The dates for Djoser and/or the 3rd dynasty of Egypt have ranged from 4945-4731 bc (Petrie), to 3966-3766 (Bey), to 3712 (Rhodius), to ca 3200s (Sekhmekhet carbon date), to 2980-2900 (Breasted, Berlin school), to 27th cent / 2686-2613 bc (Shaw, current conventional consensus), to 1737-1663 (Hoeh)! It is also said that EDP &/or OK date may still be upto a couple/few/four centuries out (refs Clayton, Wiki, Rohl). This shows that the orthodox dating is not as certain as they make out (though they may claim that the dates have been refined and more correct now than previously). We show in this and other chapters that there are evidences that their dates are wrong and are far too early.
(As we mentioned in chapter 1, there is no trace of the biblical flood in ancient Egyptian dynastic history (despite the Surid flood story), which if the flood was global or wide-spread then it suggests that the Egyptian dynasties come after the flood. If Abraham was between 2300 to 1900 bc and was only 400 years after the flood (disregarding the dubious Samaritan and Septuagint variants) then the conventional ascribed 2600s date of the 3rd dynasty is too close to the flood date.)
Carbon dating is unreliable as shown by that material in Sekhemkhet's buried pyramid complex has a carbon date 600 yrs older than his orthodox Egyptological date [which in turn is 600 yrs old than his true date contemporary with Joseph].
A major piece of evidence for the true date of the 3rd dynasty and other dynasties before and after is that it has been found that there are many evidences for that the biblical Joseph was certainly in Egypt in the 2nd/3rd to 4th/5th dynasties, and this also fits with that Abraham seems to have been in the 1st or 2nd dynasty.
Joseph's ascribed date has ranged from 1980 bc, to 1876 bc, to 1749/1727-1658 bc (Jerome), to 1706 bc (Usher, Oxford), to 1657/1635 bc (NWT) to 1647/1621 (Compton)? Or his date is 2236 a.m. in Masoretic. This supposedly doesn't/can't match the 3rd dynasty which has an ascribed supposed date of 2600s bc, but one can not ignore the evidence of the stark matches between Joseph and the 3rd-4th dynasties, and orthodox chronology certainly has Egyptian too early and Biblical too late, and we give evidences in this and the other chapters that the orthodox asserted ascribed dates of this and other dynasties are certainly incorrect.
Joseph's placement in Egyptian history has ranged from 2nd dyn (me, a Hancock forum poster), to 3rd dyn (Mohler, Wyatt, Walker, me), to 4th dyn (Hoeh, me), to 5th dyn [Unas, Ptahhotep] (Courville, Wyatt, me), to 11th dyn [Inyotef] (Rohl), to 12th dyn (Courville, Rohl, Alford), to 15/16th dyn [Hyksos] (Bey, Compton, conventional), to 18th dyn [Yuya, Dudu, Ianhama] (Marquart, Jeremias, Mercer, Barton, Rancke, Albright, Osman, Sullivan), to 19th dyn [drought & famine, chancellor Bay] (2018 linkedin comment), to 19th-20th dyn [Osarsiph] (Sayce). We can see that there are 4 main periods of 2nd-5th, 11th-12th, 15th-16th, and 18th-20th dynasties. The 18th-19th is ruled out as being too late in the orthodox/conventional chronology, aside from that the dynasties do not matches with all the details and context of the story of Joseph; the orthodox 15th-16th dynasty placemant is also ruled out because it is too late in overall Egyptian history for Joseph who is earlier in overall biblical history, and because there are not really quality matches of Joseph story with the Hyksos period; the modern alternative 11th-12th dynasties placement is also ruled out for similar reasons; we are left with the 2nd-5th dynasties which is correspondingly as early as Joseph is in the bible, and which does have many quality matches evidences. We searched through all of Egyptian dynastic history and found that the only time that best fits the Joseph story is the 3rd-4th dynasty and not any other dynasty.
