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Chronology of Central Asian History

Printed From: History Community ~ All Empires
Category: Regional History or Period History
Forum Name: Steppe Nomads and Central Asia
Forum Discription: Nomads such as the Scythians, Huns, Turks & Mongols, and kingdoms of Central Asia
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Topic: Chronology of Central Asian History
Posted By: kotumeyil
Subject: Chronology of Central Asian History
Date Posted: 09-Oct-2005 at 16:55

I found the chronology from the following links:

http://www.oxuscom.com/cahist1.htm - http://www.oxuscom.com/cahist1.htm

http://www.oxuscom.com/cahist2.htm - http://www.oxuscom.com/cahist2.htm

I'm not sure if the dates or events are correct but they might be helpful for any researh on the related subjects...

c. 1200 BC
The Cimmerians begin to occupy the South Russian Steppe.

c. 700 BC
The Scythians replace the Cimmerians in the Steppe region

6th cent. BC
The Invasion of Transoxiana by the Achaemenids of Persia under Darius I and Cyrus.

4th cent. BC
The Samartians begin to absorb the Scythians.

329-28 BC
The Invasion of Transoxiana and capture of Samarkand by the Greeks under Alexander the Great, resulting in the rule of the Greek Seleucids in both Bactria and Soghdiana.

250 BC
The Parthians take Soghdiana from the Greeks, leaving the latter to rule only in Bactria.

206 BC
The Han dynasty is established in China.

c. 200 BC
The Emergence of the Hsiung-nu (later known as the Huns?) on the western borders of China.

174-161 BC
The Hsiung-nu attack the Yeh-chih (known in the West as the Tocharians), driving them from Gansu.

141-128 BC
The Yeh-chih, fleeing from the Hsiung-nu, overrun the Greco-Bactrian kingdom, which is renamed Tocharistan.

138 BC
The first Chinese diplomatic mission to the Ferghana Valley, led by Chang Chien.

121 BC
The Chinese, under General Ho Chu-ping, defeat the Hsiung-nu.

106 BC
Diplomatic ties are established between the Chinese and the Persians.

102 BC
The Chinese capture Kokand.

51 BC
The Hsiung-nu split into two hordes, with the Eastern Horde subject to China.

AD 48
The Hsiung-nu Empire dissolves.

c. AD 50
Kujula Kadphises unites the Yeh-chih to establish the Kushan Empire, stretching from Persia to Transoxiana to the Upper Indus.

c. AD 78-144
The reign of King Kanishka over the Kushan Empire (territory extended to include the Tarim Basin), with Buddhism as the dominant religion.

AD 97
Chinese armies reach the Caspian Sea.

3rd cent.
The decline of the Kushan and Parthian Empires and the incorporation of Soghd and Bactria into Persia under the Sassanian dynasty.

220
The end of the Han dynasty in China.

226
The Sassanians overthrow the Parthians in Persia.

4th cent.
The Mongolian Juan-juan Empire is formed in Mongolia.

c. 370
The Huns invade Europe from the Central Asian steppe.

440
The Hephthalites (White Huns, later known in the West as the Avars) move south from the Altai region to occupy Transoxiana, Bactria, Khurasan, and eastern Persia.

c. 460
The Hephthalites conquer the Kushans and invade India.

552
The Turks destroy the Juan-juan Empire and establish the Turkic Khaganate, nominally divided into Western and Eastern Khanates.

553-68
The Turks and Sassanians ally to destroy the Hephthalite Empire.

late 6th cent.
The Hephthalites move west to the Russian steppe to form the Avar Khanate.

570
The birth of Muhammad.

572-91
The Turks and the Byzantines ally against the Sassanians.

576
The Turks invade the Caucasus and establish the Khazar Khanate.

582
The Turkic Khaganate officially breaks up into Western and Eastern Khanates.

618
The Tang dynasty is established in China.

630
The Chinese occupy Mongolia (Eastern Turkic Khanate).

630-40
The Chinese subdue the Tarim Basin.

632
The death of Muhammad and beginning of the expansion of the Arab Muslim Empire.

642
The Sassanian Shah Yazdigird is defeated by the Arabs at the Battle of Nahavand.

642-51
The collapse of the Sassanian Empire under the pressure of Arab raids.

c. 650
The Khazars defeat the Alans and Bulgars, resulting in their domination of the Caucasus and the Volga region.

652
The Arabs first capture Khurasan.

659
Chinese forces penetrate into Transoxiana (Western Turkic Khanate).

661
The establishment of the Arabic Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus and the origin of the Sunni-Shi'ite split in Islam.

