -u. The Gaelic bh and mh, both of which have nearly the sound of v, may intimate how the passage from b to m is effected. So, too, the ancient Lycian city of Pinara is now the village of Minara; and Biarritz is also called Miarritz (Van Eys, s. v. biga, miya, 'g&risse'), while Klaproth gives both zurav and zuram as the Georgian for € swim'. At all events, we may
164 PEKUVIA SCYTHICA. see, if it were only from the Caucasian 'eights', beitlgu, mitlgo, and mugh, that two exists in the Caucasus as mi and mu : and this leads to one mode of explaining and con- necting the ' threes' which will presently be given below, although one of them, the Georgian sa-mi, with the Min- grelian su-mi and the Lazic gu-m, might possibly, as I have pointed out in my Numerals, be explained, not as 'one-two', but as ' two-one', as might also the Bhot su-m, swo-m, the Arracan thu-m, the Kumi tu-m, and the Chinese and Siamese sa-m, etc., ' three'. However this may be, it is impossible not to be struck by the following resemblances between the West and the East of the Old World, so closely in accordance with the result of our Lycian en- quiries (cf. p. 66, etc.) : - West. 'Three'. East. Mingrelian sumi. Tibetan sum. Georgian sami. Siamese sam. Etruscan zal. Malay (Caroline) tal. Basque Mru, iru. (Saparua) oru. To return to the explanation of the Georgian sami : - we can, I think, hardly detach sami from the other Caucasian ' threes' that will be found, together with those above, in the following table, in which b and v seem forms of ' two', like those ranked {ante, p. 162) with the Basque bi, and thus identical with the Basque and Malay -rw, and the Malay -lu and -Z, in the ' threes' now about to be presented ; ' threes' which are all to be. resolved into 'one-two', but where, in the cases of the Etruscan za-Z and the Malay ta-Z, the first letter of 6wo, £vai, cZvi, is liquefied, and the second letter dropped, while the second letter of dtu, etc., is liquefied, and the first letter dropped, in the Georgian sa-mi, the Chinese and Siamese sa-m, and the Arracan thu-m. In Finnish ' threes', such as ko-lme and chu-dem, it is possible that both the first and second letters of dvi may be pre-
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165
served; and I have, therefore, added Finnish 'threes' to the list, especially as in one of them, the Tsherirais ku-m, the Caucasian, Bhot, and S.E. Turanian form of ' three' is attained. It is only in 'three' that Finnish languages supply us with any parallels to the six numerals of the Etruscan dice, when taken in Campanari's order.
1 Probably = qhaw : cf . Tuschi dhew, • four', 2x2. The base of qho is qha.
16G PERUV1A SCYTHICA. Hungarian ha-rom. Ostiak chw-dem (cf. Turkish #-<f). Syrianic ku-jim. Tsherimis ku-m. The Etruscan zal, s three', can thus be identified, both in itself and in its two elements, with Malay and Caucasian 'threes'; and so also, as may have been seen above, and ante, pp. 20-22, can the Etruscan ' two' and ' four 1 , thu and huth, be identified with Malay and Caucasian 'twos' and 'fours': for we have in Malay, by way of examples for 'two' and ' four', the Rotti dua and the New Ireland hat, = Ende wutu ; and, in the Caucasus, the Tuschi ski and the Georgian ol%khi,=Lesgi uhgo. These three Etruscan dice- numerals, although they resemble corresponding Aryan numerals, such as the Irish do, tri, and ceathar, I take to be all of Iberian, or Scythian, rather than of Aryan origin. The likeness which they bear to their equivalents in the Malay family of languages is so close ; and they may even be identified with the Chinese ' two', ' three', and ' four', i, sam, and sze, if the Chinese ' three', sam, be linked with the Caucasian and the Malay through the Georgian ' three', sami, and the Tibetan and Nepalese sum, etc. In Mantshu dialects, again, we have geio and goua, elan and gilan, duye and tuye, to compare with the Etruscan thu, zal, and huth. And, though some Turanian languages, such as the Finnish, the Turkish, and the Dravidian, fall here below the Aryan in likeness to the Etruscan, yet it is, on the other hand, in favour of the hypothesis of a Scythian origin for these three Etruscan numerals, that they plainly resemble their Cali- fornian equivalents, the Talatui oyoko, teliko, oissuko, and the St. Raphael oza, tuldka,, wiag, in addition to the Lesgi Jcigo, shabgo, ukgo, and other corresponding numerals in the Caucasus, as well as in the regions from Tibet to Poly- nesia, both inclusive. The other three Etruscan dice-numerals are: - mach, 'one';
PERUVIA SCYTHICA. 167 ki, 'five'; and sa, 'six*. Of these, mach, 'one', may be re- ferred, with the Greek fu-, to the Ancient Armenian mi, mov (=mzi), miak, mekin, and the Modern Armenian m£k, 'one', with such African, Indian, and Indo-Chinese parallels as will be noticed presently: sa, 'six', may be referred to the Circassian shu, the Basque sei, or the Gaelic se, ' six* : and ki, ' five', to the Abkhasian khuba, the Lesgi shugo, the Georgian khuthi or khethj, and the Ude kho; all Cau- casian ' fives' with or without suffixes, here left unitalicised. Additional analogies will be mentioned later. It is important to observe, now that all the Etruscan dice-numerals have been traced to other languages, that, although the Malay came so near to the Etruscan in ' two', ' three', and ' four', yet Malay ' ones', ' fives', and ' sixes', such as sa, lima, and anam, have no analogy to the Etrus- can mack, hi, and sa. But, on the other hand, every one of the six Etruscan dice-numerals, mach, thu, zal, huth, ki, sa, may be considered as either Iberian or Aryan, but especially Iberian, just as the first six Brahui numerals of Biluchistan, asit, irat, musit, (far, fang, shush, are all either Dravidian or Aryan ; although, in these Brahui numerals, it is ' one', 'two', and '• three', which are Non- Aryan, whereas, in Etruscan' it is 'three', 'four', and 'five', which appear to be Non- Aryan, while ' two' and ' six' might be either Aryan or Non-Aryan. In the Bhumij numerals of Central India, the Aryan intrudes upon the Scythian later than in Brahui : for it comes in with ' seven' instead of ' four', the Bhumij decade being: - moy (cf. Etruscan mach), baria, apia, upunia, monaya, turuya, sath, ath, nan, das. In the Uraon, another language of Central India, the Aryan comes in with ' five', as the Uraon decade is : - unta, ewotan, raanotan, nakhotan, pange go tan, se (cf. Etruscan so) go tan, sat gotan, ate, no gotafi, das gotan. In the Bajmahali, a third language of Central India, the Aryan numerals begin with ' three'; and, in the Chentsu, all the ten numerals are borrowed from the
168 PERUVIA SCTTHICA. Aryan, with the exception of 'nine', which is lo or iota; tota being identical with Caldwell's primitive Tamil ' nine', tonbadu; and lo, perhaps, being = Gondi no, nau, and therefore ultimately Aryan. In four Nepalese dialects given by Dr. Hunter, there is not even this one, or any other exception. The Madi of Central India has three different 'nines': - nawe (Aryan), ermu, and tumadi (Tamil), with a similar intermixture for r seven', * eight', and 'ten'. Indeed, the languages of India, whether they are Aryan in structure, as in the North, or Turanian, as in the South, derive their vocabularies from both sources. And so in Etruria, as in India and in Biluchistan, there are linguistic signs of Aryan intrusion upon an earlier race ; that parlier race being Dravidian in India, and Iberian in Etruria. Nor are we without a domestic example, where the results of a like intrusion are exhibited in a manner similar to that of which instances have just been given ; for, as I mentioned five years ago, and as is universally known, French nume- rals have, in games of chance, intruded in England upon the Anglo-Saxon. We number, in a pack of cards, the first six thus : - ace, deuce (or two), tray (or three) , four , five, six; and in dice all the six numerals of French origin are in use. We can even detect among us more foreign intrusion than this ; for we have, in the London street slang, a third set of numerals, which are neither of Anglo-Saxon, nor of French, but of Italian origin. They will be found in the Slang Dictionary, s.v. saltee; and four examples of them are : - oney saltee (=uno soldo), r a penny'; say saltee (=zsei soldi), f sixpence'; say oney saltee, or setter saltee (=sette soldi), ' sevenpence'; and say chinker saltee, or dacha oney saltee, f elevenpence'. Up to this point, our attention has been entirely occupied by the dice-numerals in Etruscan ; and even they have been more especially compared with the corresponding numerals in Aryan and Iberian languages. Now, therefore, in order
PERUVIA SCYTHICA.
169
that the subject of the Etruscan numerals may be viewed as impartially and completely as possible, I must proceed to compare those dice-numerals with their equivalents in other families than the Aryan and the Iberian, and also to notice some Etruscan numerals besides, of which the value is pro- bably known. With respect to these last, what I have to say is not entirely new, as I have considered them before in my Asiatic Affinities of the Old Italians; but the present work would be imperfect without such repetition, even if I had no additions and amendments to make, as I have. And on this occasion I shall adopt and enforce, for some words below, the explanations which I have suggested there (p. 51, note), and which are to be adopted in preference to those given in the text (pp. 41-45). The Etruscan nume- rals to be added to those of the dice, will be found, with three of them also, in the following statements of age, all taken from Etruscan epitaphs : - 1. avil xxxiii, . . 'setat. xxxin. ' 2. avals xxix, 3. avils kuths kealchls, 4. avils his kealchls, 5. avils his muvalchls, 6. avils machs mealchls, 7. avils lx lupuke, 8. avils xxxvi lupu,
'aetatis xxix/ 1 r 89tati8 LIV.' 'satatis lv.* ' aetatis XV.' 'aetatis xi.' 'astatis lx obiit.' 'astatis xxxvi obit\ 8
1 In av-U-s, 'cetatis', ^'ortritatis', we have the root of the Armenian cw-ag, 'elder', yav-itean, 'an age', and, probably, av-r, 'day, time, age', combined with the termination of the Armenian tes-i7, ' aspect 1 (root tesj ' see'), and the Aryan genitive suffix, -«. Corssen makes avils stand sometimes for ' natus annos', and sometimes for Avilius, the name of a family of sculptors who execute many commissions for him in Etruria. 2 The root of lupu, ' obit', or ' obiit', may be found in the Sanskrit lup, 'destroy', or lHp 9 'kill'; in the Gaelic lobh, 'putrefy'; and in the Irish lubha, 'corpse'. But interpreters of the Classical School render lupu by A-wrds, as Lanzi, or by y\vip*6s and &y\vty* 9 as Corssen, his latest follower. In 6, avils, ' atatis', is preceded, not by lupu, as it is in 14 and 15, but by . . avenke Inpum ; a form which I have rendered (Asiatic z
170 PERUVIA SCTTHICA. 9. avils huths lupu, 'cetatis iv obit/ 10. arils huths muvalchls lupu, . 'cetatis xrv obit/ 11. avila thunesi muvalchls lupu, . 'retatis xvin obit/ 1 Affinities of Old Italians, p. 38) ' deponit corpus 1 (' deposuit* might be better), and compared with the Armenian expression, avandi thogin, 1 he gives up the ghost (hogi), he dies'; the root, in avandi, being the Sanskrit av t 'servare, tueri', whence come, not merely the Armenian avand, 'deposit 1 , but also avan, 'village' (-Sanskrit avani, 'terra'), and &pavSn, ' refuge, asylum, confidence*. Corssen's reading and translation here are as follows : - m a . . a vence lupum avils (m)achs Marcos Af una veno conduxit yXwpia ; Avilius Magus sculptorem; mealchU -culos (fyAiflfrc.) (sculpsit.) The form, lupum, is valuable, being like Velthinam and Afunam (ante, p. 146). The nominative, lupu*, ' cadaver, mortuus', seems to be found in L. Veisifni) lupus, which Corssen translates (p. 491) : - ' Lars Veisinnius y\v+*fa (mortuus est) 1 , thus making the death of the de- ceased to be understood, but not expressed, in his epitaph. Sculptors must have largely contributed to swell the Etruscan Bills of Mortality ; for the ashes of another are recognised by Corssen (p. 651) in an urn from Toscanella bearing the inscription :- Ami Thana lupu avils xvii Aruns Tanas y\wp<vs natus annos xvn. sculptor Here avils ceases to be a sculptor's name, Avilius, and assumes the second sense of ' natus annos 1 . The sculptor Aruns died young. 1 Or, possibly, xix instead of xvin. Corssen reads here, avils thuns shi muvalchls lupu, and renders the whole epitaph thus, avils returning back from the sense of € natus annos 1 to that of 'Avilius': - Larth Arnihal Pleats elan Lars Aruntis filius Plecus major (mortuus est). Ramtha Sv. Apatrual EsLz Ramta Suenia Apatrua matre nata, Esa matre natus zilachnthas Avils thuns Shi ex silice fabricans Avilius duerunt. Si(lius ?) dederunt. muvalchls lupu -culos fyAtflfrf. sculpsit. It would be singular, if the bases of so many Etruscan words that
'astatis lxxi obit/ 'retatis . . obit/ 'obit aetatis . .i*. 'obit cetatis xvu.' 'obit ee tat. xxiu.'