The (7 years plenty and) 7 years famine/dearth of Joseph has matches in the 2nd-5th dynasties period: The 7 years drought of Djoser (Sahel/Philae inscription), which Wyatt showed has alot of similarities with the Genesis story verses. The Unas famine scenes beside the pyramid complex of Sekhemkhet (who seems to match Joseph/Zaphenath). (Some criticise this by claiming the pictures feature Egyptians not foreigners, but this is not necessarily proof or disproof against our synchronism because there are ifs and buts.) Joseph's famine is also found in the Epic of Gilgamesh at a roughly corresponding time: "have you saved grain, yes for 7 years". The "flood" & "fire" of Surid? The Bent Pyramid seemingly might represent the 7 years plenty and 7 years dearth (bottom half wider & top half narrower/shallower, bottom half big rocks, top half smaller stones, pi 3 and pi 4, the area is associated with St Joseph and not far from "Joseph's Canal", 110 yr old Djedi dwelt there). Alford gave evidences that the pyramid was planned not from an accident or change in plans or evolution. The models of granaries in Old Kingdom tombs. (Scholars try to dismiss them as only ceremonial, but there is nevertheless a match.) Stone vessels in storage galleries beneath the Step Pyramid. Wyatt claimed pits in the Step Pyramid complex are grain storage bins (he even claimed traces of grains found in the bottom). Stroage rooms in Sekhemhet's buried "pyramid" complex may be grain storage rooms. Storage chambers around 1st & 2nd dynasty tombs/graves/cenotaphs/temples might also be connecte with Joseph's storehouses? (The grainares of Lagash in Sumerian might also possible confirm early date?) Also maybe connected is the Egyptian wheat found in western neolithic Lake Dwellings built on dried-up lake shores. Some critics claim that "there were many/other famines/droughts in Egyptian history" implying that Joseph's famine could match any of the others and not ours. However, Joseph's famine can only match one, and one can determine which ones may or may not match by considering all the details including the date in the Joseph story (and in the whole history before and after) and the evidences of the Egyptian dynasties and famines. There have not been many global famines in world history.
King/pharaoh Surid of the story in Masoudi has similarities with the story of Joseph: He had a dream similar to dream of pharaoh. The flood and fire might match 7 yrs plenty and famine? 300 years from Surid to "flood" is similar to 400/430 or "215" years from Joseph to Moses. The 300 years of Surid is double the 150 years of the 4th dynasty in Herodotus, which is possibly similar to the 215 or 430 years of the Hebrews in Egypt. (Surid was either 3rd or 4th or 5th dynasty in conventional sources.)
(Potiphar captain of the guard and/or) Potiphera priest of On seemingly may match Ra-hotep/Hotepra (leader of the warriors of the monarch and) priest of Heliopolis. (Though it is not yet sure whether Rahotep did or did not have a daughter with a name similar to Asenath. He did have a son named Achethotep.) Orthodox Egyptologists scathingly assert that Ra-hotep can not match Potiphera because of claimed rules of Egyptian language and writing. However, the truth is that there are plenty of posisble evdiences that their asserted claims are only albeit-expert theory and are not necessarily so certain as they make out. (I am reminded here of physicists telling us that there "are no laws" and is "no truth" in physics.) We could post many example evidences from Egyptian and Hebrew (and other languages) to show that it the reading of Ra-hotep is not necessarily the only-correct reading, and that it is possible that Potiphera could match Ra-hotep/Hotepra. Due to space and flow issues will have to post the list of examples in an appendix at the end of the book. If we are wrong about Rahotep the there are also other possible candidate matches for Potiphera &/or his daughter including: Pa-rin-bara in "predynastic" inscription, Hetep-ren-nebty found in Sekhemhet complex; Hetepheres wife of Djedefre; preist Rauser father of the 5th dynasty kings (who may be (from) Joseph's or Jacob's sons. In the time when orthodox place Joseph they have no major candidates for Potiphar or Potiphera, the only proposed Padipara or Ptahwer candidates are very weak.
There are a number of possible candidates for Potiphar &/or his wife in the 2nd-5th dynasties period including: Pa-rin-bara ("predynastic" inscription, Waddell); Hotepdif; Hudjefa; Atef-neter; Imhotep; Rahotep leader of warriors of the monarch; Hetep-ren (Sekhemhet pryamid complex inscription; Djedef-re; the wife of Uba-aner (in the tales of the magicians, which tale is similar to the story of Potiphar's wife); Djedefptah, Ptahhotep.
Hetepren-nebty occurs in an inscription of Sekhemkhet's, and we show that Sekhemhet seems to match Joseph/Zaphenath. This Hetepren-nebty might refer to either the daughter of Potiphera or the wife of Potiphar?