667
The Arabs defeat Peroz, the last Sassanian shah, and first cross the Oxus River(Amu Darya).

673/74-704
Arab raids across the Oxus in an attempt to capture Bukhara and Soghd.

682/83
The revolt of the Turks against the Chinese and the re-establishment of the Turkic Khanate in Mongolia.

689
The Arab occupation of Termez.

691
The reestablishment of the Eastern Turkic Khanate in the Tarim Basin.

705
The Arabs, under Qutayba ibn Muslim, launch a holy war against Transoxiana from Merv.

709
The Arabs capture Bukhara and Samarkand.

711
The Arabs capture Khiva.

712
The Arabs subdue Khwarezm and recapture Samarkand.

713
The Arabs sack Kashgar.

714
The Chinese, under emperor T'ai-tsong, defeat the Turks at Lake Issuk-kul.

715
The end of the Arab conquest of Transoxiana as a result of the death of Qutaiba.

728
Arab attempt to forcibly convert Transoxiana to Islam, resulting in general revolt.

744/45
The Uighurs defeat the Turks in Mongolia and establish the Uighur Empire.

748
The Chinese invade the Ferghana Valley.

749/50
The Abbasids seize the Caliphate from the Umayyads and subsequently transfer the capital to Baghdad.

751
The Arabs defeat the Chinese at the Battle of the Talas River.

mid-8th cent.
Semirechye and the eastern Syr Darya come under the rule of the Qarluqs while the western Syr Darya comes under the rule of the Oghuz (Ghuzz).

late 8th cent.
The Uighurs convert to Manichaeism under Khan Mei-yu (759-80).

820/21
The rise of the Tahirid Emirate in Khurasan, extending into Transoxiana.

840
The Kirghiz replace the Uighurs in Mongolia, who flee to Turfan to establish the Uighur Kingdom.

867-69
The rise of the Saffarid dynasty (Shi'ite) in Persia.

874/75
The Persian Samanid dynasty (Sunni) obtains the administration of Transoxiana, with its capital in Bukhara, from the Caliph.

900
The Samanids overthrow the Saffarids, thus extending their rule into all of Persia.

906
The end of the Tang dynasty in China.

924
The Mongol Khitans defeat the Kirghiz.

932
The Turkic Qarakhanid dynasty is established, with its initial center in Kashgar.

mid-10th cent.
The conversion of the Qarakhanids and Uighurs from Buddhism to Islam under Satuq Bughra Khan (d.955).

962
The Turkic Ghaznavid dynasty is established in Afghanistan.

965
The Kievan ruler Svyatoslav crushes Khazar political power in the Russian steppe region.

985
The Seljuq Turks, a ruling tribe of the Oghuz, move to the vicinity of Bukhara.

986
The Russians, in search of a religion, contact Muslim missionaries from Khwarezm, but decide not to adopt Islam.

988
The conversion of the Russians to Orthodox Christianity.

late 10th cent.
The pro-Shi'ite Persian Buwayhids end the political power of the Abbasid Caliphate by seizing control of Iraq and much of Iran.

999
The Ghaznavids defeat the Samanids in Khurasan and the Qarakhanids capture Bukhara, the Samanid capital.

early 11th cent.
The extension of Ghaznavid rule from Iraq to the Sind.

mid-11th cent.
The Qarakhanid Empire splits in two: one rules over Western Turkestan (Transoxiana), the other over Eastern Turkestan (the Tarim Basin).

1040
The Seljuqs defeat the Ghaznavids at the Battle of Dandanqan, near Merv.

1055
The Seljuqs, under Tghral Beg, capture Baghdad, the Abbasid capital, from the Buwayhids, establish the Seljuq Sultanate, and become the official protectors of the Caliphate.

1060
The pagan Oghuz, known to the Byzantines as the Cumans, move into the Russian steppe.

1068
The Cumans defeat the South Russian princes.

1071
The Seljuqs, under Alp-Arslan, defeat the Byzantine emperor Romanus Diogenes at the Battle of Manzikert and establish the Turkish sultanate of Rum in Anatolia.

1073
The Seljuqs defeat the Qarakhanids.

1092
The death of the Seljuq sultan Malik-Shah, resulting in the division of the Sultanate into three parts: Nicaea (Anatolia), Hamadan (Persia), and Merv (Transoxiana and Khurasan).

1122
The Russians defeat the Cumans.

1124
The Tungusic Juchen drive the Mongol Khitans (Liao dynasty: 916-1124) from China, resulting in the creation of the Qarakhitai state in Semirechye.