That the forms italicised, in the previous list are nume- rical, would appear from their following avils and lupu avils, or else coming between avils and lupu; situations where numbers expressed by known arithmetical signs are regu- larly found in other epitaphs. The six syllables on the six faces of the Etruscan pair of dice were in like manner in- ferred to be the first six numerals, because the faces of a die are universally known to be regularly numbered from ' one' up to ' six\ And, if there were any doubt left as to the correctness of the inference in each case, it would be removed by our finding, in the first, or else the only, itali- cised word of the above citations from epitaphs, three of the six syllables on the dice, with one additional word. For in 3, 9, 10, we find hulks; in 4, 5, his; in 6, 12, macks; and in 11, thunesi, which last, it may be observed, contains a fourth dice-syllable, thu. What are tombstones and dice likely to have in common except the first six numerals ? Let us, then, begin our examination of the numerical form in the epitaphs above, by dealing with the four words just mentioned, hutlcs, his, macks, and thunesi. Here huths, his, and macks would probably be the genitive, or at least oblique, cases of huth, ' four', hi, ' five', and mach, ' one', the genitive suffix, -s, being both Aryan and Iberian: cf. Georgian khe, € a tree', hhi-s, ' of a tree', where -« would be an abbreviation of -sa (ante, p. 144). There is much more difficulty about the remaining word of the four, thunesi or are combined with avils and lupu, should, as Corssen requires us to admit, terminate in I, and be followed by -ckU y = Latin -ctUos, like meal-Ms, muval-chU, keal-ckls, and semphal-chls.
172 PERUV1A SCYTHICA. thuneshi, which is probably either 'eight' or 'nine'; for we have already got Etruscan numerals from 'one* to 'six', and seraph-, as will be seen directly, is most likely to be ' seven', although, as we ought to infer nothing from simi- larity of sound, semph- might possibly be ' eight' or ' nine', instead of thunesi being so : but in that case the deceased Etruscan, whose age is given in 12, would have been eighty- one, or ninety-one, instead of seventy-one years old. Now, as t hu, ' two', is one of the dice-numerals, it would appro- priately supply the first element in thu-nesi,' eight', or ' nine'; numerals which, as will have been continually ob- served, are frequently resolvable into 'four-two* or 'two- four', and 'four-five' or 'five-four*; or, ultimately, into 'two- two-two' for 'eight*, and 'two-two-five' or 'five-two-two' for ' nine'. We can thus easily see why the first element in thu-nesi, whether it be 'eight* or 'nine*, should be thu, ' two'; and probably, as macks, ki-s, and huth-s seem geni- tives, so thunesi would be one likewise, the actual numeral being thu-nes, and -i being a genitive suffix, which might be compared with the Aryan genitive (properly, locative) suffix, -i, the Tuschi genitive suffix, -i or ~e, the Georgian genitive suffix (for pronouns), -i, and the Ossetic genitive suffix, iy or ily. Waiving, however, the question of the final vowel, let us take thunesi or thuneshi as the Etruscan 'eight' or 'nine'. If it be taken as 'eight', and divided into thu-nesi, it is in its entirety, as far as I am aware, without a parallel ; though it would not be so in its component ele- ments, thu, ' two', about which I need say nothing more, and nesi or neshi, 'four', which has such Finnish, Dravidian, and African parallels as those which follow : - ' Four'. Finnish Hungarian negy {=.neg). Ostiak njeda. Fin nelja. Syrianic njolj.
PERUVIA SCYTHICA. 173 ' Four*. Dra vidian Malabar nalu. Madi nal. Karnataka nalku (-ku a suffix) . Irula naku. Kota nake. African Toma nago. Koama nase. Bagbalan nose. Basa nashi. Kambali noshin. Bute nasib. The initial n in these African ' fours', and perhaps in the Finnish and Dravidian 'fours' also, may be explained on the same principle as the m in the Georgian sa-mi, 'three', 1+2, or in the Lesgi mi-t-l%o, ' eight', 2x2x2: that is to sa y, such forms as the Basa nashi and the Toma nago, 'four 1 , are to be reduced to nashi and na-go, ' two- two'. For the fundamental consonants of 'two' consist of a dental, t, d, and of a labial, p, b ; and the ' resonant' of a dental is n, while that of a labial is m. 1 Since n is the ' resonant' of d, the Anglo-Saxon nig on and the Sanskrit navan may be quite identical, primevally, with the Lithuanian dewyni, ' nine', as likewise n twos may be with our own two (ante, p. 44, note). In the Mandingo 'four', na-ni, the ' resonant' of t-j ' two', would be twice employed. It is thus possible to explain thu-ne-si, ' eight', as ' two- four',=2x2 x2. But thunesi might be 'nine', or 'five- four', as well as ' eight', or ' two-four'. Now, if we take, from the African ' fours' just given, the Bute nasib, where the final -b is a suffix, and prefix to it the great African • five', t-n (ante, pp. 7, 8), we obtain the Bute tenasib, ' nine', the nearest parallel to the Etruscan thunesi, if con- 1 Reiniach, p. 401 : see also p. 146.
174 PERUVIA SCTTHICA. sidered as 'nine', with the exception, in India, of the Savara tincfi, = Telagu tommidi, = Primitive Tamil tonhadu. Yet, as thu is ' two' in Etruscan, at least in my opinion, I hardly think that thunesi should be explained as ' five-four', as it must be if compared with the Bute tenasib, ' nine', but that it would be better taken as ' two-four', =' two-two-two', and therefore as ' eight' instead of ' nine': or, if ' nine', then as * two-two-five'. Thunesi, however, if it be thus explained as 'eight', has, to my knowledge, as before stated, no parallel as a whole; that is, if it be divided into thu-nesi, 'two-four'. But, if we divide thunesi, 'eight', into thun-esi, 'two-four', some parallels may be made out by the aid of American languages, although it is probable that such analogies may very generally be considered as accidental, even when viewed in conjunction with those which America presents to the Lycian and the Dacian. I will, nevertheless, proceed to give them, such as they are, and in that association with Asia Minor and South Eastern Europe, employing the aid of capital letters to indicate the parallels to thun-, ' two', a form that would be identical with the Tuschi shin, which is the base of the Tuschi shi, 'two', as appears from the oblique cases of that numeral, shin-na, shin-wa, shin-chi, and shin-go (Schiefner, p. 46) : - Albanian -(Toscan) dyelym-te, ' boys, children'. 1 Lycian tedieme, 'vlctf. Brahui cehim, ' brother'. Burmese thathamd, 'child'. Japanese kodomo, 'child'. Guayacuru coutta/mo, 'son'. Galibi tig ami, 'child, little brother'. Coeruna aetheme, ' ]&&, juvenis\ Fatagonian calum, 'child'. 1 The plural of dyally'e-i or dyaly'4-i. Compare the Albanian difdym- le, ' children', with the Ossetic sv&Uon-tha, 4 children*.
PBRUVIA SCYTHICA.
175
Patagonian tudem, € little'. del, ' tongue'. Turkish del, ' tongue*. Dacian dalla, ' tongue'. Fin kieli, 'tongue*. Mongolian khele, ' tongue'. Quichua kkallu, ' tongue'. tapa, 'nest*. Georgian dab a, 'village'. Dacian -dava, '-ton, -ham' (ante, p. 72). Tupi taba, 'village*. tapyvra, 'ox*. Acgadian dapara, r ox\
4,2x2. 2. de-lcai DOUOUNI fce-ftaguy xeitkay hu-th thu ha-a dua ha-t ru fa-t lu fe-du
fe-dewe zawi oi-88uko oydko she-ze
nashi yewi sa-na U
1 We might also divide sesennu into se-sen-nu or $e-se-nnu, 2x2x2: and the Dsawara kUhen and iyen, with the Biafada bine hi, on p. 176, might be divided into Ici-she-n, iyt-n, and bi-nehi. For sesennu, and for a great number of Egyptian words, I am indebted to the kindness of the Rev. F. C. Cook, Canon of Exeter, from whom an examination of the roots of the Egyptian language may shortly be expected, that will occupy a field of enquiry which I am not qualified to enter, and gladly leave to professed Egyptologists. I have also taken from Leo Reinisch many valuable Egyptian and African words.
sha-ya KINA Qaichua (Peru) pu-ssa-k tta-hua yskay Aymara (Peru) pusi pa Kutani (Oregon) wa-wahsah h a-zah • ass St. Barbara (California) ma-la-hua 8ku-mu shkoho Lesgi (Caucasus) mi-t-lgo u-kgo kigo bei-Ulgxx. bo-ogu cegu. Pujuni (California) pe~de-i pehe-l TEENE Berber (Africa) ku-z THENat arv Tibbu (Africa) . ti-mr DIM DIM
de-e do
fuso DUM Houssa (Africa) ta-gwa-s fu-du bui Tung u si an ga-k-fo dM-ye zwr • ^a-p-KUN dy-Qim gur Russian vo-sem' (e.-ture dva Sanskrit a-«A-TAN da-tvar dva Kashkari Aia-sh 6o-d w Gothic a-h-tau Jirdvdr tvai English ei-gh-t f-our two Welsh wy-th pe-dwar dury
1 These, taken collectively, are the nearest Aryan parallels to the Etruscan thuneti, huth, and thu. But they are clearly derived from Sanskritic forms.
4, 2x2. 2. pe-var deu bi-p pha ph-shib* ?'iba t-ley oh la-n bi o-*kh zur m o-£khi shiri o-thkhi ori wor-shthfch l yeru. w-Piwia bario, dhe-iv shi
8HIN beba-kr betaw
. PERUVIA SCYTniCA. 177 8,2x2x2. Breton ei-z Ude (Caucasus) mu-gh Abkhasian (Caucasus) a-aba Circassian (Caucasus) yi Basque zo-r-tzi Lazic (Caucasus) o-vr-o Mingrelian (Caucasus) r-uo Georgian (Caucasus) r-va Suanian (Caucasus) a-r-a Kol (India) i-r-Zia Tuschi (Caucasus) ba-r-t Bola (Africa) ba-kir-ei It may be questioned whether the Tuschi barf, ' eight', is rightly resolved, as immediately above, into 'two-two- two'; for it seems, from the partial resemblance in sound, to have some connection with the Tuschi wort, 'seven', 2 + 5. Yet there is a similar assonance in the Ude wugh, ' seven', and mugh, ' eight', where mugh = ' two-two-two': and, as in 'ram, aries 9 {ante, p. 67), tho Basque art seems = Tuschi airt, = Georgian verzi, so, in ' eight', the Georgian rva may = Tuschi bart, = Basque zortzL The difference between the Basque and the Etruscan 'eights', zortzi and thunesi, when they are referred to Caucasian languages, nearly amounts to this : - the Tuschi shin, ' two', would be identical with the first element in thun-esi ; and the Lazic zur, the Mingrelian shiri, the Suanian yeru, or the Georgian ori, ' two', with the first element in zor-tzi, where one ' two' may be considered entirely lost, as it is in the English four, = Gothic fi-dvor. Or the Iberian and the Tuscan of the Caucasus may be thus connected with the Basque (B) and the Etruscan (E), the Iberian and the Tuscan of Spain and Italy : - A A
178 PBBUVIA SCYTHICA. . < Eight'. 'Two*. B. E. f Two'. Tuschi shi z- thun- shin Tuschi. Georgian on -or- -e- oh Circassian. Tuschi shi -tzi -si shi Tuschi. The Etruscan thunesi and the Basque zortzi might thus both be Iberian ' eights', especially as many a link may have been lost in a long chain of Iberian languages stretch- ing from Georgia to Spain, and as the difference between thunesi and zortzi is not more than what exists among the Caucasian ' eights', ovro, ara, ruo, rva, bart, beitl, mitl, mik, mugh, act, and yi, all reducible to ' two-two-two \ But the nearest parallels to the Etruscan, simplified in some cases by the omission of suffixes, may be selected as follows from the list at p. 175, one (Aryan) being supplied by the Paro- pamisus, two by South America, one by North America, two by Siberia, one by Barbary, and one by the Caucasus ; to which last I subjoin additional analogies which enable us to pass from the Caucasus to the Pyrenees : -
1 Or thunesi, as the word might be diyided. Thun-, or thune- 9 may be compared with our English twain, « Anglo-Saxon tvegen, 4 two', « Old High German zwene, 'two'; and also with twenty, in Ossetic insey, where in- » Kashkari an- in * eight'.
