Comments: We werent sure whether Solomon was 18th or 19th but he seems more 18th dyn. Wasn't sure which king of 18th or 19th dyn matches Shishak/Susakim, but Tutankhamun is our tentatively favoured seeming best match. Weren't sure whether Zerah 19th or 20th but Ramses 2 seems maybe correct match. Our chronology agrees with or is close to some matches of Wyatt (Joseph), Rohl (David, David, Shishak), Velikovsky (Moses). Amarna letters period seems to be time of David and/or Solomon. We were not sure whether Abraham is 1st and/or 2nd dynasty, but Abraham seems more likely 1st dyn while the 2nd dyn seems to more match Joseph's times.
Orthodox/coventional old chronology: (Ice Age) (1st dyn -- 3100/3000 bc) (3rd/4th dyn -- Byblos) (5th dyn -- Sahure in Palestine, Dorak treasure) ((4th-)6th dyn -- Ebla -- Akkadian) 11th-12th dyn -- patriarchs, Shechem, Jerusalem -- 2000s/1900s/1800s bc 13th dyn -- Old Babylonian 15th/16th dyn Hyksos -- Joseph, Jacob -- 1700s bc (18th dyn or) 19th dyn -- Moses, Israel, Joshua's Jericho -- 1300/1200s bc 19th dyn -- Philistines 20th dyn -- Saul/Philistines 21st dyn -- David -- 1000s bc 22nd dyn Sheshonk, Osorkhon -- Shishak, Zerah -- 900s bc 25th dyn -- So, Tirhakah 26th dyn -- Necho, Hophra -- 600 bc 27th dyn -- Persians.
Comments: Their Joseph and Moses are too late in overall Egyptian history (they are earlier in overall biblical history). "No trace of Joseph or Moses in Egypt" in their nominated dynasties/dates. Sheshonk's campaign doesn't match Shishak's. Osorkhon's name is not at very good match for Zerah. They admit that the Iron age strata at Jericho doesn't match Joshua's Jericho, while others show that the MBA strata do. Has Israel in Canaan too soon after their exodus date. The Hyksos period doesn't really have very good/great matches with all the details of the Joseph story. They have Egyptian too old/long and they have biblical too late/short. Their EDP & OK dynasties are earlier than the flood (in Massoretic text and Usher etc). It is very noticeable that they onlyhave biblical matches from the 11th/12th to 33rd dynasties, and they have no bibical matches from 0/1st to 1oth dynasties.
Other chronologies: 18th dyn -- Moses -- 1400s bc 18th Amarna Habiru -- Joshua.
Rohl's "new" chronology: Nimrod -- Uruk 1 Enmerkar (11th dyn Inyotef,) 12th dyn -- Joseph -- 1800s bc (12th dyn,) 13th dyn Sobekhotep -- Moses 13th dyn -- Old Babylonian 15th/16th dyn Hyksos Sheshi -- Joshua/Anakim 18th dyn Amarna letters Labayu -- Saul, 18th dyn Amarna Habiru -- David. 19th dyn Ramses 2 -- Shishak -- 900s bc 22nd dyn -- Phoenicians 3rd Int Per unresolved shorter chronology.
Comments: Places Joseph too late. No quality match of Joseph in Middle Kingdom. Places Joseph & Moses too close. Contradicition having on one hand and on other hand Joseph 11th or 12th dyn and Moses 12th or 13th dyn (he favoured the latter ones but then also conveniently had the earlier ones). His Moses and Shishak are close enough to the seeming true situation, though his Moses is more 13th than 12th dyn, but his Joseph is way out. Evidence does seem to support a shorter 3IP chronology & as yet unsolved true scenario.
Comments: His Moses & exodus are more or less close enough to the seeming true situation. His Sheba & Shishak matches are abit too early though they close enough to the seeming true situation (same dynasty). Has Amarna too late. Places 19th dynasty way too late. Has too many dynastic overlaps and reversals in the Amarna & 19th dynasty to 33rd dynasty strech.
Comments: His Joseph is close enough to seeming true situation though his 5th dyn doesn't match as well as our 3rd-4th dynasties. Moses seems to better match the 12th dynasty than the 6th dyn. Joseph was in the 2nd/3rd-4th/5th dynasties and Moses was in the 12th dynasty, and so the 6th dynasty comes somwhere between Joseph and Moses/exodus. At present the relationship of the 6th dynasty to the exodus is uncertain. It is possible that the 6th dynasty might be connected with Moses/exodus, in which case it would be contemporary with 12th dynasty. The 1st/3rd to 8th dynasties are Memphite, and the 9th-10th are Heracleopolitan, and the 11th-13th/21st are Theban, so the 5th-8th dynasties might possibly overlap with the 11th-13th dynasties. Merneptah is abit too late.
Comments: Close enough to seeming true situation from 1st to 13th (and 18th) dynasties. Khufu better matches Jacob than Job, but Hoeh's match is interestingly similar/close. His Shishak & Zerah are a little bit too early but close enough to seeming true situation (being in the same dynasty). Has Amarna too late. Too many major dynastic overlaps and reversals in the 19th to 33rd dynasties stretch, with dynasties way too late. His 19th dynasty and 22nd dynasty are far too late. His chronology follows Velikovsky &/or Courville for the 18th to 33rd dynasties.