1137
The Qarakhitai defeat the Qarakhanids (now vassals of the Seljuqs) at Khojent.

1140/41
The Qarakhitais defeat the Seljuq Sultan Sanjar at the Battle of the Qatwan Steppe, thus gaining power in Transoxiana.

1153
The overthrow of the Seljuq Sultanate of Merv by Oghuz mercenaries.

1155 (1162? 1167?)
The birth of Chingiz Khan.

1157
The death of Sultan Sanjar, resulting in the breakup of the remaining Seljuq Sultanate.

1194
The death of Tghril III, the last Persian Seljuq ruler, resulting in the end of Seljuq power in Iran and the rise of the Turkic Khwarezmians in Transoxiana.

1206
Chingiz Khan becomes khan of the Mongols.

1209
The Mongols defeat the Kirghiz of the Yenisei, forcing them to flee south to the Tien Shan.

1209
The Uighurs, under Barchuq, submit to Mongol rule.

1210
The Khwarezmians defeat the Qarakhitais.

1215
The Mongols sack and burn Peking.

1218
The Mongols capture Semirechye and the Tarim Basin, occupying Kashgar.

1218
The execution of Mongol envoys by the Khwarezmian Shah Muhammad sets in motion the first Mongol westward thrust.

1219
The Mongols cross the Jaxartes River (Syr Darya) and begin their invasion of Transoxiana.

1220
The Mongols capture Bukhara and Samarkand, defeating the Khwarezmians.

1221
The Mongol conquest of Khurasan and Afghanistan.

1223/24
The Mongols, in pursuit of the Khwarezmian shah, encounter the Russians on the river Kalka, where they defeat them.

1227
The death of Chingiz Khan, resulting in the division of his empire amongst his heirs, including Batu (the Kipchak Khanate, on the Russian steppe) and Chagatai (The Chagatayid Khanate, in Transoxiana, the Tarim Basin, and Semirechye).

1231
The Mongols defeat a resurrected Khwarezmian Shahdom.

1236
The second Mongol westward thrust begins.

1240
Kiev falls to the Mongols and Russia comes under the Mongol yoke.

1242
The Mongols stop their westward advance at the gates of Vienna.

1243
The Mongols defeat the Seljuqs at the Battle of Ksedagh.

1244
A group of Khwarezmians, fleeing from the Mongols, capture Jerusalem from the Crusaders.

1249/50
The establishment of the Kipchak Turkic Mamluke dynasty in Egypt.

1256
The Mongol Il-Khanid dynasty is established in Iran under Hleg.

1258
The Mongols destroy Baghdad and bring the Abbasid caliphate to an end.

1260
The Mamlukes defeat the Mongols at the Battle of 'Ayn Jalut.

1260
The Kipchak Khanate divides into the White and Golden Hordes.

1260
The Mongol Yan dynasty is established in China under Kublai Khan.

1270
The Uighur Kingdom is defeated by rebels.

1284
The Uighur Kingdom is absorbed into the Chagatai Khanate.

1294/95
The Il-Khanids convert to Islam under Ghazan Khan.

1299-1300
The Seljuq Sultanate of Anatolia breaks up into smaller principalities, to be succeeded by the Ottoman Turk Emirate, founded by Osman I (ruled 1290-1326).

1303
The Mamlukes stop the last Mongol invasion of Syria.

early 14th cent.
The Chagatai Khanate splits in two parts: Transoxiana (West) and Moghulistan (East).

1313-41/42
The rule of the Golden Horde by Khan Uzbek (1282-1342), under whom the Horde converts to Islam.

1326
The conversion of the Chagatayid Khan Tarmashirin to Islam.

1336
The end of the Il-Khanid dynasty in Iran.

1336
The birth of Timur.

1346-63
The rule of the Chagatai Khan Tughlug Timur in Transoxiana.

1363
Timur expels Khan Tughlug Timur and sets up a puppet Khan under his control.

1368
The end of the Yan dynasty in China.

1369/70
Timur becomes the sole ruler of Transoxiana.

1377-95
The rule of the Golden Horde by Khan Tokhtamysh.

1380
The Russians defeat Mamay, Khan of the Golden Horde, at the Battle of Kulikova.

1380
The Golden Horde is amalgamated with the White Horde (together called by the former name).

1380-87
Timur conquers Iran.

1382
Tokhtamysh sacks and burns Moscow.

late 14th cent.
The Turfan Uighurs accept Islam.

1395
Timur defeats Tokhtamysh, destroys the Golden Horde capital of Sarai Berke, and briefly occupies Moscow.

1398/99
Timur defeats the Delhi sultanate.