PERUVIA SCYTHICA. 179 Lazic zur, . . ' two'. Tshetsh di, . . ' four'. Basque zor - tzi, . . ' eight 9 . Let us now proceed from Etruscan units to Etruscan tens, and take up the following important group of numerical forms from p. 169 : - 6. me-a-lchh ) k m 11 7 77 ^'tenth's', or 1x10. 5, 10, 11. muv-a-lchU > 3, 4. ke-a-lchk, ' fiftieth's', or 5 X 10. 12. semph-a-lchh, ' seventieth's', or 7 x 10. Here semph-, if taken to mean ' seven', which is the most likely interpretation, would have Aryan parallels in the Latin septem and the Bussian sem', and an Iberian parallel in the Georgian shvidi. These are, however, not very near; and several closer parallels are presented in the Polyglotta Afrieana, such as sambe, sembe, ahiampa, zimpi, tomva, and others, all reducible to ' five-two', as I have pointed out in my Numerals, p. 28. And this African 'five', which thus enters into these 'sevens' under the forms, sam-, sem-, shiam-, zim-, and torn-, exists, as I have shown more com- pletely there, and more briefly above (p. 8), as 'five' in Oregon, Alashka, Kamtshatka, and Tungusia ; so that it is not improbable that it may be recognised in the Samoyed aaralik, 'five', and sa-ttd (for sam-tta), ' seven', 5 + 2 (cf. Tshuvash dwa-tta, 'four', 2x2). In this case, the -lik of the Samoyed sam&A, 'five', would be a suffix (cf. Tshuvash filik, 'five'), of which we shall have to speak presently, when dealing with the last element in semph&lchls. Yet the Samoyed satta, ' seven', even if it contain the Samoyed 8am-, ' five', cannot well be separated from such Turanian ' sevens' as the Finnish seitse and het, the Turkish yedi, the Chinese z'at, and the Dravidian yedu, yegu, and yella; from which we may pass to the Georgian shvidi, the Aryan septem and hepta, and the Basque zazpi. For, as Max
180 PERUVIA SCYTHICA. Miiller has mentioned in Bunsen's Philosophy of Universal History (vol. i, p. 462), one Finnish 'seven' is the Ostiak tabet or sabet ; " and Professor Schott points out that, as in the Aryan family septem has taken a secondary form set,... sat also may be but a secondary radical as compared with sabat. This would be a most extraordinary discovery, for it would actually restore the word for 'seven' to so primitive a state, that not only the Turanian, but the Aryan and Semitic languages might, in that case, be traced back to the very cradle of human speech." The resolution of ' seven' into ' five-two* makes this still easier to do, and assists us in tracing back American languages also to a primeval tongue; for the 'five' in question, as I have often urged (see ante, pp. 10, 1 1 ), is to be met with in the Natchez slipedee, 'five' = Natchez ispeshe, 'hand'; words which lead us on eventually to the Gaelic spag, ' paw', the Abkhasian shepeh, 'foot', the Assyrian sepd, 'the feet', the Chinese shau, 'hand', and the Suanian shi, 'hand', etc. Prom such a primeval 'five', = 'hand', = 'fingers', of which the elements are exhibited in the Pawnee word for 'fingers', has-peet, and in the Basque atz-beatz, 'finger- finger' - from a ' five* like this, which we may represent by the consonants sps or skcsh, we have no difficulty in dedu- cing, by the addition of two, such ' sevens' as the Basque zaz-pi, the Georgian shvi-di, the Latin sep-tem, the Finnish sabe-t and sei-tse, the Italian se-tte, the Samoyed sa-tta, the Hebrew she-ba', and the Berber se-t. Nor is it improbable that the Etruscan sem-ph might belong to the same cate- gory : for the Ude pha, ' two', would give the last element in sem-pih- ; and semph might = sebph or sevph, just as the Georgian sami, 'three', is =Lesgi shabgo and tavgo, 'three', 1 + 2 (ante, p. 165), and as the sab of sabbath and sabato becomes sam in the French samedi. Indeed, since -di = dies = day, we may consider samedi as = sabbath-day, which will illustrate the proposed connection of the Etruscan
PERUVIA SCYTHICA. 181 semph-, the Basque zazpi, the Georgian shvidi, and the Latin septem, etc., with the Natchez shpedee, ' five', and its parallels, when combined with our own two, = Gothic tvai, = Sanskrit dvi, dva, = Etruscan thu, = Basque bi, = Ude pha. And this is the explanation of the Etruscan semph- which I should be inclined to adopt, although it is evident that African 'sevens', such as sembe, resemble it more nearly than any other s sevens'. Whether the Samoyed *awlik, 'five', may stand for sablik or savlik, I cannot say. The same 8 hand-five, which we have just been tracing, seems to occur also in the following Accadian words : - su, i hand', and sha, f five* (cf. Lesgi swgo, c five', and Suanian shi, ' hand') ; a-*, e six* (but compare Lazic ash, s six', ap- parently = Georgian ech-vsi, * six') ; and *i#-na, ( seven'. Yet, while the Accadian ais-na, ( seven', has apparently the same 'five' as the Basque zaz-pi and the Coptic sash-p, ' seven', it seems to combine with it another, though per- haps not prime vally different ' two 1 , ~na (see ante, p. 173), which may enter likewise into the composition of the Acca- dian ' four', sa-na, 2x2, where sa- seems identical with the second element in the Accadian es-sa, 'three', 1+2, as its first element, es-, 'one', may be explained from the Armenian ez, ' one', or the Suanian eshchu, 'one'. The actual Accadian ' ones' are given as id and dis, and the actual ' twos' as kas and bi, for which, as well as for sa, ( two', see the column of 'twos' given above (p. 158). But wi- occurs as 'two' in the Accadian nis, ( twenty', and is, like -wa, to be compared with the Bhot ' twos', ni, nyi, nai, najun, and the Indo- Chinese ' twos', ni, ne, nhach, nhit ; so that the two ele- ments of the Accadian sis-na, ' seven', 5 + 2, are both to be recognised in the Singpho si-nith, ' seven', the Garo si-niri, ' seven', and, perhaps, the Sun war <fa-ni, ' seven'; as its second element is in the Burmese ' sevens', khwan-nAach and khun-n/tit, and its first element in such ' sevens' as the Chinese r'a-t, the Samoyed sa-tta, the Finnish sei-tse and
182 PERUVIA SCYTHICA. $abe-t, the Georgian shvi-di, and the Basque zaz-pi, with Aryan and Semitic ' sevens'. The Accadian ' eight' and ' nine' have not come to my knowledge. Its supposed ' ten' will be noticed later. On the whole, its numerals, like its words, make it apparently intermediate between the Caucasian languages on one side, and the Bhot and Indo-Chinese on the other. Whatever difficulty there may be in the first element of semph&lchls, there is none in the first elements of m^alchls, muvalchis, and £ealchls. For hi is ' five', and mach is 'one', in Etruscan, as we learn from the dice-numerals ; and, in Armenian, mi and mov, as well as miak, mek, and mekin, are ' one* , and so also is me-, in me-tasan, 'eleven, undecim\ In Armenian, again, -a- is used as a connecting vowel, so that the language presents us with such forms as chaf-a- sovn, s forty', mi-a-pet, € lUv-apyps? \ and others of the same kind, just as the Etruscan presents us with the four nume- rical forms, me-a-lchU, muv-a-lchls, ke-a-lchls, and semph-a- Ichls. In these there consequently remains only to explain -Ichh, which may be divided into Ich-l-s, and interpreted as ' ten-th's', if Ich be ' ten', and -l the suffix which converted in Etruscan a cardinal into an ordinal number, as -m does in so many Aryan languages, of which the Afghan and the Ossetic deserve especial mention. The analogies to Ich, ' ten", will be found above (p. 95) under the Quichua word, Hoke, 'left hand', to which, and to its kindred American words, locau and looga, ' foot', with their Turanian and African parallels, the Etruscan Ich, 'ten', would stand in a position similar to that in which the Eng- lish -leven, -Ive, 'ten', stands to the Scotch loof, 'inner hand', or in which the Uigur lava, 'ten', does to the Lapponic lapa, ' foot-sole'. As found in the Etruscan, Ich would probably be a word derived from Scythia, and im- plying primarily ' hand', ' foot', or ' limb', which last is the meaning of the Esthonian like; and then, in the second
PBRUVIA SCYTHICA. 183 place, ' number' in general, or some one number in particu- lar. In this derivative sense, Ich seems most fully repre- sented by the Lapponic lokk-eb, 'numerare, computare', lokk-eje, f legetis, numerans', -Zofeft, ' unusquisque', and lokke, ' decern': but, even if originally a Scythian word, it would have passed into three Aryan languages, without reckoning the Etruscan ; for it would supply the Polish lik, € number', the Armenian lok, ' single', and the Lithuanian -lika, '-leven, -teen'. From the same base, with the sense of 'number*, and somewhat after the manner in which we say number one and number two for 'first* and 'second', may be derived the supposed Etruscan ordinal suffix, -I; the base Ich being more perfectly preserved in the Tuschi ordinal suffix, -loghe or -Ighe, as in dhew-loghe, ' fourth', and phkhi-lghe, ' fifth*. The Samoyed -lik, in 8B.mlik, 'five', might likewise be a suffix, and = Polish lik, 'number*, = Lapponic lokko, 'ratio, computatio', = Esthonian luggu (gen., h or lu), ' zahl, zu- stand, art, beschaffenheit, lection, lied*. It is in the previous manner that the Etruscan Ichl would have to be explained, if interpreted 'tenth': but, if it be interpreted ' ten', then we should have to make lch-l, ' ten', = Ich + Ich, ' five + five', = ' hand + hand'; Ich, ' hand', being = Quichua lloke, ' left hand', etc. Or Ich- might = Lapponic lokke, ' ten', and -Z might = the Samoyed suffix •lik, in sarnlik, 'five'. In the Tuschi wor-t, 'seven', t would probably be ' five', as wor- seems = Abkhasian vi, Georgian on, 'two'. The Malay and the Ancient Tamil resemble the Etruscan in representing ' ten' by 1 X 10, or ' one decade'. Thus ' ten' is, in Malay, sa-dasa and sa-puluh ; in Ancient Tamil, oru-pakadu; and in Etruscan, mea-lchl or muva-lchl. 'Deca-de, diz-aine, zehen-d' may be the true meaning of the Etruscan lch-l; and me fa) Ichl may signify 'one decade', as tasneak mi does in Armenian, where also me-tasan is
184 PBRUVIA SCYTHICA. 'eleven', 1 + 10, a number rendered in Tamil by padi(nj- onrru, in Malay by sa-blas, and in Etruscan by mach mealchl. We have still two Etruscan numerical fornix to explain (p. 171, Nos. 13, 14). They are the second and third forms which follow here : - avils xxxvi lupu. avils kiemzathrm8 lupu. lupu avils macJis zathrums. lupu avils xvn. Here we have three words relating to number: - zathrum(s) or -zathrm(s) , kiem-, and mach(s), which last we know to be ' one\ But what is kiem- ? Is it ' five' ? If so, it may be Aryan, and might possibly be identified with the chiem of the Perugian Inscription. Or, rather, as ki is 'five' in Etruscan, may we not suppose ki-em- to be ' five and', and compare kierazathrms with such forms as irevr&calZeica and funfawdzwanzig ? If so, then -em- might = Ossetic ama or ama, ' and', and ki-em-zathrm(s) be analogous to the Osse- tic du ama sez and du ama insey, 'two-and-twenty, twenty- two'. Zathrums or -zathrms is more difficult to interpret than kiem: but, tfthunesi be 'eight', we should then possess all the Etruscan numerals from ' one' up to ' nine', with the exception of 'nine' itself; while in zathrums or -zathrms one Etruscan numerical form would remain unexplained. Could we put these facts together, and interpret zathrums as Lxxxx? Ninety-five is indeed a great age to reach, even for " an old man", such as we know from his effigy that the deceased was, whose age is given by the words, avils kiemzathrms lupu : and, besides this, the form, lupu avils machs zathrums, would show that there was another person, who was ninety-one years old at the time of death. 1 i Yet, in the Times of the 10th December, 1874, I find recorded the death of Mr. Benjamin Bond Cabbell in his 94th year, and of Mrs.