Joseph lived to a 110 yrs old, and there were centenarians and 110 yr olders in the Old Kingdom. (Djedi was 110 yrs old. Pepy may have reigned 94 yrs. Though a 110 yrs old "perfect old age" is a common Egyptian tradition.) Herodotus had 50 + 56 yrs = 106 yrs for the first 2 kings of the 4th dynasty, which figure is also close to 110 yrs?
Joseph or Zaphenath-paneah (as he was a.k.a.) himself certainly matches one or more of these persons in the 2nd/3rd to 4th/5th dynasties: Hudjefa, or Kha-sekhem(wy), or Tosorthros, or Djoser/Zoser (7 yrs drought), or Imhotep, or Sekhemkhet / Djoserty-ankh, or Huny, or Sneferu, or Djedi, or Djedef-re, or Saophis Comastes ("the trafficker or money getter"), or the Sphinx/Shepshep-ankh, or Userkhaf, or Sahure?
Some people have disputed that Joseph can't match a pharoah/king because he was not pharaoh or king. However, some of the candidates are not necessarily pharaohs/kings. Sekhemkhet doesn't actually appear in the king lists under that name. Joseph was vizier, and he "Adon over all the land of Egypt" and 2nd only to pharaoh, granted status of son to pharaoh, and he wore his signet ring, and rode in his 2nd chariot, he married high priests daughter, and his brothers feared him after Jacob died. The Egyptian "Horus" names might be lords not pharaoh's. There is also seeming evidence that the Egyptian ling lists are not necessarily rigidly only kings/pharaoh's names like modern people assume, but the lists seem to have somenames that may be connected with events or viziers or lords (and the kinglists are mostly only from 18th & 19th dynasties). In the story of Bata & Anpu which is similar to Joseph & Potiphar's wife, Bata becomes pharaoh at the end.
There is some seeming possible evidence for Joseph being partly/initially in the 2nd dynasty. Hotepdif might be connected with Potiphar? In the reign of Neferkara "the Nile flowed with honey" which some suggest may mean great prosperity like the 7 yrs of plenty (though the former was only for "11 days"). (The worship of the Apis bull started in the reign of Kakau.) Legends claimthat Neferkasokar/Sesochris "saved Egypt from a long lasting drought". Similarities of Khasekhem(wy) with Joseph include: the (kha &) sekhem might connect with Zaphenath & paneah like Sekhemkhet of the 3rd dynasty seems to. (Kha means "appear or rising (of the sun)".) Khasekhem(wy)'s wife Nemathap may be similar to Joseph's wife Asenath. Khasekhem(wy) uniting both Horus and Seth could link with Joseph being of race of Shem/Seth, or with Joseph's consolidating the whole land of Egypt under Pharaoh's rule. The simple/humble statue of Khasekhem(wy) on throne looks/feels to me like vizier Joseph.
Imhotep has been shown by Mohler and Wyatt to have quite a few intriguing similarites with Joseph of Genesis. His list of office titles "treasurer of the king, first after the king, administrator of the great palace, high priest of Heliopolis" is similar to vizier Joseph's in Genesis. Tosorthros and Imhotep of the 3rd dynasty are both similarily connected with healing and with building in stone. However it is not certain that Imhotep is actually the same person as Joseph for a number of reasons including: the name Imhotep doesn't match Joseph or Zaphenath-paneah (though the hotep is similar to Joseph in English). Joseph certainly seems to rather match Sekhemhet and this match lessens the Imhotep scenario. If Rahotep is Potiphera than we see that Rahotep came after Imhotep. It is nevertheless possible that Joseph and Imhotep do have a close connection and/or that they may have been confounded together. Imhotep might perhaps rather match Potiphar rather than Joseph? (Imhotep's name and details are also possibly similar to Almodad the "measurer" of Genesis 10?)