1400
Timur defeats the Mamlukes in Syria.

1401
Timur destroys Baghdad.

1402
Timur defeats the Ottoman sultan Bayezid I at the Battle of Ankara.

1405
The death of Timur.

1407-47
The rule of Timur's son Shah Rukh (1377-1447) in Herat.

1407-49
The rule of Shah Rukh's son Ulugh Beg (1394-1449) in Samarkand.

1408
The emirate of the Black Sheep Turks is established in western Persia.

c. 1430
Part of the Golden Horde splits off to form the Khanate of the Crimea under Hajji Giray Khan.

1434
The rise of the Oyrat (Western) Mongols in Jungaria.

early 15th cent.
The Uzbeks move south to Transoxiana under Abu al-Khayr (1413-69).

1445
Part of the Golden Horde splits off to form the Khanate of Kazan.

1451/52-69
The reign of the Timurid ruler Abu Sa'id (1424-69).

1453
The Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople.

1464-65
The Muscovite Prince Ivan III (the Great, reigned 1462-1505) sends an embassy to Abu Sa'id.

1466
Part of the Golden Horde splits off to form the Khanate of Astrakhan.

1467
The White Sheep Turks defeat the Black Sheep Turks in Persia.

1478-1506The reign of the Timurid ruler Husayn Bayqara (1438-1506) in Herat.

1480
Ivan III throws off the Mongol yoke and proclaims himself Czar of Russia.

1490
Husayn Bayqara sends an embassy to Moscow.

late 15th cent.
The Kazakh Empire is established on the Central Asian steppes.

late 15th cent.
The decline of the overland trade routes, including the Silk Road, due to a new emphasis on trade by sea.

1497
Babur (1483-1530), the ruler of Ferghana, captures Samarkand.

1500
The Uzbeks capture Samarkand under Muhammad Shaybani Khan (1451-1510), thus taking over Transoxiana from the Timurids.

1501-11
Babur and the Uzbeks continuously battle to control Samarkand.

1502
The final collapse of the Golden Horde at the hands of the khan of the Crimean Tatar Khanate.

1502
The beginning of the Safavid dynasty in Persia.

1504
Babur establishes himself in Kabul.

1506
The Uzbeks capture Bukhara.

1507
The Uzbeks capture Herat, bringing to an end the Timurid dynasty.

1510
Muhammad Shaybani Khan is killed in the Battle of Merv against Shah Ismail, the Safavid ruler, resulting in the establishment of the Shaybanid dynasty in Transoxiana, with the capital in Samarkand, but political power increasingly centered in Bukhara.

early 16th cent.
The rise of the Khojas in Kashgar, later split into the Aq-Taghliqs (white-caps) and the Qara-Taghliqs (black-caps).

1514-33
The rule of the Eastern Chagatayid Khan Sayid, under whom the capital moves from Ili to Kashgar.

1517
The Ottomans defeat the Mamlukes, thus adding Egypt to their Empire.

1522
Babur captures Qandahar.

1526
Babur captures Delhi and founds the Moghul Empire in India.

1552
Ivan IV (the Terrible, reigned 1533-84) subjugates the Kazan Khanate.

1556
Ivan IV defeats the Astrakhan Khanate.

1557-98
The reign of the last and greatest Shaybanid ruler in Bukhara, Abdullah Khan II (1533-98).

1558-59
The first Russian commercial contacts with Transoxiana under Anthony Jenkinson.

1563-98
The reign of the last Shaybanid ruler of the Siberian Khanate, Kuchum Khan.

1570
The height of Oyrat Mongol power in Jungaria and Mongolia.

1571
The Crimean Tatars sack Moscow.

late 16th cent.
The Kazakh Empire divides into three hordes: the Great Horde (east), the Middle Horde (center), and the Lesser Horde(west).

1584
Yermak, the Russian Cossack leader, defeats Kuchum Khan at the Battle of Tobol River.

1598/99
The Astrakhanid dynasty, related to the Shaybanids by marriage, inherits power in Transoxiana, with their power base in the Khanate of Bukhara.

1619-21
The first diplomatic contacts between Moscow and Bukhara.

early 17th cent.
The Kalmuks, part of the Oyrat tribal confederation, migrate from Jungaria to the Volga.

1643
The Oyrats who stayed in Jungaria conquer Semirechye.

1644
The Manchu Qing dynasty is established in China.

1645
The Russians reach the Pacific Ocean.

1680s
Clashes between Russian and Chinese troops in Manchuria.

1680-1718
The rule of Khan Teuke over the reunited Kazakh hordes.

1687
The end of Shaybanid rule in Khiva.

1689
The Treaty of Nerchinsk between Russia and China ends border clashes in Manchuria.

early 18th cent.
Oyrat raids on the Kazakhs.