PBEUVIA SCYTHTCA. 185 There is also the additional objection, that zathrums, except in the last letter, which is probably a case-ending, differs in form from mealchls, kealcfds, and semphaUhfo, which would signify 1x10, 5x10, and 7x10; so that, even if zathru were ' nine', we should expect € ninety* or ' ninetieth* to be zathrulchl instead of zathrum. But this is not a decisive objection. The Russian sorok, € forty*, is anomalous, when compared with duadtsat', 'twenty*, and tridtsaV, 'thirty*: and keafcAZ might be 'fifty', and zathrum, r ninety*, in Etrus- can, as vitymyn is € fifty', and okmysdaw, ' ninety*, in Syria- nic, where -ymyn would = Fin kymmen, € ten*, and -das would = Syrianic das, s ten*. Our ( fifty*, again, is fif tig in Anglo-Saxon, and fimf tigjus in Gothic, while ' ninety* is hundmgoxdig and mgenhund in Anglo-Saxon, and niun- tehund in Gothic ; the last forms differing from the English, whereas in 'fifty* all the three Teutonic languages agree together. • So, too, while the English thirteen is identical with the Latin tredecim, the English eleven is not identical with the Latin vndecim. If we in England use both -teen and -leven for ' ten*, and the Syrianians in Northern Russia both -ymyn and -das y the Etruscans might likewise use both -Ichl and -ra. In French, moreover, there is a differ- ance in formation, though not a radical difference, between quinse and di-c-neuf ; nor do quatre-vingt and quatre-vingt- dix follow the analogy of trente, quarante, cinquante, and soixante. As semphafcAfe follows the analogy of mealchls, etc., while zathrums does not, zathru may be inferred to be a higher numeral than semph. The difficulties connected with the interpretation of zath- rum as ' ninety' are thus far from being insuperable. They are, however, considerable ; and it is, therefore, with diffi- dence that I suggest, in the first place, such analogies to a Herbst in her 97th. On the monument to the memory of Pope and his parents are the words, in reference to his mother, vixit annos xciii. B B
186
PBBUVIA SCTTHICA.
supposed Etruscan zathru, ' nine 1 , as are presented among the following words : -
Tusohi 2ha, Ude $a, Circassian Lesgi Georgian sa - Etruscan za - Basqae Georgian Etruscan Soanian Georgian 2kh- Eteuscan za -
If zathru be accepted as ' nine', some explanation must still be attempted of zathru-m, 'ninety', or 'ninetieth'. Now, when we considered such Etruscan forms as 'kea.lchls, we saw that Ich and I were probably both derived originally 1 The Basque bed-, in bed-eratzi, 'nine', would «* Basque bat, 'one', « Basque beatz, 'finger, thumb', = Welsh bawd, 'thumb', -Armenian boyth, 'thumb', -Cornish bez, 'finger',- Gaelic bos, 'inner hand',- Basque bost y 'five',- Turkish bez,vez, 'five',=Finnish wdze, wiisi, wits, wit, ot, 'five', - (probably) Caucasian withi, athi, wit, itt, ' ten'. See my Numerals, p. 14. Even if the Etruscan thu were 'five' (ante, p. 158), it could not belong to this group.
PERUVIA SCYTHICA. 187 from some word for ' hand, number'; a word ramifying into the Dofla (Assam) lak, 'hand', the Polish lik, 'number^ the Lithuanian -lika, '-teen', the Lapponio hkke, 'ten', with lokk-et, 'to number, to compute', the Armenian lok, 'single', and the Tuschi ordinal suffix, -loghe or -Ighe, with -t, ' five', in wor-f, ' seven*. In like manner, an m instead of an I word of the same nature might supply the Siamese mo, mu, 'hand', the Annamitic mot, 'one', and mudi, 'ten', the Etruscan math, me-, mm-, 'one', and -m, '-ty' (as in zathru- m), the Armenian mi, mov, miak, 'one', the Kol moya, 'five', in Central India, and the Georgian ordinal prefix me- (as in mo-same, 'third'). The perception of these analogies may be facilitated, if they are presented in a tabular form :- L hand. M hand. Dofla lak, ' hand'. Siamese mo, mu, ' hand'. Polish lik, ' number'. Lithuanian trylika, ' thirteen'. Lapponic lokk-, ' number'. hkke, ' ten'. Annamitic mudi, ' ten'. Etbttscan muvalchl/ tenth'; or - c ten', 1x10; or- 'ten',lx(5+5). Etauscan zathrum, ' ninety'. Tuschi worfr , ' seven', 2+5. Kol moya, f five*. vrortloghe, 'seventh'. qh&lghe, 'third'. Georgian mosame, ' third'. Armenian lok, 'single'. Armenian miak, 'one'. mov, ' one', motasan, 1 + 10. Etbuscan mach, ' one'. muvalchl, 1 x 10. mealchl, 1x10. Annamitic mot, ' one'. Kol mi, ' one*.
188 PERUVIA BCTTHIOA. As there may be an I suffix in the Etruscan muvalchZ, 1 x 10, and kealchZ, 5x10, so there would be an m suffix in the Georgian th-erth-me£i, 'eleven' (athi, ' ten', erthi, ' one J ), th-or-meW, r twelve', 10 + 2, and th-khu-nteti, € fifteen', 10+5. There is a like superfluity in the Anglo-Saxon 'ninety', hund-nigon-tig ; where -%= English -ty= Gothic -tigju8 ; and Atmd-= Gothic -tehund,= Gothic taihun, 'ten', with -d as a final suffix. Another way of explaining zathru-m or zathr-wn, 'ninety 9 , might be from the Basque, which has amar, ' ten', ama-bi, 'twelve', 10+2, and ero-eretzi, 'nineteen', 10+9. There is, however, a further, and perhaps a fatal objection, not only to the previous interpretations, but likewise to all the deductions in the present chapter : and this capital ob- jection lies in the fact, that I stand condemned by Corssen as one of the Sturm tmd Drang followers of what he, with his happy talent for combining Latin and Greek into one language, is pleased to call Etruskologie. Of the Etrusco- logical performances of myself and others, he says (p. xvi) : - "Dass solche Yersuche das Bathsel der Etruskischen Sprache zu losen in den Kreisen geschulter und besonnener Forscher keinen Glauben fanden, war natiirlich." The solution of this enigma was reserved for Corssen; and it may, therefore, be quite sufficient to dispose at once of the interpretations which I have suggested for the last two forms that we have been considering, if I merely cite from Corssen's work (p. 657) those which he has put forth, and which must "naturally obtain credit among all thoroughly learned and judicious enquirers", who are not to be misled, as I have unwarily been, by such delusive analogies as those which avils xxxvi Vupu and lupu avih xvii, etc., present to the Etruscan forms in question, which here follow : - 1. avih ciem zathrms lupu Avilius quiotorium hutropevfiara SyXvyjre. sculpsit.
PBBUVIA BCYTHICA. 189 2. lupu avils macks zathrums eykvyfre Avilius Magus Siaropevjiara. Bculpsit Of course we must not complain of Corssen's dividing the numerical form, Jdemzathrms, into ciem zathrms, any more than of his making, out of the six dice-numerals, the four words, mack thuzal huth cisa, for the sake of such an inter- pretation as: - 'Magus donarium hoc cisorio facit' (ante, p. 160). We are further indebted to the powers of analysis and synthesis so skilfully applied to the treatment of Etrus- can numerals, and still more to powers of divination rival- ling in perspicacity those of the old Etruscan augurs, for another interpretation of the great Perugian Inscription; an interpretation which must fairly be confessed to deserve, as indeed do all the interpretations emanating from the same source, the meed of praise awarded by Micali, more than forty years ago, to two of Corssen's Italian predeces- sors in this ancient path of exegesis : - "Di questa grande iscrizione abbiamo due tentativi d'interpetrazione : si vuol rendere la dovuta lode agli eruditi spositori ; ma il vero fe, che dalle loro elaborate fatiche non altro pub trarsi se non che una conferma certa della insufficienza del metodo d'egpli- cazione" 1 Were sound a guide to sense, a Hindoo igno- rant of English might find Sanskritic numerals in the words, eke, due, try, chatter, puncheon, sash, sept, east, nave, dash. Let us now look at our subject from two other sides. The analogies to Etruscan numerals which are supplied by Aryan and Iberian languages may have been sufficiently displayed above ; and some African and Finnish analogies have also been noticed. But it is desirable to place these last analogies more thoroughly before the reader, in order that their amount and comparative value may be better 1 Storia degli Antichi Popoli Italia ni, vol. iii, p. 228.
190
PIROYIA SCYTHICA.
estimated; and with this view I will proceed to pat the Etruscan between two Finnish languages on the one side, and two African languages on the other, indicating by italics such resemblances as may deserve attention. The two African languages are from the region of Adamawa, which lies S. of Bornu, and E. of Guinea-
Lapponic. Esthohian. Etruscan. Momenta. Basa. 1. akt iits mach mo hi 2. qwekte kats thu rribe yewi 3. kohn holm zal ntad tatu 1 4. nelje nelli huth gboe nashi 5. wit wiis hi hie tana 6. kot kuus sa tu (jihi 7. kietja seitse semph- (?) sembe gendye 8. kaktse kattesa thunesi (?) fo ndatu 9. aktse tittesa thunesi (?) beo tindishi 10. lokke kihm/me mea-lch(l) gum opoa 50. wita lokke wiis kiim- kearlchflj (caret) (caret)
mend
The Basa ' nine', tmdishi, would = Basa tana-nashi, 'five- four*, as the Basa ffendye, ' seven', would = Basa tana-yewi, 'five-two', and as the Basa 'eight', ndatu, with the kindred Kamuku 'eight', tundato or twndat, would = Basa tana-tatu, Kamuku taa-tato, 'five-three'. The d in tindishi and gendye is merely a euphonic intrusion after n, as in the English cinder and the French tendre and gendre. I consider it right to notice these resemblances which the Etruscan thunesi (or thunes), ' eight', or else ' nine', bears to the Basa ' eight' and ' nine', ndatu and tindishi, and to the Kamuku 'eight' and 'nine', tundato and tandashi, or twndat and tandash ; although, as none of these African numerals be- 1 The Gura tal and the Dsuku tsala are still nearer to the Etruscan zal, and the Malay tal, tul, etc.
PERUVIA SCTTHICA.
191
gin with ' two', I think such resemblances to be very likely accidental, like that which thunesi bears to the Dravidian 'nines', Untfi, tumadi, tommidi, ombadu, vombadu, etc. Additional African ' nines' belonging to the same class as tindishi are: - Bute tenasib, Dsuku £unyo, Mfut tanyi, Ndob tani, and Kandin (Sahara) tisa, from which we might pass to the Berber dza and the Hebrew tesha\ and thus be brought within the range of the Semitic languages, the last of the great families of human speech with which it seems necessary to compare the Etruscan. Having, therefore, already compared Etruscan numerals with their equivalents in Aryan and Iberian, and in Finnish and South African languages, I will now, in order to exhaust the subject to the best of my power, institute a like comparison between the Etruscan on one side, and the Semitic and Sub-Semitic on the other; selecting the Hebrew and Syriac as specimens of Semitic, and the Coptic and Berber as specimens of Sub-Semitic : -
Etruscan. Hebrew. Syriac. Coptic. Berber. 1. mach echad chad ouot wan 2. thu shenaim theren snail thenat 3. zal shdlosh tholih shomt kerad 4. huth arba' arbo' flo kuz 5.ki ch&m&sh chamesh tiou summus 6. sa shSsh sheth 800U sedis 7. semph- (?) sheba' sheba 9 sashp set 8. thunesi (?) shemoneh themone shmen tern 9. thunesi (?) t&ha' tesho 9 psit dza 10. mealch. 'asar* 'asar met werawed
These Semitic and Sub -Semitic resemblances to the Etruscan are not to be disregarded. They considerably outweigh the Finnish resemblances (ante, p. 190), which are, indeed, but slight : they rank at least on an equality with the Aryan resemblances : and it is only the Iberian
192 PERU VIA SCYTHICA. and the African resemblances that they fall behind. With regard to the Hebrew sheba' 'seven', a carious question arises. Is it to be classed with the South African sembe, or with the Coptic sashp and the Basque zazpi ? It is with these last 'sevens 1 that I have classed it above (p. 10), where I have pointed out the ultimate identity of the Basque zazpi with Caucasian and Aryan ' sevens'. It may here be mentioned, that it is not quite certain that semph- is the Etruscan for ' seven*; for, while we have aviU macks semphalchls lupu on one sarcophagus (Corssen, p. 659), we find on another, according to Corssen (p. 678), lupu avils esals cez palchls, where esal(s) would probably stand for the 'three' of the dice, zal, and cezpalchls or hezpalchls would take the place of semphalchls. What, then, is the true reading of the Etruscan 'seven'? Is it semph-, or kezp-, or, possibly, sesph- ? Perhaps the last ; for in the epitaph of a lad, as given by Fabretti, there occur the words, avils sesphs lupuke, 'aetatis . . . obit* (or 'obiit'). 1 But here we are again uncertain : for in Fabretti's index he writes semphs instead of sesphs, while Corssen reads sesths (see ante, p. 161), and translates avils sesths lupuke by < Avilius Sextus SyXv^e'. When I cited this epitaph in 1870, in my Asiatic Affinities of the Old Italians, I conjectured that sesths or semths might possibly be the true reading, as the epitaph is one on a lad, jungling, giovane, whom we may suppose to have been in his teens. Yet I am not inclined now, as I was then, to compare the termination -ths (if -tJis it really be) with the Aryan f ten'; for the final -*, accord- ing to the analogy of other numerals in epitaphs, would be a case-ending, so that, if we divide into ses-ths or sem-ths, -'teen* would probably be -th-, and might be compared with the Georgian athi and the Tuschi itt, ' ten 3 , of which 1 Lupuke and lupu, if aorists, may be compared with £0i?kc and £0ir, the first of which = Phrygian edaes, and the second - Armenian ed 9 4 posuit'.