Sekhemkhet has many seeming similarities with Joseph, for example: The names Sekhem(k)het & Djoserty-ankh very similar to Zaph(e)nath-paneah & Joseph. (An orthodox Egyptologist has tried to claim the names can't be connected because they claim phonetics changes between the 2 languages would be different, but this is disputable because the linguistics is not necessarily as certain as they claim, and because the historical evidences are pretty strong that Sekhemhet is Joseph.) "from earliest times viziers and other officials of important rank held the sekhem [scepter]". Unas famine scenes beside Sekhemkhet's pyramid complex. Some have connected Joseph with Imhotep, and there is Imhotep graffiti in Sekhemhet's pyramid complex. (Imhotep might be Potiphar?) The gold necklace found in the pyramid complex of Sekhemhet may be the very gold chain mentioned in the Genesis story. A 2 yr old infant was found in Sekhemhet's complex, and Joseph is connected with 2 yrs of famine until his brothers come to Egypt. Sen-nebti or Djeseret-nebti or Htp-ren[...]_nebty of Sekhemhet inscriptions might be Asenath daughter of Potiphera. (Htp-ren-nebty might be either the daughter of Potiphera or the wife of Potiphar.) Sekhemhet's "pyramid" complex is beside Zoser's and looks like as if vizier's next to pharaoh's? Teti the king who scholars equate with Sekhemkhet ruled for 6 years which is maybe like Joseph's 7 years? There is a possible confusion or connection of the Netjerikhet name of Djoser (of the 7 yrs drought account) with Sekhemkhet, especially since glyph/glyphs for sekhem can alternatively be read neri (like in the case of Khasekhem(wy) or Khaneri).
Huni's name may possibly be connected with Paneah ("ankh"?) name of Joseph. Some sources have Huni same king as Neferkara who might be connected with Neferkara of the 2nd dynasty who we mentioned above. Joseph seems to be connected with the Sphinx which is associated with the name Hu which may be linked with Hu/Huni/Huny. (There is in one source a picture of a viceroy "Huny" holding a branch or feather, and accomanpying scenes of Africans bringing gifts. The name Huny (or Huy) seemed like the 3rd dynasty Huny's (or Hu's), and the scenes seemed possibly similar to Joseph's famine story, and the feather or branch seemed similar to the large fennel branch found on Sekhemhet's empty sarcophagus. However the person in the picture labeled "Huny" in the source is in other sources said to be Huy viceroy of Nubia under Tutankhamun. The name Huy is also a nickname of Amenhotep. But the coincidence is still interesting enough to just mention here.)
Djedefre of the 4th dynasty is likely to be Joseph. If Khufu is Jacob and Khafre is Ephraim then Djedefre who is son of Khufu and who comes between Khufu and Khafre could be Joseph. Djedefre's pyramid is not at Giza but elsewhere which is similar to Joseph not dwelling with Jacob at Goshen. The name of Djedefre's pyramid "Djedefre's starry sky" might relate to Joseph's dreams. Some think the Sphinx face is Djedefre's or Khafre's and we show in this chapter and both the sphinx and Djedefre may match Joseph, while Khafre may be Joseph's son Ephraim (and so likeness of faces?) The red quartzite head of Djedefre looks/feels/seems to me to be like Joseph. Djedefre has a reign length of ca 7/8 years.
D(j)edi has similarities with Joseph: both were a 110 years old. Dedi dwelt at Djed-Sneferu which by the Bent Pyramid which we showed may be connected with Joseph. He rode a vessel similar to the "chariot" of Joseph. The magician Zazamankh also might be connected with Joseph/Zaphenath-peaneh. Zazamankh parting the river waters is also similar to Moses parting the Red Sea.
Joseph is called Tisithen in Classical sources, and in the bible he was "vizier" which in Egyptian is tjaty/t3ty (and/or sekhem) and this word is similar to some of the names of persons who may match Joseph or are in the same dynasty: T'at'ai. Djoser(-te)ty/Sesor-tosis. Djed & Tyet (Djoser & Imhotep). (Imhotep was successor of Thoth/Taht.) Teti. Djedefre/Tatfra. Djadja-em-ankh/Zazamankh. D(j)edi.
It has been found that there is very good evidence that the 4th dynasty Khufu/Khufwey/Cheops is the same as Jacob of Genesis. In agreement with this it seems that the shepherd Philitis "lover of righteousness" who dwelt at Giza in the 4th dynasty according to Herodotus also seems to match Jacob. Goshen where Jacob dwelt seemingly matches Giza/Er-ges-her "beside the high" (roughly modern Cairo). (Josephus also said the exodus started from Latopolis which is not far from Sakkara & Memphis & Giza.) There are also some other possible matches for Jacob in the 3rd-5th dynasties: Aches, Khaba, Khaibawsokar (3rd dyn), Kawab, and/or Ka-aper the "Sheikh el-Beled". (Compare the later Khabaw of the 13th dynasty and Yakob-her of the Hyksos.) We will discuss the match of Khufu & Jacob in chapter 4 rather than repeat the words here and there.