1715
The first Russian military expedition to the Kazakh Steppe under Peter the Great.

1717
The first Russian military expedition to Khiva ends in a massacre of Tsarist troops.

1718
The Oyrats defeat the Kazakh Middle Horde north of Lake Balkash.

1722
The Afghans invade Persia, bringing to an end the Safavid dynasty.

1723-25
Kalmuk and Oyrat raids into northern Transoxiana.

1729
Nadir Qoli Beg (later Nadir Shah) drives the Afghans out of Persia.

1731
The Kazakh Lesser Horde accepts Russian protection.

1732
Nadir Qoli Beg takes Herat.

1734/35
The founding of the Russian fort at Orenburg.

1739
Nadir Shah takes Ghazna and Kabul and occupies Delhi.

1740
The Kazakh Middle Horde accepts Russian protection.

1740-47
The invasion and subsequent domination of Transoxiana by Nadir Shah.

1742
Part of the Kazakh Great Horde accepts Russian protection.

1747
The establishment of the Durrani dynasty in Afghanistan.

1747
The Uzbek Mangit dynasty begins to rise to power in the Khanate of Bukhara.

1757
The Chinese defeat the Oyrats in Jungaria.

1759
The Chinese conquer the Tarim Basin, resulting in the Khojas fleeing to Kokand.

1763
The Uzbek Kungrat dynasty begins to rise to power in the Khanate of Khiva (or Khorezm).

1768
Eastern (Chinese) Turkestan is officially renamed "Xinjiang" by the Chinese.

1771
The Chinese attempt to bring the Kazakhs into a vassal relationship.

1771
Some Kalmuks migrate back to Jungaria and the Ili Valley from the Volga.

1782/83
The Crimean Tatar Khanate is absorbed by Russia.

1784/85
The Mangits succeed the Astrakhanids as rulers of the Khanate of Bukhara and adopt the title of Emir.

1798
The establishment of the Uzbek Khanate of Kokand.

1804
The Kungrats (in Khiva) adopt the title of Khan.

1820-28
The Khojas revolt against Chinese rule in Altishahr (the Tarim Basin).

1822
The Khanate of the Kazakh Middle Horde is abolished by Russia.

1824
The Khanate of the Kazakh Lesser Horde is abolished by Russia.

1826
The establishment of the Barakzai (or Mohammadzai) dynasty in Afghanistan.

1820s-40s
Kazakh revolts against Russian rule.

1837/38-46/47
Kazakh resistance to Russian rule under Kenesary Kasimov (1802-47).

1839-42
The First Opium War results in China's defeat at the hands of the European powers.

1839-42
The First Anglo-Afghan War results in the British capturing Kabul and Qandahar.

1842
The imprisonment and execution of Stoddart and Conolly by Emir Nasrullah of Bukhara.

1843-47
The revolt of the Six Khojas in Altishahr.

1848
The Khanate of the Kazakh Great Horde is abolished by Russia.

1850-64
The Taiping Rebellion in China.

1854
The founding of Alma-Ata (then called Fort Vernoe) by the Russians.

1855
Russia is defeated in the Crimean War.

1855
Kazakhstan comes fully under Russian control, who now hold the Syr Darya line (from the Aral Sea to Lake Issyk Kul).

1855-73
Muslim rebellions in Yunnan and Shaanxi provinces in China.

1857
The Khojas revolt in Altishahr.

1857-60
The Second Opium War, again resulting in China's defeat.

1864
Yaqub Beg (c. 1820-77) establishes an independent state in Altishahr.

1865
The Russians create the Province of Turkestan.

June 1865
The Russians capture Tashkent.

1867
The Russians create the Governorate-General of Turkestan, with Tashkent as its capital.

1868
The Russians create the Governorate-General of the Kazakh Steppe, with Orenburg as its capital.

May 1868
The Russians capture Samarkand.

June 1868
The Khanate of Bukhara becomes a Russian protectorate.

1869
The Russians establish a fort at Krasnovodsk on the Caspian Sea.

1871
Russian forces occupy the Ili Valley.

Aug. 1873
The Khanate of Khiva becomes a Russian protectorate.

1876
The Khanate of Kokand is annexed by Russia.

1876
The Chinese begin their reconquest of Xinjiang.

1877
Queen Victoria is proclaimed "Empress of India."

1877
Yaqub Beg dies of poisoning.

1878
Kashgar falls to the Chinese, under Tso Tsung-t'ang.

1878
The Congress of Berlin halts further Russian advancement into Afghanistan.

1878-80
The Second Anglo-Afghan War.