PBRUVIA SCYTHICA. 193 kindred forms, athi would supply the first member in the Georgian tfA-khu(meti), ' fifteen', and tit the last member in the Tuschi phkhi-i^, e fifteen'. On the whole, it is possible that sesth or semth may be an anomalous form for xvi or xvn, as zathrum may be for i.x xx x ; but neither is it beyond the bounds of possibility that the stonecutter, in engraving the epitaph of this lad, may have omitted to cut mealchls after sesphs or semphs, vn. Were it a boy, and not a lad, no such supposition would! 1 be necessary. Now that all the Etruscan numerical forms have been considered, it may be instructive to present in one view what are probably the ten members of the Etruscan decade, together with their equivalents in such other languages as may be thought not unlikely, from their position, to be within the pale of Etruscan affinity. I may, therefore, here recommend to notice the following parallels from regions lying on opposite sides of the Mediterranean, but touching each other on the east, and almost so on the west ; as, after all that has been said before, the one-sidedness of the com- parisons is not likely to mislead, although it may be as well to repeat my opinion, twice expressed before, that the African parallels to the Etruscan thunesi, € eight', or perhaps 'nine', are likely to be no more than accidental resem- blances, as their first element is 'five', and not 'two*. Yet an African affinity may, nevertheless, be reasonably claimed for thunesi by those who can hold, with Mr. Taylor, that the dice-numeral, thu, is not 'two', but 'five'. Cf. Kamuku ta-nashi, € five-four'. If thunesi be 'nine', an opinion of which the probability is to be entertained, we must then admit that zathru or zathr may be 'eight' instead of ' nine*, 2x2x2 instead of 1 + 2 X 2 X 2. In this case, we should have to make three ' twos' out of za-th-ru, za- thr-Uy za-th-r, or za-thr, one € two' being lost in za-thr, as it is in the Basque zor-tzi, 'eight' {ante, p. 177). cc
194
PERUVIA SCTTHICA.
North. ' One'. South. Armenian miak African (Undaza) moJco mek
(Matatan) moza mov
(Momenya) mo mi
(Benguela) mold me-
(Bute) moi Greek fii-
Eteuscan mach
(Angola) mosh muv-
(Dsawara) mo me- 1 Two'. (Melon) moe 1 Tasclii shi
Egyptian zaw? shin
Coptic man Etruscan thu
Tibba do* thun- (?)
Berber then&t Mingrelian shiri
Syriac theren Georgian ori African (Dsawara) gbari Abkhasian tnba
(Basa) yeuri Basque hi
(Balu) ba Ude pha
(Papiah) pa
< Three' • Etruscan zal
(Dsuku) zala esal (?)
azala Circassian shi
azara Basque hiru
(Meto) taru Tuschi qho
(Matatan) taro Abkhasian Ichib*
(Boko) aro Ude Jchib
(Kandin) Jcarad Lesgi khabgo
Berber Jcerad shabgo
Hebrew shdldsh
i Also 'finger*: see ante, p. 94, under the Quichua maki, ' hand'; and compare the following 'ones': - Annain mot; Cambodia mue; Pegu moe ; Central India (Bhumij) moy> (Santali) mih, (Eol) mi. Reinisch, p. 87. • /&., p. 167 : cf . Tuschi duq, ' a pair'.
PERUVIA SCYTHICA.
195
North. Lesgi tavgo Georgian sami Etruscan huth Georgian othkhi
' Three'.
Abkhasian phshibz Lesgi ukgo boogxx Tuschi bhew dhew Basque lau Ude bip Etruscan hi ke- Georgian khethi khnthi Ude kho Abkhasian khuha Lesgi shugo Circassian shu Basque sei Etruscan sa Gaelic sh Latin sex
~ l Reinisch, p. 219. * Cf . Bola (Senegambia) kebair, * four', and ketaw, ' two', = Basa yewi, ' two'. If the Etruscan zathru were * eight', zathrum would be 4 eighty' instead of ' ninety', which would be rather an advantage. Two Iroquois ' eights' are like zathru : - the Cayuga tekro and the Nottaway dekra, in which the first element is clearly ( two*, in Cayuga tekni, and
PERU VIA SCYTHICA. 197 North. ' Nine'. South. Lazic tkhoro, 1 + 8. Georgian £khra Etruscan zathru (?) thunesi (?) Basa tindishi,5+4i. Kamuku tandashi Dsaku zunyo Bute tenasib Ndob tani Kandin tisa Hebrew tisho? Tuschi iss, 4+5. Ude urai 1 in Nottaway dekanee. In the kindred Tuscarora nakte, 'two*, and nakreuh, l eight 1 , the initial dental of the Cayuga and the Nottaway is changed into its ' resonant'. See ante, p. 173. 1 For these two Caucasian ( nines', see ante, pp. 41-44, where the Cayuga lyohto and the Mohawk tihooton may be added from North America to the list of ' nines' at p. 42. If, among Caucasian ' nines', the Tuschi i-M=Tshetsh i-sh = Avar i-tsh= Audi hogo-tshu**' four-five', it would then be the s Jive that enters into the composition of these ' nines 1 : and, if we suppose the Etruscan thunesi to be ' nine', and re- solve it into ' four-five', it would have the following parallels : - Etruscan thunesi, ' nine', 4 + 5. Accadian . . . sha, ' five'. sana, 'four'. Lesgi . . . shugo, ' five 1 . Suanian . . . shi, ' hand 1 . Mantshu duin, ' four'. diyin 9 ' four'. N. America - Unalashka sikhin, ' four'. Adaihe sickinish, ' nine'. Catawba wunchah, ' nine'. When 'five 1 , as in the Lesgi shugo, is nearly identical with 'two 1 , as in the Tuschi shi, it is difficult to decide whether a word like thunesi should be 'eight 1 or 'nine 1 ; for * eight 1 may «' two-two-two', while 'nine'= 4 two-two-five'. It is probably from such a reason that the Timbuktu ' eight' and ' nine', yaha and yaga, are so nearly alike.
South. Meto mulogo Matatan mulogo Muntu kumi 2 Bomu guma* Houssa goma* Ndob wum*
Matatan mulogo na moza, 10+1.
The result of these comparisons seems to be, that the Non-Aryan element in Etruscan, as determined by Etruscan numerals, is to be referred to the African and the Iberian languages: and, of the two, little as we might have expected such a conclusion, the African languages can explain the largest number of Etruscan numerals. Indeed, if we inter- pret thuneti as 'nine', and take semph as the Etruscan ' seven', they can explain them all. This may be seen by the following extracts from the preceding table, to which I have subjoined ' nineteen': - Etruscan. African. 1. mach Angola mosh 2. thu Tibbu do 3. zal, esal Dsuku zala, a zala 4. huth Houssa kudu
Etruscan. African. 5. ki Momenya hie 6. sa Basa gihi 7. semph Momenya sembe 8. zathru Bola bakirei 9. thunesi Basa tindishi
10. mealcli(l), muvalclv(l) Matatan mulogo 11. mach mealch{l), 1 + 10. mulogo na moza, 10 + 1. 19. thunesi muvalchflj mulogo na tan na m\sheze x It is thus manifest, as far as numerals can make it so, that we need not resort to Semitic, and still less to Finnish languages, in order to trace to its source, or sources, the Non-Aryan element in Etruscan. For we see that this element, the Tuscan of Ancient Italy, as distinguished from the Tyrrhenian, of which last a few words must be said presently, is undoubtedly marked, at least in its numerals, by the same characteristics as the Basque language in general, which I inferred, two years ago, to be an Iberian, i.e., a Caucasian language, that had taken up a number of African words from a primeval African population in Europe. The Aborigines of Italy and Spain were composed alike. Both were Ibero- African in their affinities. The Basque for ' seventy' is not formed from ' seven', as the Aryan and the Etruscan 'seventies 1 are, but is ex- pressed by 3 X 20 + 10, 'threescore and ten', hirurogeitamar, where hirufr)- is 'three', ogei-, 'twenty', t- (=£a), 'and', and amar, 'ten'. This mode of reckoning is followed in the Caucasus, as well as in the Pyrenees. Thus we have, in Georgian, ozi, 'twenty', and orm-ozi, ' forty', = ' twice twenty', ori being ' two'; just [as we have, in Basque, berr- ogei, ' forty', = ' twice twenty', hi being ' two'. Again, in 1 =» 10 (mulogo) + 5 (tanu) + 4 (thm). 4 Nine 1 is tan na dsheshe, 5 + 4, 'four' being dsheshe, shtshe, and sheze.
200 PERUVIA SCTTHICA. Georgian, 'fifty* is ormoz-da athi, 'forty and ten 1 , as, in Basque, 'fifty' is berrogei-t-amar, 'forty and ten\ So, likewise, we have, in Tuschi : - tqa, 'twenty'; qhouz-tq, ' sixty', =' thrice twenty' (qho, 'three'), in Basque, hirur- ogei, 3x20; and qhoutqa-itt, 'seventy', = ' sixty-ten', in Basque, hirurogei-t-amar, 'sixty -and -ten*. Cf. French soixante-dix, septante being also used. Caucasian and Basque ' twenties' rank well together, as may be seen from the examples following : - Abkhasian e - shva \ Mingrelian e - di > Colchian. Lazic 6 - <f ) Georgian o- zi (Caucasian Iberian). Basque o -gei (Pyrenean Iberian). Ude qa (Ptolemy's UdaB). Tuschi t - qa (Ptolemy's Tusci). 1 Just as we may discern our own 'two' in the Aryan forms, twenty, inginti, etkosi, and wgain, so we may again recognise it above in ogei and tqs,, from which would re- sult, as a completer form, to, = Etruscan thu, Tuschi shi, Circassian oh. The Abkhasian e-shva, 'twenty', seems clearly enough = Abkhasian ciba-sAvaba, ' two-ten'. Some Accadian numerals have partial analogies with those just cited. For ge is given, but with some doubt, as the Accadian 'ten', and nis and us are given for 'twenty* and ' sixty'. These lead to the following comparisons : - 1 If, however, the Udae and Tusci of Ptolemy be identified with the modern Ude and Tuschi nations, then they must have retired inland, as they may well have done, from the northern foot of the Caucasus to their present position. There is an ancient district called Uti, which is frequently mentioned by the Armenian historian, Moses of Chorene. It lies on the right bank of the Cyrus, while the province of Sheki, where the Ude villages lie, is on the opposite side of that river. Combine Uti with the Georgian daba, 'village', and we have nearly the Dacian town- name, Uti-dava.