Peter James' chronology: 20th dyn Ramses 3 -- Shishak end of New Kingdom -- 825 bc. 3rd Int Per miscalculations.
Comments: James' date for end of New Kingdom seems close enough to the seeming true situation, and his (and Rohl's) 3IP miscalulations reason for the lower NK dates also seems more or less right.
Comments: Crams 430 + 480 yrs of biblical history from Joseph to Moses to Solomon all in the one 18th dynasty. His matches for Saul to Shishak agree with Rohl's and our's. Joseph and Moses do not really have much of a good match with the 18th dynasty, they far better match the dynasties that we suggest. (His name Riaan seems a code for Aryan which is a put off.) [His "Joseph" is same as Osman's?] He erroneously associates Manetho's Osarsiph with Moses.
Comments: The Akkadian period is supposed to be contemporary with the ($th-)6th dynasties in orthodox archaeology, and it doesn't seem to match the 1st dynasty like Waddel contended. Waddel's reading of the Hamazi king's name seems dubious. (Kish 4 seems closer to the time of Jacob and the 4th dynasty of Egypt?)
[Bible & Spade or Artifax] chronology: 17th dyn Seqenenre -- Exodus slaying of first born.
Comments: Dynastic dates have continually gotten lower over the last few centuries. There is no known sothic date for the OK, and the FIP is a lacuna of uncertain length. There might be an overlap of the last OK Memphite dynasties and/or FIP Heracleopolitan dynasties with the MK Theban (& SIP Hyksos?) dynasties. Previous difference in 7th/10th-13th dyn dates between Petrie and Breasted were due to differing opinions on length of SIP / Hyksos dynasties period. Dates were lowered by 400 years from 3400 to 3100/3000 due to dynastic overlaps. Dates for the 11th to 26th/30th dynasties have remained fairly similar for the last 100 years (being anchored by the 2/3 sothic dates for the 12th & 18th dynasties), and the only difference in Breasted's & Shaw's dates for the 1st-9th dynasties is the 400 years alteration. The 18th-30th have remained constant (based on) for over 100 years. The orthdox legnth of the Hyksos period seems about right but their dates are a few centuries too early. The shortened TIP chronology reason for lower dates for the New Kingdom of alternative scholars is valid similar to the 400 years alteration in OK dynasties dates due to dynastic overlaps of orthodox scholars.
An old possible chronology of ours: Palaeolithic -- Nimrod? Azilian -- Abraham, Beersheba (Zehren) Lake dwellings (Egyptian wheat) -- Joseph? Megalithic -- Moses, Og (Keller) Stonehenge -- Gilgal, Joshua? Hallstatt -- Gezer?
Possible matches of meanings of Japhethite names with prehistory: Ashkenaz -- had fire? Riphath -- interglacial? Togarmah -- Classic Neanderthals? Magog -- Cromagnons of maximum of last ice age? Madai -- mesolithic? Javan -- neolithic? Elishah -- Joseph (famine), Danubian (7 yrs), Lake Dwellings (Egypt wheat)? Tarshish -- megalithic? Kittim -- Atlanean invaders? Tubal -- copper/bronze/iron, Beakers? Meshech -- Beaker, Wessex traders?
Alleged possible famines/droughts in Egyptian history: 2 droughts supposedly in "predynastic-postglacial" Egypt Egyptian wheat found in Lake Dwellings (Western neolothic) Shu "hot, dryness". Uenephes/Ata/Semti 1st dynasty (refs Bey, Clayton, Bristowe?) Djoser/Zoser 7 years drought/famine (Sahel/Philae). Granaries in Old Kingdom tombs. Unas famine scenes, Saqqarah. 8 famines attributed to the "Dark Age" immediately following the collapse of the Old Kdm. A king of 9th dyn was Kaneferre (Chenephres?), a famine in his reign. 9 famines attributed to the period from the Dark Age to the reunification of Egypt under Mentuhotep I. 7 yrs anarchy / 7 empty yrs between end 11-beg 12th dyn [Mentuhotep?]; Mentuhotep distributed food/grain 12th dyn (Alan Montgom, Courville)? none hungered/none thirsted Amenemhet 1? famine Amenemhat Beni Hasn? The "years of famine" of Ameny (Senusret 1) 12th dyn; 12 yrs flood/famine Amenemhet 3, 12th dyn famine before Anayer (Ethiopian traditions) The "many years" famine of Beba (Seqenenre), 17th dyn? ["7 year famine Amenhotep 1"?] Busiris (9 yrs). Ipuwer papyrus famine "FIP or SIP"? Stick figures / famine Tuthmosis 3, 18th dyn. 3 yrs drought/famine/plague in Amarna period. Drought & famine in 19th dyn (Ramses 2 & Merneptah). Libya burnt up (Libya first mentioned in Merneptah's reign). 13 fatal years (19th-20th dyn)? "Upset weather conditions, Canopus inscription 240s"?