1880
The Transcaspian Railroad is begun.

Jan. 1881
The Russian slaughter of the Turkmens at the Battle of Gok-Tepe, resulting in the creation of the Transcaspian province.

1881
The Treaty of St. Petersburg between Russia and China results in the return of the Ili Valley to China.

1884
The Russians introduce American cotton into Turkestan.

1884
The Russians occupy the Merv oasis, thus completing the conquest of Turkestan.

1884
Xinjiang officially becomes a Chinese province.

1885
Muslim revolt in the Ferghana Valley against Tsarist rule.

1885
The Trans-Caspian Railroad reaches Mary (Merv).

1887
The border between Afghanistan and Russian Turkestan is determined by the British and the Russians.

1888
The Trans-Caspian Railroad reaches Samarkand.

1890-92
Mass immigration of Russian and Ukrainian settlers into the Kazakh steppe.

1892
Riots in Tashkent due to a cholera epidemic.

1898
Muslim uprising in Andijan against the Russians.

1900
Russia annexes the eastern Pamirs.

1905
The 1905 Russian Revolution.

1905
The Russo-Japanese War.

1906
The completion of the Orenburg-Tashkent Railroad, linking Turkestan to European Russia.

1909
The founding of the Young Bukharans in Bukhara.

1911
The Republican Revolution in China brings the Qing dynasty to an end.

1912
The founding of the Alash Orda party amongst the Kazakhs.

1914-18
World War I

1916
Central Asian uprising in protest over conscription into labor units of the Russian army, resulting in the slaughter of many Kazakhs by the Russians.

Mar. 12(Feb. 27),1917
The "February" Revolution in Russia, resulting in the establishment of the Tashkent Committee of the Provisional Government and the Tashkent Soviet of Worker's and Peasant's Deputies.

Apr. 1917
The Bolshevik Party affirms it support of the right of all nations within Russia to separate and form independent states.

Apr. 1917
The First Pan-Kirghiz (Kazakh) Congress in Orenburg.

Apr. 16-23, 1917
The First Central Asian Muslim Congress in Tashkent demands the cessation of Russian colonization and the return of confiscated lands.

May 1-11, 1917
The First Pan-Russian Congress of Muslims in Moscow.

July 21-26, 1917
The Second Kazakh Congress in Orenburg.

Sept. 3, 1917
The Second Central Asian Muslim Congress in Tashkent proposes the creation of an Autonomous Federated Republic of Turkestan.

Nov. 7(Oct. 25), 1917
The Bolshevik "October" Revolution in Russia, resulting in the Tashkent Soviet seizing power from the Tashkent Committee.

Nov. 1917
The White Cossacks, under Ataman Dutov, cut off Central Asia from European Russia.

Nov. 15, 1917
The Third Regional Congress of Soviets in Tashkent decides to exclude Muslims from local government.

Nov. 15, 1917
The Bolshevik Declaration of the right of nations of Russia to secede and the freedom of Muslims to practice Islam.

Nov. 19, 1917
The Bolsheviks in Tashkent create the Council of People's Commissars to rival the Menshevik-dominated Tashkent Soviet.

Nov. 25-27, 1917
The Fourth Central Asian Muslim Congress in Kokand results in the creation of the Muslim Provisional Government of Autonomous Turkestan.

Dec. 5-13, 1917
The Third Kazakh Congress in Orenburg proclaims a Kazakh nationalist government under the leadership of the Alash-Orda in an attempt to halt the spread of Communism into the Kazakh steppe.

Jan. 1918
The Fourth Regional Congress of Soviets in Tashkent declares war on the Kokand Government.

Feb. 18, 1918
The Muslim government in Kokand is crushed by the Tashkent Soviet and the Red Army, resulting in the slaughter of many Muslims.

Feb. 1918-Sept. 1920
The first phase of the Basmachi Revolt.

Mar. 1918
The Russian Civil War begins.

Apr. 1918
The Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR) is established.

July 1918
A Russian Social Revolutionary government captures Ashkabad from the Tashkent Soviet and appeals to British forces in Persia for assistance.

Nov. 1918
The Congress of Muslim Communists in Moscow creates a Muslim Bureau within the Russian Communist Party (RCP).

Feb. 1919
British forces withdraw from Ashkabad.

May 1919
The Third Anglo-Afghan War results in the Afghans signing a friendship treaty with the new Soviet regime.

May 1919
The First Conference of Muslim Communists of Central Asia proposes a "Unified Turkestan Soviet Republic."

July 1919
The Third Congress of the Communist Party of Turkestan decides to exclude Muslims from government posts in Turkestan.