Table/list of tentative matches of 4th dynasty with story of Joseph: Sneferu = Pharaoh (or Zaphenath)? Khufu/Khufwey/Cheops = Jacob? 2/3/4 wives of Khufu = 2/3/4 wives of Jacob? Shepherd Philitis = Jacob? Djedef-re('s starry sky) = Joseph (or Judah)? Sphinx/Shepshepankh = "head of Joseph" (Zaphenath) & lion of Judah (Gen 49)? Khafre/Chephren = Ephraim? Menkaure/Mycerinus = Manasseh? Pyramids = "eternal mountains" (Gen 49)? Giza/Gizeh/Ergesher = Goshen?
Some versions of the name Sneferu are possibly similar to the name "Pharaoh"?
The Sphinx seemingly may be connected with the "crouching" lion of Judah in Genesis 49, and/or it may be connected with the "head of Joseph" of Genesis 49 while the name Sphinx or Shepshep-ankh might be connected with the Zaphenath-paneah name of Joseph. We have already mentoined that the Hu name of the sphinx may be linked with Hu/Huni/Huny who might also be connected with Joseph. Genesis 49 says (the lion of) Judah "shall go up", and in Genesis 48 Ephraim is "greater" & Manasseh is "great". At Giza the 2nd pyramid is seen rising high behind the sphinx when looking from in front of the sphinx, and the name of Khafre's pyamird means "great or upper", and the name of Menkaure's pyramid means "high". There is evidence that the Sphinx was known in Khufu's reign. The sphinx's rain weathering marks may be from either the unstable weather for a few centuries after the Flood, or possibly from the 7 years plenty of Joseph, or other later happenings? (Compare rain marks near Sarmast's "Atlantis" site in Cyprus, and in the Valley of Mexico.) A source said that Cambridge Ancient History gave evidence that the Old Kingdom had a wetter/cooler climate. (Similarily it is stated that Mohenjo-daro also had a wetter/cooler climate.) The name of Shepseskaf's pyramid is Qebeh "cool".
The pyramids might be connected with the "eternal mountains" in Genesis 49. (The word masteba is also found in the Old Testament.) Alan Alford suggested that a solution to the Great Pyramid's design and function might be connected with water (similar to gas), and we speculate that it might be possible that the pyramids may possibly be connected with ground water or atmospheric water or shade during the 7 yrs famine? (There have been theories in the past that the pyramids might be the storehouses of Joseph, or the treasure cities of Pharaoh built by Hebrews. Some have compared the Step Pyramid and/or Great Pyramid with Jacob's Ladder, and the Great Pyramid sarcophagus with the ark.) As we mentioned earlier, Goshen seems to match Giza/Er-ges-her "beside the high" which may be another hidden indirect mention of the pyramids in Genesis.
Asenath the daughter of Potiphera and wife of Joseph has possible match candidates in the period including: Ash-nini ("predynastic" inscription, Waddell), Nemathap (wife of Khasekhemwy), Mut-suten, Satet of the Sahel/Philae inscription about the 7 yrs famine of Djoser? Sen-nebti (Sekhemhet inscription), Djeseret-nebti (Sekhemhet inscription), Htp-ren[...]_nebty (Sekhemhet inscription), Achethotep (child of priest Rahotep), Arsinoe (place name near Bent Pyramid), Hetepheres (wife of Djedefre), Ruddidet (daughter of priest Rauser and mother of 5th dyn kings) [Rhodopis of Herodotus may match Ruddidet or Redjedef]. Nitocris of the 6th dynasty (claimed to be buried in the 4th dynasty pyramid of Menkaure).