PBEUVIA SCTTHICA. 201 Accadian ge, . . 'ten'. ni 8, . . . 'twenty'. u 8, . . . ' sixty*. as, 'six*. Nepalese (Pahri) gi, . . 'ten*. ni, 'twenty*. ni, 'two*. (Serpa) du h, . . 'ten'. nyi shu, . . 'twenty*. Burmese shai, . . 'ten*. nhit shai, . . 'twenty'. khyauk shai, . . 'sixty*. khyauk, 'six'. Abkhasian shvabs,, . 'ten*. e shva, . . 'twenty*. Mingrelian e di, . . 'twenty*. Georgian o zi, . . 'twenty*. Circassian zey, . . 'ten'. Basque o gei, . . 'twenty*. Tuschi t qa, . . 'twenty*. Ude qa, . . 'twenty*. ukh, 'six'. Lazic o 6, . . . 'twenty*. ash, 'six'. Sussana is given as the Accadian ' thirty'. It resembles the Sunwar (Nepal) ' thirty*, sa-si-san, which is composed of the Sunwar ' ten*, sa-shi (shi being a suffix), and the Sunwar ' three', sari. The same elements, i. e., sari, ' three* (cf. Georgian sami), and sa, 'ten* (cf. Circassian zey, Abkhasian shvaba), are found combined, not as 10 X 3, but as 3x10, in the Chinese san-shih, the Gyami san-sa, the Gyarung ka-sam-si (fta- being a prefix), the Tibetan sum- du, and the Burmese suri-dhe and thon-shai, ' thirty'. The Accadian ' forty*, sanabi, seems to begin with the Accadian D D
202
PERUV1A SCTTHICA.
'four', Sana, which would leave -W, 'ten'. Among the Samoyedic words used between the Yenisei and the Lena, Dr. Hunter gives bi as ' ten', and tietta-fci as ' forty': but a word like the Abkhasian shvab&, ' ten' (cf. Sunwar swaikb, 100, Georgian asi, 100, Accadian si, 1000), might explain sana-fct and tietta-bi, ' forty', as well as the Caucasian e- shva and e-<fi, 'twenty'. Finally, the Accadian 'fifty' is given as qigushili, which has no complete parallel : but, if we resolve it into qigushili, 40+10, it has some partial re- semblances to the following ' fifties' : - Sunwar khak-m&hi- *asika, 20 (khaUka) x 2 + 10 (so, with two suffixes) ; Tengsa Naga mesuii-annat-te-MeZtt, 40 + 10 ; and Kol bar-hissi-jiZ, 2 x 20+10. The Accadian forms for ' ten* or -'ty', ge, su-, -a and -shili, find parallels in the Indian and Himalayan ' tens' and '-ties', gi, si, thelu, -thelu, gela, -gel, -gil : and, on the whole, the Accadian language maintains its former place, as connecting the Iberian languages with those of the Himalaya and of South Eastern Asia. See ante, pp. 157 (note), 181. The last of the resemblances among numerals which seems to call for any particular remark, is that which the Esthonian 'ten', kiimme, the Basque 'ten', amar and ama-, and one Etruscan '-ty', -m, or -urn, bear to the great Ethio- pian or South African 'ten', of which one example has been cited above (p. 198) in the Muntu kumi, the immediate neighbour, in Mozambique, of the Meto and Matatan ' ten', mulogo; with others in the Houssa goma, the Bornu guma, and the Ndob warn, of Nigritia. The following analogies be- tween Etruria and Africa may here be specially noticed :- 'Two'. 'Ten'.
Momenya mbe gum ngum mbe hengum ► 'twenty'. 1 Pati mba uwom jtmguom >
1 In the Polyglotta Africana, numerals do not go beyond twenty.
PBEUVIA SCTTHICA. 203 ' Two'. ' Ten\ Ndob be wum Etbuscan zathrwm, 'eighty', or 'ninety*. mealehl Meto . . . mulogo If the analogies between the Trans-Saharic African and the Etruscan, together with the analogies which I have already considered in my Numerals (pp. 24-31) between the Trans-Saharic African and the Basque, should not be thought adequately accounted for - and I do not myself think that they are adequately accounted for - by the hypo- thesis of a common derivation of all races of men from Cen- tral or Western Asia, combined with the appalfent preser- vation in Africa, more than elsewhere, of a large part of the primitive human vocabulary; but if such analogies should seem, in addition to this, to imply the existence in Europe, at some time, of an actual Ethiopian population - a population which was probably Pre-Scythian in date, as the Scythian population there, whether Iberian, as in the South, or Pin, as in the North, was Pre- Aryan ; yet this would be quite in accordance with the views advocated in the present work, and previously in my Numerals, where I have proposed to assign the very strong African element or tincture in the Basque language to the Cynetse of Hero- dotus, as his Iberi and Celt® would supply the two other elements in that language. Such an Ethiopian population, if it should ever have existed on this side of the Sahara, may have been suppressed by subjection or expulsion : - in Northern Africa, by the Libyans or Sub-Semites; in the greater part of Europe, by the Iberians; in Siberia and Northern Europe, by the Americans and the Turanians; and in Eastern and South Eastern Asia, by the Turanians alone. Many problems in the history of the dispersion of mankind may be bound up with that of the Etruscan lan- guage, in which there possibly lie embedded some of the
204 PEEDVIA SCYTHICA. words used by the early cave-dwellers and lake-dwellers of Europe, as their habitations, whether troglodyte or subli- cian, are still to be traced in Italy. 1 Even Etruscan nume- rals may intimate to ns that they were employed by a mixed people; a nation, or agglomeration of nations, in which Ethiopian seem to have struggled with Iberian, and perhaps Aryan, languages for existence or supremacy. Nor could we discover, except from other monuments in the mysterious tongue of this mysterious people, what lan- guage it was that finally prevailed over the rest in such a struggle : and even then we are left in some doubt whether the fusion was complete- whether incorporation or extinc- tion ever reduced the conflicting languages of Etruria abso- lutely to a single one, although we can see that they did not remain as distinct there, as they have done in Ireland, Scotland, Brittany, and the Pyrenees. Yet one language, a language of the great Aryan stock, does appear to have given form, as well as predominant substance, to Etruscan inscriptions, though overpowered by the African and the Iberian in Etruscan numerals: and this Aryan language would have been one of Thracian type, and thus a member of the same family as the Lydian, the Phrygian, and the Ar- menian ; the Thracian family of tongues belonging, like the Persian and the Sanskritic, to the Southern or Asiatic branch of the Aryan stock. As I have pointed out in a former publi- cation, as well as above (p. 169), such forms as avils xxxvi lupu, 'eetatis xxxvi obit' (or 'obiit'), and lupu avils xvii, ' obit aetatis xvn', seem to find their explanation from the Sanskrit and the Armenian, and would thus be Asiatic Aryan. The same, likewise, may be said of two other similar forms, ril liii leine, ' ann. liii vivebat', and til leine Iv, 'ann. vivebat lv\ For leine, 'vivebat', would= Sanskrit 1 See, among other authorities, Gaataldi's Lake Habitations and Pre- Historic Remains in the Turbaries and Marl-beds of Northern and Central Italy, which has been translated into English by Mr. Chambers.
PEEUV1A SCYTHICA. 205 alindt, € he was dwelling*, where the root is It, ' dwell, live', and would be partly analogous also to the Armenian liner, 1 he was, he was living', a form which is like the Latin pot- erat, but where the root is li and the base is lin, as in Sanskrit. The Etruscan lews, on the other hand, is a form like the Greek (e)ficuv€. The Armenian linel, or linil, ' to be', has no aorist: but, if it had one, the conjugational n, as in Sanskrit, would be dropped, and the resemblance to the Etruscan leine would be lost. Again, the Etruscan ril, ' year', is allied to the Sanskrit ritu, ' a season', = Gaelic raidh, ' a quarter of a year'; the root of r£-tu being ri, ' go', = Armenian rah-el, 'to go', and the termination of ril being similar to that of the Etruscan avil, ' age', or, in Armenian, to that of kathilj 'to drop, a drop', and aragil, 'a stork'. 1 1 Aragil seems to be the same word as argala, the Hindoo name of the Adjutant Crane, and is apparently derived from the Armenian arag, ' swift', which would also explain the Etruscan aracue, ' hawk 1 (Hesy- chius), and the name of an Armenian rebel, Aracus (Arakha), in the Behistun Inscription. A much more famous rebel mentioned in that ancient record is Oomates (Gaumdta); and in a Lycian inscription (Fellows, p. 477) we meet with QotntteySu, the genitive of a proper name, followed by zzemaze, 'daughter' (in all probability); a word which may find its explanation above (pp. 63-66), where the Coretu simago, the Cobeu himaki, and the Tecuna temaakan, signify ( filia' as well as ( films'; and where the Chavante simissi, ' persona', = ' hominis proles', is still more like zzemaze. Extraordinary as it may appear, it will yet be seen that South America furnishes parallels to all the three terms of relationship in the following Lycian epitaph:- ewuinu gopd mSte prinafatn pomcua this tomb here made Fomasa SrteleySsSu tedieme urppe lade iuwe of Erteleyese son for wife his ofeite gomiteyiu zzemaze si tedieme Ofeite of Gometeye daughter and children iuweyi, his. Here gopH t * tomb', seems = Georgian kubo, * tomb', = Armenian govb, 4 ditch', = Sanskrit kdpa, * ditch', = Hebrew gdb, l pit'. Gomates, the Magian, came from the mountain Arakadrish in the
206 PEB0TIA SCTTHICA. The Armenian avt, 'a ring*, i.e., 'a cycle', might also be compared with the Etruscan avil, ' age'. There is another Etruscan form, arils tivrs sas y 'setatis . . . vi', in which tivr has been rendered 'day', as in Fabretti. Here the ter- mination of tivr is the same as that of the Armenian avr, 'day, time, age', where the root, as in the case of the Etruscan av-il, ' age', seems = Sanskrit av, € grow, move' : and the root of tivr would = Armenian tiv, € day*, = Sanskrit div, ' shine 9 . While the Etruscan antar, 'eagle* (Hesychius), may have the termination of the Armenian avr, ' day', the Armenian angf , * vulture', has that of the Armenian av?, ' ring', or of the Etruscan avt'Z, ' age'. For ant-, = ang-, see infra, where Etruscan fnmt- = Thracian /3pwx~ = Armenian phreng-. This view of the Asiatic derivation of the Aryan and chief element in Etruscan is unintentionally favoured by several of Corssen's explanations of Etruscan words ; although, as will have been seen, such explanations are not much to be trusted, inasmuch as they commonly rest, not upon analogy or some other solid ground of inference, but upon phonetic resemblances to Greek and Latin words ; as, for instance, when he identifies zathrums with SutropevfiaTa country of Pishiyduwddd, which might perhaps «- Pisidia, a mountain- ous region unsubdued by the Persians, were it not that Sir Henry Raw- linson (p. 234) considers that Pishiyduwddd, whither another rebel flies for refuge with his cavalry after a defeat in Persia, was evidently within the limits of Persia itself. But this hardly seems to follow with absolute certainty from so concise a narrative. In the Behistun Inscription, the imperfect tense is continually used where an aorist might be expected : thus it is said of Gomates, huwa khshdyathiya abava, ' ille rex fiebat', as we have in Etruscan, ril leine, 'ann(os) vivebat'; the Behistan abava being » Sanskrit abhavat, not abhut, as the Etruscan leine is = Sanskrit alindt, but with the augment deficient, as in the Armenian liii&r. So, also, the Grison preterite forms, fova,fova8,fova,fovan,fova8 9 fovan, are more like to abhavam, abhavas, abhavat, abhavdma % abhavata, abhavan, than they are to abhuvam, abhds, abhUt, abhuma, abhuta, abhdvan.