Sept. 1919
Red Army troops break Dutov's blockade of Central Asia.

Oct. 1919
The Turkestan Commission is sent by Lenin to take over authority from the Tashkent Soviet.

early 1920
The Reds emerge victorious in the Russian Civil War.

Jan. 15, 1920
The Turkestan Commission proposes the division of Turkestan into separate ethnic republics.

Jan. 20, 1920
The Fifth Congress of the Communist Party of Turkestan proposes a Soviet Republic of Turkic Peoples and a Turkic Red Army.

Feb. 2, 1920
Soviet troops capture Khiva, resulting in the abolition of the Khanate of Khiva and the end of the Kungrat dynasty.

Feb. 1920
The Tashkent Soviet recaptures Ashkabad.

Mar. 1920
The Alash Orda government gives up resistance to the Bolsheviks.

Apr. 4, 1920
The People's Republic of Khorezm (Khiva) is established under the leadership of the Young Khivans.

Aug. 26, 1920
The Kazakh (then called Kirghiz) ASSR is created.

Sept. 1920
Soviet troops capture Bukhara, resulting in the abolition of the Khanate of Bukhara and the end of the Mangit dynasty.

Oct. 6, 1920
The People's Republic of Bukhara is established under the leadership of the Young Bukharans and the Bukharan Communist Party, with Faizullah Khojaev (1896-1938) as chairman and then premier.

1920-23
The second phase of the Basmachi Revolt.

Jan. 1921
The Muslim Bureau of the RCP is dissolved.

Mar. 14, 1921
The Soviets depose the Young Khivan government of the People's Republic of Khorezm.

Oct. 1921
Enver Pasha (1881-1922) arrives in Bukhara to assist the Soviets and switches allegiance to the Basmachis.

Feb. 1922
The Bukharan Communist Party comes under the control of the RCP.

Aug. 1922
Enver Pasha is killed, resulting in the gradual crumbling of the Basmashi Revolt.

Nov. 1922
The Turkish nationalists, under Mustafa Kemal (Atatrk) abolish the Ottoman Sultanate.

Dec. 1922
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is created, with the Turkestan and Kirghiz (Kazakh) ASSRs included as parts of the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR).

Mar. 1923
The First Conference of the Turkestan ASSR and the People's Republics of Bukhara and Khorezm establishes the Central Asiatic Economic Council, resulting in the economic and administrative unification of the three republics.

June 1923
Stalin denounces "Sultan Galievism" and the Muslim Communist aspirations for an independent Turkestan.

Oct. 1923
The Republic of Turkey is proclaimed, with Mustafa Kemal as its first president.

Oct. 1923
The Khorezmian Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) is established, replacing the People's Republic of Khorezm.

1923-33
Intermittent Basmachi operations against the Soviets in Turkestan.

Jan. 1924
The death of Lenin and subsequent rise of Stalin to full power in the USSR.

Mar. 1924
Mustafa Kemal abolishes the Ottoman Caliphate.

Sept. 1924
The Bukharan SSR is established, eplacing the People's Republic of Buhkhara.

Oct. 1924
The National Delimitation of Soviet Central Asia results in the abolition of the Turkestan ASSR, the Bukharan SSR, and the Khorezmian SSR and the establishment of the Turkmen SSR, the Uzbek SSR, and the Tajik ASSR (as part of the Uzbek SSR).

Oct. 27, 1924
The Turkmen and Uzbek SSRs are created.

1924
The Sino-Soviet Agreement re-establishes diplomatic relations between the two countries.

Mar. 15, 1925
The Tajik ASSR is created.

Apr. 1925
The "Kirghiz" ASSR is renamed the Kazakh ASSR.

1926
The Baku Turkological Congress proposes the adoption of the Latin script for all Turkic languages in the USSR.

Feb. 1, 1926
The Kirghiz ASSR is created.

1927
Stalin purges the "Trotsky-Zinoviev" opposition.

1927-28
The liquidation of the Kazakh Alash-Orda party by the Communists and the replacement of Kazakhs by Russians in the republican government.

1928
Soviet anti-Islamic campaign launched, resulting in the disbanding of Islamic courts and waqfs.

1928-30
The Latin script replaces the Arabic alphabet in Soviet Central Asia.

1928-33
The forced collectivization of Soviet Central Asians.

Oct. 15, 1929
The Tajik SSR is created.

1930
The completion of the Turkestan-Siberian Railroad.

1931
The Soviets capture the Basmachi leader Ibrahim Beg.

1931
Muslim revolt in Kumul (Hami), Xinjiang. Nov. 1933
The Turkish-Islamic Republic of Eastern Turkestan (TIRET) is established in Kashgar.