There were "chariots" and/or "horses" in the stories of Joseph and Moses, and orthodox Egyptology has held that there were no chariots and/or horses in Egypt before the Hyksos. However there are some evidences for "chariots" and "horses" before the Hyksos, and/or there are other possible explanations. Rohl mentioned that there was found evidence of horses in a dynasty shortly before the Hyksos. Herodotus said that the chariots &/or horses were lost in the reign of Sesostris of the 12th (or 19th) dynasty. The chariots were all lost in the Red Sea crossing. Chariots parts have been found in the gulf of Aqaba near Nuweiba and they might yield dating evidence (including the different wheels spokes or types). There are wheel like symbols in some pictures in dynasties before the SIP. Ramps in sites like Sekhemhet's complex and Deir el Bahri are similar to modern ramps for wheelchairs and other vehicles. Dedi's vehicle in the tales of the magicians is possibly similar. Some have pointed out that the "chariots" of Joseph may be more like the carried sedan chairs of the pharaohs (similar to the ark of the covenant, and to the vehicles of the Sumerian/Babylonian gods).
The name Raameses occurs in the story of Joseph and Moses, and orthodox scholars assume that this means that the latter can't date earlier than the 19th dynasty because this dynasty has the earliest kings with name Ramses in the orthodox list of pharaohs. However, as we also mention in chapter 12 and/or 19, this assumption has the following flaws: The name Raamses is spelt different in the biblical text. The bible doesn't say Pi-Ramses. It is not certain that the biblical Ramses is a king/pharaoh name. There are other possible Ramseses in earlier dynasties in other king lists etc, eg Rhampsinitis before Cheops in Herodotus (some sources suggest he may be Redjedef); Rimush (Akkadian); Ranmaat (12th dyn). The name Ramses was found in a 4th dynasty site (ref Hoeh, though orthodox critics claim it may just be from Ramses 2 who stuck his name all over the place). The reign of the god-king Ra/Re starts from the 2nd/3rd/4th/5th dynasty (Raneb/Nebre, Neferkara, Rahotep, Reufu, Redjedef, sera/sare "son of the sun", Rauser, 5th dyn sun kings, Ranefer).
The 3 Hermes Set, Shu/Num & Thoth may correspond with the "3 reincarnations Seth [Shem], Moses & Samuel" and may roughly match the 3 Kingdoms Old, Middle & New (or 3 books of Manetho), and this may confirm that Abraham and Joseph (of the race of Seth/Shem) were in the (EDP &/or) Old Kingdom. Seth does link with the period eg Seth-Peribsen, Horus & Seth Khasekhem(wy), Setka. If Djedefre is Joseph, then his son Setka may confirm connection of Joseph and Set(h). (In Genesis Jacob does mention other possible sons of Joseph, and Setka may even match someone in the genealogies in the Torah.)
Apollonius Rhodius said "Sesortosis/Sesonchosis was 2500 yrs before Nilus who was 436 yrs before 1st Olympiad (776)" giving a date of 1212 bc for Nilus and a date for Sesortosis of 3712 bc. This date is similar to the 3750 bc date of Sargon/Naramsin in Babylonian. Sesonchosis is also found early in the Book of Sothis king list, and Sesor-tosis seems to be Zoser-teti of the 3rd dynasty, though there are maybe other possible candidates in other dynasties like Sesostris, or Shishak. Present day orthodox scholars seem to accept that the 3712 bc date of Sesortosis is not correct because they assert an ascribed date of 2600s bc for the 3rd dynasty (though possibly they may have decided that it was just a 1000 yrs difference like they did with the Sargon date). One possible decryption of the Sesor-tosis info is that Zoser was 2500/4 or 625 years before 1212 bc, giving a date of 1837 bc? (The Egyptians did have a 4 yrs = 1 yr system.) Perhaps compare the length of dynasty 3 in Manethonian lists is either 55 or 215 (roughly 4 x 55) years? It is stated that there is no known sothic date for the Old Kingdom. Our possible Sesortosis date is similar/close to the supposed Sothaic date of 1873 bc of Sesostris/Senusret 3 in the 12th dynasty. The 2 sothaic dates of the 12th and 18th dynasties might possibly really match the 3rd and 12th dynasties since evidence suggests that Joseph (1800s) was in the 3rd-4th dynasty and Moses (1400s) was in the 12th dynasty. There is a "Sirius" about the same time in the Eratosthenes king list.
One other possible dating evidence is that some animals in pictures of the Old Kingdom and also in Minoan Crete possible look like drawings of aniamls that we see in much earlier periods of the geological time scale.