PERU VIA SCTTHICA. 207 (ante, p, 188), and interprets zilachntha,s by ' ex silice fabri- cans* (ante, p. 170, note). For these reasons, only slight stress can be laid on several of the following Armenian analogies to the Etruscan, mainly taken from my previous works, and in which, for additional security, I have queried such of Corssen's renderings of the Etruscan as seem to me erroneous or very doubtful. Even in cases where those renderings may be right, the letter-changes would point away from the Latin and Greek to the Armenian. To con- nect Etruscan with Latin instead of Thracian is like con- necting English with Welsh instead of German. Etera, ' alter'. Armenian otar, avtar, 'other, different*. Cf. Albanian yatere, ' other 1 ; Greek erepo? ; etc. The Ar- menian otarazgi and aylazgi, 'foreigner', with aylazg, 'different, various', and several other words of the same formation, might be classed with Pelasg-ua : only pel-asg would prefix to the Armenian azg, ' nation, race, sort', not the Armenian 6tar,=s Greek %repo<s, nor the Armenian ayl, = Greek aXhos, but the Armenian wat , = Greek irakaios. Sech, 'conjugio (?) prognata'. Armenian zag-il, 'to be born'; zag-el, 'to produce young*; zag, 'a young bird'. Cf. Albanian zok, 'a young bird'; also Lapponic sakko, 'off- spring*; and Tusohi shekh-nil, = Georgian shech-mli, ' son*. Farthana, harthna, 'filia' (?). Armenian harsn, 'spouse, bride, daughter-in-law*; harsan-ich, 'espousals, marriage*. In Armenian, '/ire' and '/ather* are fcovr and Aayr. Farce, 'ferivit, occidit' (?). Armenian ftar£-anel, 'to strike, to kill'; ehar, ' he killed* (root har; a second aorist, with the augment). Losna, ' Mondgottin'. Armenian lovsin, gen. lovsni, ' moon'; root toys, gen. lovsoy, ' light*. 1 Suthina, ' hingesetztes Weihegeschenk, avdOrjfia 9 . Ar- 1 The Armenian ov is a Latin w, and the Armenian iv, which occurs under the next word, a Latin y. Lovtetia stands for Lutetia, and SJcivthia for Scythia.
208 PIEDVIA SCYTHICA. menian zohovthivn, 'a sacrifice'; root zoh, = Sanskrit few, ' Diis offeree, sacrificare 9 . In an often cited bilingnal inscription, the Etruscan trutnvt fruntak, or phruntak, corresponds to the Latin haruspex fulgurialor. About fruntak, or phruntak, ' fulgu- riator', there is obviously little difficulty, as it is clearly allied to the Greek fipovrq and ftpepa ; to the Sanskrit bhran, dhran, ran, 'sonare'; to the Proper Thracian Ppvirxpv, 4 Ktdapav* (Hesychius); and to the Armenian wreng-e\, 'to neigh', and phfend-e\, 'to neigh, to sneeze, to bellow, to cry'. In frunt-aA, ' fulguri-ator', the Etruscan termination -ah seems to correspond to the Latin termination -ator: compare the Armenian lot-al, 'nat-are', and lot-ak, 'nat- atory khnder-el, ' rog-are', and khnder-ak, ' rog-ator\ The corresponding Sanskrit termination is -aka. It is not so easy to explain trutnvt, ' haruspex', a word which, as may be mentioned in passing, presents that deficiency in vowels which is characteristic of Armenian, as of Etruscan, prose, and is exhibited just above in khndrel and khndrak, for so those words would be written when undivided, and in such a word as dstrik, the diminutive of dovstr, ' daughter'. 1 As the termination of trutn-trf, ' haru-spex', apparently corre- sponds to the Latin -spex, we may compare it, in Sanskrit, with the root vid, 'scire, percipere', and the termination -vid, 'sciens, gnarus'; which are respectively identical, in Armenian, with git-el, ' to know', and the kindred termina- tion -git, gen. -giti. The Armenian hnagit, ' an antiquary 9 (hin, gen. hnoy, ' old 9 ), and asttaget, ' an astrologer 9 (astt , 'a star 9 ), together with the Sanskrit agvavid, 'conversant
1 The Aryan termination of dovtfr, daughter, etc., seems to occur in two words for 'son* or 'boy', not included in the common Aryan group of terms of relationship. These two words are : - the Armenian ovsfr, 'son* (cf. ovs, 'learn'), and the Etruscan agalletor, '*<&' (Hesychius: cf. Lithuanian waikelis, 'child 1 ; Turkish ogfwl, 'son'; Georgian akhali, 'young*; Gaelic ogail, ' youthful').
PBRUVIA SCYTHICA. 209 with the qualities of horses' (Benfey), and gyotirvid, 'know- ing the stars, an astrologer 1 , would then be forms like the Etruscan trutnvt, which can thus be divided into trutn-vt, 'haru-spex'. Yet I cannot derive trutn-, 'ham-', from the Armenian ; though trutnvt might easily be explained from that language as 'auspex* or 'augur*. For we have just seen that the Etruscan frunt- corresponds to the Armenian wreng- or phrend-, so that an Etruscan trutn- may correspond to the Armenian thrdovn, gen. thrdnoy, ' a bird*. The root of thrdovn is thr-, ' volare*,= Sanskrit dru, ' currere, fugere'; from which root, dru, we might obtain words for ' flying* resembling the Armenian thrdovn and the Etruscan trutn, by adding one of the Sanskrit suffixes, shnu (or -ishnu), and -tnu (or -itnu) ; just as we have bhushnu or bhavishnu, ' being' (Bopp, V. O., § 947), and gadayitnu, ' loquacious' (Williams, S. G„ § 82). There are, besides, in Armenian, cases where d and § (tsh and dsh) seem replaced by t and d, as in the following expressions relating to various sounds and living things ; forms which may serve to illustrate the Etruscan fruntah as well as trutn-, and in which all the words preceded by A., or not specified, are Armenian :- §, d, ch, h, g. d, t, dh. Sanskrit dhran, 'to sound'. German dron-, 'to hum*. A. drndivn, 'tintement*. A. drndivn, 'tintement'. drndil, 'tinter\ drind, 'tintement\ shrind, 'a noise'. Gaelic drannd, 'a word*. shrndivn, 'a noise'. A. shrindn, r a noise*. Gaelic srannac h, 'humming'. Gaelic srannadh/ humming*. Gaelic srann' to hum,to snore'. Gaelic sron, 'nose'. Gaelic ran, 'to roar'. Sanskrit ran, 'to sound*. Gaelic ranaich, 'a roaring'. Sanskrit ranita, 'a sound*. Greek p&/x~> 'snore'. Greek plv-, 'nose'. A. hovnd, 'breath, sound*. E E
210 PERUVIA SCYTHICA. /, <f, ch, k, g. d, t, dh. A. ovnd, 'nose'. Albanian chounde, 'nose'. 1 rovngn, 'nose*. Thr&ci&niJpvvxov, € /a0dpav\ Greek fipoirnj, ' thunder*. A. phntel, 'to sneeze'/ phrmga}, ' to sneeze'. p hrnksiy ' to sneeze*. phrndel, ' to sneeze'. tyndel, 'to cry'. , . , < , lEtruscan^rwntafc, f fulguriator'. Tcrid, 'a cry\ khrntel, ' to make a guttural cry*. khrfakfthQ throat 1 . ) hrdak, 'a proclamation'. A. hrat&rah, 'a crier*. harady 'a groaning'. orof, 'thunder'. 2 orwal, 'to howl*. Gaelic torunn, 'thunder*. Genoese trun, 'thunder*. haradivn, <a groaning'. hadivn, 'a barking', hndivn, 'a noise*. A. thndivn, 'a noise*. Jindel, 'to sound*.* thind, 'a noise*. Sanskrit dhvanita, 'thunder*. Sanskrit dhvan, 'to sound*. Sanskrit svanita, ' the noise of thunder'. Sanskrit svan } 'to sound'. Sanskrit kvanita, 'sound*. Sanskrit levari, 'to sound'.
1 See ante, p. 87. Compare alao the Armenian ovnkn, ' ear*, and the Quichua rinkri, ' ear' (p. 92). 9 An n may be lost here, as in tooth, ^zahn^dent^faovr-. Compare the next word to orot. P or/ is lost in the Armenian otn, * foot'.
PERUVIA SCYTHICA. 211
g, <f, ch, fe, g. d, t, dh. Sanskrit lean, 'to sound'. A. khkhngivn, r a neighing'. wrngivn, 'a neighing'. mrgivn, 'an ant'. A. ordn, 'a worm', khkhovn/n, 'a snail'. gortn, 'a frog'. ihrdovn, ' a bird'. Etruscan trutn, 'a bird' (?). thric, 'flight'. Georgian tredi, 'a pigeon'. 1 thr<fi\, 'to fly'. Latin turd (us), 'a thrush'. 2 th'r, 'flight'. Sanskrit dru, 'to flee'. thrthrol, 'to flutter'. 3 The analogies ofhnagdt, 'an antiquary', and asttaget, 'an astrologer', enable us to see that thrdnaget would be a genuine Armenian word for ' auspex, augur', in the jsame manner as thrcnahan, and asttaban (ban, 'Xcxyo?'), are actual Armenian words for 'ornithologist', and 'astronomer' or 'astrologer'. The Sanskrit drushnu-vid, or dru-tnu-vid, would come still nearer to the Etruscan tru-tn-vt, though the Sanskrit has formed no word for ' bird, volucris', like ihrdovn or trutn. The actual Armenian words for 'augur' are havadet and havaharz, which are composed of hav, 'bird', det, 'observe', and harz, 'enquire'; from which last root (=Ossetic fdrs-, Zend frag-, Latin prec-) is derived harzovk, 'a diviner, a sorcerer'. The actual Armenian for ' haruspex' is endera- hmay ; a word composed of ender(ch), 'entrails', and hmay, ' sorcery', from which comes hmayeak, ' a talisman', an-
1 Pigeon - pipio^ 4 a young pigeon'. Compare the words for 'bird' given above, pp. 131-133. Bird is properly *a young bird'. * With us, partridge is 'bird', inter aves turdux (Martial, xiii, 92). 8 The root, thr~ y ' fly', might be identical with the root phr-, ' fly' (cf . H? and /era), whence come the Georgian joAr-inveli, ' bird', and phrthe or phrthi, 'wing' (cf. perdix). In the Georgian phrinavda, 'he flew', we have another form like the Lycian prinafatu, 4 he made' (pp. 76, 145, and 205, note), where the root is pr- (p. 70).
212 PERUVIA BCYTHICA. other form not unlike the Etruscan fruntak, 'fulguria- torV It is curious that an Armenian plant-name should re- semble thfdnagSt, and that an ancient Italian plant-name should have resembled trutnvt. The Armenian plant-name is thrthnfovk, ' sorrel, ox alls': but cf. Armenian ththov, ' acid, sharp', thovr, ' sword', and thovring, € orange', = Per- sian turung. The Italian plant-name was tertanageta: at least we find the following passage in Dioscorides, quoted by Grimm : - aprefjuala, 'Po/uuot ovaXevria, oi Sk aepTrvX- \ovfi, oi Sk Spfta peyva, oi Be fxnrlovfi, ol Bk Tepravayera, TdWoi Trove p, Adtcot, tovoarr). The Komans could easily have borrowed the name tertanageta from the opposite side of the Tiber, the "littus Etruscum", though to connect it with the Etruscan trutnvt, 'soothsayer*, seems hazardous. But Grimm observes upon pamela, which Dioscorides gives as the Dacian name of /Saro? : - " dies halte ich fur das Gr. fiavreia auf fiaTo? bezogen, der weissagende dorn." Augury by the dandelion is practised among us : and, in Faust, Margaret divines by the Sternblume. At any rate, what- ever be the derivation of the fifth Latin name for apre/iwla, Ancient Italy seems to present us with two singular paral- lels to two Armenian words, one actually existing :- 1 Armenia and Phrygia, like Etruria, were noted for haruspicy and augiiry, as we know from the sixth satire of Juvenal :- Spondet amatorem tenerum vel divitis orbi Testamentum ingens, calidee pulmone columb® Tractato, Armenius vel Commagenus haruspex (548-550). Divitibus responsa dabunt Phryx augur et Indus (585). In relative position, as in affinity of language attested by ancient authors, Armenia was to Phrygia nearly what Rheetia was to Etruria. And, as Gauls crossed the Alps, and interposed between Rbsetia and Etruria, so would Syrians (Cappadocians or Leucosyri) have crossed the Taurus, and interposed between Armenia and Phrygia. The original Iberian population had in each case previously retired :- in Italy, into Liguria and the Western Alps ; and, in Asia Minor, into Lycia and the Western Taurus.