Famines/droughts in Biblical history: Dhortage of food after Great Flood. Genesis 10 Elishah name meaning may be connected with Joseph's famine? Famine of Abraham (went to Egypt for some years) Famine of Isaac ("don't go down into Egypt") 7 yrs famine of Joseph. Ruth 10 yrs famine (time of Judges). 3 yrs one in time of David? Elijah (3.5yrs) 1 Ki 18; dearth Elisha 2 Ki 4; great famine Elisha 2 Ki 6; 7 yrs famine Elisha 2 Ki 8. drought Haggai 1:11; famine in Acts. Black Horseman of Apocalypse?
Famines in Syria-Palestine archaeology/history: Drought at Jericho between Natufian & Munhata/Yarmukian phases. Drought & famine in "13th cent bc" "late 2nd millenium bc"
Famines in Mesopotamian: Bull of heaven in Epic of Gilgamesh ("have you saved grain") Lagash granaries Gudea "12 yrs" famine/drought.
Egypt in Biblical/Josephus/Judaeo-Christian: Cush/Gihon Genesis 2 Adam/Atum Seth/Set, Sethites Noah/Nu/Nun/Num Ham, Mizraim, Nimrod son of Cush Abraham in Egypt, Egyptian Hagar/Keturah Isaac told not to go down into Egypt King Pharaoh/Ramses, vizier Joseph & Jacob in Egypt (word mastebah mentioned in Old Testament) Hebrews/Israelites sojourn/bondaged 430/400/215 yrs in Egypt & Canaan King Pharaoh/Thom/Ramses/Assyrian, Moses in Egypt, Exodus. (Afikoman.) (Sinaiatic inscirptions.) No mention of Egypt during Judges [Tahtimodshi?] Benaiah struck down an Egyptian that was 5 cubits tall (1 Chron 11) Ano, Sheba, Menelik, Hadad, Genubath Shishak & Solomon, vs Rehoboam Zerah vs Asa Princes of Zoan & Noph, So, Tirhakah Necho vs Josiah, Hophra/Vaphres, Jeremiah to Egypt, 40 yrs exile prophecy Elephantine letters, Ptolemies 'king of the south' in Daniel, Onias to Egypt, temple at Leontopolis, Septuagint Joseph, Mary & Jesus in Egypt for some yrs (St Joseph near Bent Pyr.) Sara? Paul thought to be "the Egyptian" rebel St Mark at Pharos? Nag Hammadi texts Alexandria one of 7 patriarchates [Prester John?] Saladin Egyptian invasion in late Ottoman times before Napoleon 6 day war Jerusalem called "Sodom and Egypt" in Revelation/Apocalypse. Egypt & Israel & Iraq federation in prophecy.
Syria-Palestine/Israel/Canaan (Retenu/Kharu) in Egyptian: Bylbos 3rd-4th dyn Sahure to Palestine (5th dyn) (4th-)6th dyns - Ebla - Akkadian orthodox synchronism Asiatics in FIP Sinuhe (12th dyn) Asiatics in Beni Hasan paintings Neferhotep - Yantin of Byblos - Hammurabi synchronism Hyksos in Egypt, Palestine, Baghdad 18th dyn scarabs at Jericho (Punt?) Tuthmosis battle Joppa, Megiddo Amenhotep at Ugarit Amarna letters (Habiru); Asiatic invasion in Ipuwer papyrus. Ramses battles Shalama, Kadesh Merneptah & Israel, Merneptah at Ugarit Peleset Sea Peoples. Wen-amun (21st dyn) Sheshonk, Fenkhu (22nd dyn) 22nd dyn & Phoenican kings synchronism Necho (26th) Ptolemies (33rd dyn) Nag Hammadi texts Saladin.
Comments: For the period from the 1st to 23rd dynasties we can see that there are sequences of dynasties of the 1st to 2nd (Thinis), 1st or 3rd to 8th dynasties (Memphis), 9th to 10th dynasties (Heracleopolis), 11th to 13th dynasties (Thebes), 13th/14th/15th to 16th dynasties (Hyksos/Avaris/Memphis), 15th/16th/17th (to 22nd/23rd and 21st) to 23rd dynasties (Thebes and Tanis), and we see that there are only a few major gaps where dynasties may overlap: the 2nd dynasty, the 9th-10th dynasties (FIP), and the 14th to 16th dynasties (SIP/Hyksos). The most significant possible overlap place is the 9th-10th dynasties (FIP), with the possibility that the 5th-8th Memphite dynasties may overlap with the 11th-13th Theban dynasties (and possibly even with the 14th-16th SIP/Hyksos dynasties?) The 25th to 33rd dynasties period seems fairly acceptable since it has matches with other Near/Middle Eastern countries records, except that the 25th dynasty may be abit shorter/later than supposed in conventional chronology. The 24th to 28th is maybe a sequence re the Saite dynasties but is abit of an uncertain area.