PERUVIA SCYTHICA. 213 Etruscan trutnvt, ' haruspex*. Roman repravarfera, ' artemisia'. . C thrtnagtit, ' avi-sciens', i.e., ' augur'. \ thrthngovk, ' oxalis': gen. ihrthngki. Returning from the digression caused by so important a bilingual inscription, I proceed to consider some more words as interpreted by Corssen : - Tesns, 'deni, decern'. Sanskrit dagan, Armenian tasn, ' ten*. Tular, 'sepulcrum\ Armenian £Aa£-el, 'to inter'; thatar, 'an earthen vessel*. Sanskrit tola, ' solum, fundus' i = Ar- menian that, 'place, quarter, district'. Canthce, 'i/ehrrjae, cecidit\ Armenian chand-ak-el, 'to cut, to engrave, to sculpture'. Sanskrit khand, 'findere'. In chanda£-el we have another form like fruntai. Thuns, 'dederunt' (?), or 'duerunt' (?), Corssen allowing an option here, though none in thuzal, ' donariuin'. Arme- nian etovrij Sanskrit adus, i dederunt, ehoaav. Nesl, 'mortuale, ve/epitcoi/ (? 'mortuus'). Sanskrit nag, 'mori'. Armenian nash, 'a bier'; nekheal, 'putrefied', where -eal is the termination of the Armenian preterite participle. Nesl would be the Etruscan equivalent of the Latin necat-u&; as also suth-i, which sometimes precedes nesl, but frequently occurs without it, on Etruscan tombs, would be of cond-itur. For the Sanskrit has two root-forms signifying 'coacervare, submergi', hutf and hand; and, of these, huntf would=Latin cond-, as hu$ would= Welsh cudd-, Etruscan suth-, Armenian sovz- ; the Welsh cudd- and the Armenian sovz- both signifying 'condere' or 'submergi'. Etruscan tombs inscribed with the words, eka suthi Larthial Kilnia, and eka suthi nesl Tetnie, indicate, not obscurely, the Aryan family to which the Tyrrhenians belonged ; for of the two Armenian words, nash, 'bier', and nekh, 'putres- cence', nash is the true Thracian form, as, in the Thracian
211 PEKUVIA SCYTIUCA. languages, the Sanskrit $ is sibilant. Thus xei/o? is ganya in Sanskrit, and sin in Armenian; and Sitca is da$an in Sanskrit, and tasn in Armenian. 1 As the termination of the Armenian preterite participle, -eal, seems to be found in the Etruscan nes-l, so does the termination of the Armenian present participle, -ot, -St, or -avt, seem to occur in Lydian. For in the language of Lydia, whence the Tyrrhenians were derived by the ancients, /cavSavXrj^ signified ( acvXhoirvucTi]?' (Bottichers Arica, p. 44), and would = Armenian khetdavt, ' irvvy&v, for which Botticher gives khendot. The Lydian base, icavh-, and the Armenian base khetd- (or khend-), are found, as I have noticed long ago, in the Albanian kyendis, ' I choke', and in the Rhseto-Romance or Grison candarefo, ' eine Art Driiseniibel, das das Athmen sehr erschwert\ A word in the languages of Armenia and Lydia is thus brought into Albania and Rhaetia, in which last country an Etruscan dialect was once in use. The Lydian language is still further connected with the Armenian and the Sanskrit by the identity of the Lydian veo<$ adpbvs, ' vkov ctW ', with the Sanskrit nava, 'new', and farad, 'year', which are found combined in Navasard, the ancient Armenian name for the first month in the year. In like manner, the Bebryces of Bithynia, who had a town with the Venetian name of Pata- vium, seem connected with the Bebryces of Roussillon by the apparent affinity of the French Pyrenean 8ern-eille> 'glacier', to the Armenian sarn } 'ice', ttnd sar-il, 'to freeze'. 2 1 For the termination of suth-i, ' cond-itur', compare the Armenian sir-i, 'am-atur', sovz-an-i, ' sese condit': and for eka, 4 here', the Arme- nian aha, ' ecce', or the Georgian adverbs of place, ach, acha, ich, icha, ichi, ' here, there'. 1 For Pre- Aryan words in the Alps and the Pyrenees relating to ' ice' and 'snow', see ante, p. 130, note 2. Among the Aryan words, in which the Piedmontese ruize, t glacier', should probably be included, would be the Grison vedrelta and the neighbouring Italian vedretto, ' glacier', = Gaelic eithre, eidhre, eighre, 4 ice', - Latin vitrum; and also Jim or fern,
PERUVIA SCYTHICA. 215 All these Thracian nations, proceeding originally from Ar- menia, where the last Thracian language still survives, would have intruded, in Asia and Europe, upon a number of Iberian nations, of whom a list has been given above (p. 76) ; a fact that may be recognised, as far as Etruria is concerned, by the writer who is called Scymnus Chius, when he says (v. 217) that it was occupied in common by Pelas- gians and Tyrrhenians, or, in other words, by Iberians and Thracians. The Tyrrhenian language of Etruria, spoken probably by the Lucumones and the higher orders, and differing from the Tuscan, whence the Etruscan numerals would have been derived, seems best represented to us by the almost pure Armenian of the two hexameters on the Cup of Cervetri, to which I have devoted a chapter in my Asiatic Affinities of the Old Italians ; an inscription which may tell us, when combined with other evidence, how it was an Aryan tongue from the northern frontier of Assyria, which eventually gained the ascendancy in Etruria, "the Asia of Italy/' as it has been well called by Professor Bachofen, of Bale. 1 The learned professor and myself have been led to corresponding results by two distinct courses of study, comparative mytho- logy and comparative philology. Art has brought Mr. Fergusson to a like conclusion : - " The origin of Etruscan art is, beyond all doubt, Asiatic, and its original seat was some part of the countries between the Tigris and the
'neve*', i.e., 'old snow',= Gothic fairnie, * old','- German Jim, ' of the last year'. Glacier is, of course, Latin. The snow-fields of the moun- tains thus bear their testimony concerning the races that have succeeded each other in Europe. When the laui or lawine falls, we seem to hear of Iberians ; as also when the Carinthian peasant speaks of kees, or the Basque of lei and £a*£-arabar : serneUlem&y tell of Thracians: raize and vedretta, of Celts: glacier, of Latins: and/ra, of Germans. 1 Die Sage von Tanaqutt, Eine Untersuchung uber den Orientalismus in Rom und Italien, p. 352.
216 PERUVU SCTTHICA. western coast of Asia Minor." 1 Such authorities as K. O. Mliller and Dennis have also clearly seen a similar connec- tion (Dennis, p. xlii) ; and Micali upheld, many years ago, the prevalence " dell' idee dell' Oriente nell' incivilimento, nella rehgione, e in certo modo nelle arti stesse degli antichi Etruschi/' 2 The language of the Etruscans seems to me to come from the same region as their religion, their arts, and their manners and institutions in general. Everything that is Etruscan bears an Oriental stamp upon it. Livy would have been substantially right when he said of the ancient inhabitants of the Alps, and particularly of the Rhaatians (lib. v. cap. 38), that they were of Etruscan origin. Not that we are literally to suppose that the Alps were peopled from Etruria, even in its greatest extent ; but that the original population of the Alps, like the original or Felasgian population of Etruria, was Ibero- African ; and that in Rhsetia, as in Etruria, there was, in addition, a Thracian element engrafted upon the Pelasgian. Celtic, Latin, and German dialects were introduced later into the Alps. The possession of a common language, or, at least, of languages with Ibero-African numerals, and probably even more, in common, would have tended to facilitate that commercial intercourse which M. Desor, in his recent de- lineation of pre-historic Swiss life, le bel age du bronze lacustre en Suisse, has inferred, upon solid grounds, to have anciently subsisted between Switzerland and Etruria. Of especial interest and importance, in reference to the present division of our subject, are his eleventh and twelfth chapters. Nor will those who may agree with myself in connecting both elements of the Etruscan population, the Pelasgian and the Tyrrhenian, with the Caucasus and with Armenia, be unprepared for the solution of the following questions pro- pounded by M. Desor : - 1 Handbook of Architecture, vol. i, p. 286. * Monumenti Intditi, p. iii.
g PERUVIA SCYTHICA. 217 " Ici se pose une autre question. Les anciens Etrusques de la Haute-Italie, que nous consicterons comme les fournis- seurs de nos peuplades lacustres, sont-ils les inventeurs de l'industrie du bronze, ou bien ont-ils emprunt^ cet art & d'autres nations ? C'est let un probleme du plus haut in- t^r^t, mais que nous n'avons pas mission de resoudre dans cet ouvrage. Sans doute, il est probable que l'industrie metallique a exists au pied du Gaucase avant d'etre connue en Italie et en Grice; elle y est probablement m&me plus ancienne que le commerce ph^nicien" (p. 17). " Un jour viendra, et il n'est peut-6tre pas trfes eloign^, ou Ton proc^dera & une &ude comparative non moins d£- taillde entre le mobilier du bel &ge du bronze sur les deux versants des Alpes, soit entre l'Helv&ie et l'ancienne Etru- rie. Aprfes cela, il y aura lieu de rechercher jusqu' & quel point il existe une concordance entre la culture du bel age du bronze et celle qui se trahit par le r^sultat des fouilles entreprises sur ^emplacement de V ancienne Troie; en d'autres termes, entre la civilisation dite pelasgique et celle que nous attribuons aux anciens Etrusques et aux popula- tions lacustres" (p. 27). 1 1 There is some approach to an African character in the description which M. Desor gives (chap. 18) of two lacustrine skulls, one belonging to the bronze age (Morigen), and one to the iron age (La Tene) : - "jCe sont bien la, on le voit, les dimensions ordinaires que MM. Rlitimeyer et His attribuent a leur type de Sion ; e'est le crane me'sati- c6phale qui se retrouve egalement dans les tombeaux du Midi de l'AUe- magne (Hiigelgraber). Les os de la face sont trds d$veloppes. La mdchoire est Ugdrement prognathe et les alveoles sensiblement obliques. Les orbites sont grandes et carries. Le trou occipital est sensiblement ovale ; sa distance du bord post6rieur de l'occiput n'est que de 35 milli- metres. Enfiu, nous avons aussi pu, grace a l'6tat de conservation de notre crane de Morigen, mesurer sa capacite, que nous avons trouve etre de 1470 centimetres cubes, par consequent, un peu inf6rieure a la capa- city moyenne des cranes etrusques qui, d'apres M. Montegazza, est de 1490 centimetres, et sensiblement plus faible que celle des Romains, qui, d'apres le meme anthropologiste, est de 1524." u Entre les deux cranes de Morigen et de la Tene, la difference n'est F F
218 PERUVIA SCTTHICA. Mr. Pergusson notices "the remarkable similarity in style that exists between (some) Peruvian buildings and the Pelasgic remains of Italy", but regards it at the same time as "only accidental". Lopez, however, lays much more stress on this and other coincidences : yet, were it not for philological evidence, we should hardly feel assured of a primeval affinity uniting the Peruvians and other Ameri- cans, through the South Eastern Turanians, to the Pelas- gians and the rest of the Iberians ; an affinity of which the most ancient evidence is supplied by the bilingual monu- ments of Assyria and Lycia. The analogies in language, thus made apparent, are certainly accompanied by some re- markable analogies in national customs; as, for instance, that of the couvade (ante, p. 76), which exists among the South Americans as well as among the Basques, as it did among the Tibareni ; or that practice of burying in earthen jars, still employed in Brazil, and anciently in Assyria, Corsica, and the Balearic Isles, which is dwelt upon by Mr. Marryat in his History of Pottery and Porcelain, p. 370 (ed. 2). The same author says likewise (p. 397): - "The pottery of Peru, Chili, and Columbia, has a peculiar charac- ter which distinguishes it from any European, and approxi- mates it to the Mexican. . . . Though this pottery is gene- rally very uncouth in form and ornament, yet in some specimens the patterns, carved or indented, represent those
certainement pas plus grande qu'elle ne Test de nos jours entre deux individus de la meinc race. Cependant, s'il fallait distinguer entre les deux, nous ferions remarquer qu'il y a tendance au progres dans le crane de laTene (iron), en ce qu'il s'eloigne un peu plus de la dolicho- ciphalie, puisque son index cephalique est de 81.2, tandis que celui du crane de Morigen (bronze) est de 77.0 ; . . ." "II y a loin, cependant, de ces differences a celles qui existent entre les diverses races qui sont aujourd'hui admises . . . Nous n'eprouvons des lore aucune hesitation a rapporter le crane de la Tene (iron), aussi bien que celui de MSrigen (bronze), a Tancienne race qui a occupe" notre sol d£s l'6poque de la pierre polie."
PERUVIA SCYTHICA. 219 well known as the 'Vitruvian scroll' and 'Grecian fret\ It is carious that a people so apparently rude should have chosen ornaments similar to those adopted in the earliest Grecian age, and. found on the Lantern of Demosthenes at Athens 336 B.C., but which, however, it appears the Greeks themselves borrowed from the Assyrians. The 'honeysuckle pattern' is found upon the earliest known monuments of Buddhist art, and the Etruscan, so called, upon the earliest Chinese bronzes." Some further analogies between Ame- rica and Eastern Asia have been mentioned above, pp. 45-47. As the New World had so much in language that was once common also to Southern Europe and Southern Asia, the community may very well have extended to other things besides language.