Dec. 1933
The beginning of Soviet control of Xinjiang under Governor Sheng Shih-ts'ai.

July 1934
The TIRET falls to Dungan (Chinese Muslim) forces.

1936
The incorporation of the Karakalpak ASSR into the Uzbek SSR.

Dec. 5, 1936
The Kazakh and Kirghiz SSRs are created.

1937
The Japanese invasion of China.

1937
Muslim revolt in Kashgar, Xinjiang, resulting in Soviet military intervention.

1937-38
Stalin purges the Muslim Communist leaders.

Mar. 1938
The execution of Uzbek Communist leaders Faizullah Khojaev and Akmal Ikramov.

1939-45
World War II

1939-40
The Cyrillic script replaces the Latin Alphabet in Soviet Central Asia.

June 1941
Hitler invades the USSR.

1942
Sheng Shih-ts'ai breaks with the Soviets and realigns Xinjiang with Nationalist China.

1942
The Soviet government grants Islam official legal status in the USSR and establishes the four Spiritual Directorates.

1942
Xinjiang again comes under the control of the Chinese Republican government.

1944
The forced evacuation of Crimean Tatars, Meskhetian Turks, and other Caucasian Muslims to Soviet Central Asia.

1944
Muslim revolt in Ili, Xinjiang.

Nov. 1944
The Eastern Turkestan Republic is established in Ili.

1945-49
Civil War in China between the Communists and the Nationalists.

June 1946
The ETR disbands as a result of a treaty with Nationalist China.

1947
The partition of British India and independence of India and Pakistan.

Oct. 1, 1949
The People's Republic of China (PRC) is established.

Mar. 1953
The death of Stalin and subsequent rise of Khrushchev.

1955
The establishment of the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region in China.

1958-59
The Great Leap Forward in the PRC.

Oct. 1961
The 22nd Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) Party Congress, at which the concepts of sblizhenie and sliianie are introduced.

1962
Mass exodus of Kazakhs from Xinjiang to Soviet Central Asia.

1962
Border clashes between Chinese and Indian forces in Kashmir.

1963
The Sino-Soviet rift comes out into the open.

1966-76
The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in the PRC.

1973
A military coup in Afghanistan abolishes the monarchy and establishes Muhammad Daud Khan as prime minister of the Republic of Afghanistan.

1976
The death of Mao Tse-tung.

1978
The rise of Deng Xiao-ping.

Apr. 1978
A Communist-backed coup in Afghanistan results in the assassination of Daud Khan and the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.

Jan.-Feb. 1979
The Islamic Revolution in Iran under Ayatollah Khomeini.

Apr. 1, 1979
Khomeini declares Iran an Islamic Republic.

Dec. 1979
The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan props up the Afghan regime in its battle against the mujehaddin.

1980-89
The Iran-Iraq War.

Jan. 1985
Anti-Russian riots in Dushanbe, Tajikistan.

Mar. 1985
Mikhail Gorbachev is appointed as General Secretary of the CPSU.

1986
The 27th CPSU Party Congress approves the policies of perestroika and glasnost.

Dec. 17-18, 1986
Anti-Russian riots in Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan.

1989
Soviet troops withdraw from Afghanistan.

Feb. 1989
Anti-Russian riots in Tashkent, Uzbekistan.

June 1989
Ethnic violence in Uzbekistan between Uzbeks and Meskhetian Turks.

June 1989
Riots in Novyi 'Uzen, Kazakhstan.

June 4, 1989
The Tiananmen Square massacre in Beijing.

Feb. 1990
Ethnic riots in Tajikistan.

Summer 1991
The breakup of the Soviet Union and the subsequent declarations of independence by the Republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.



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[IMG]http://www.maksimum.com/yemeicme/images/haber/raki.jpg">



Replies:
Posted By: Seko
Date Posted: 09-Oct-2005 at 17:10
A long and intensive list of steppe dates. Kind of gives us quick access to various timelines. I always wondered about these guys - The Hephthalites (White Huns). Seems that they are listed as Avars here.

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Posted By: Attila2
Date Posted: 10-Oct-2005 at 12:54
some people say that those white huns were not a turkic people.Also a few scientists agree that they spoke persian instead of a Turkic or a Mongolian language.Interesting that they are using the name "hun". 


Posted By: gok_toruk
Date Posted: 11-Oct-2005 at 08:53
Mongolian is more probable. Because we know in 552, Bumin Qaqan sent his brother, Istemi to defeat the remainings of their former enemies (should I say?) in Central Asia and North Eastern of Iran. They were called Heftalites or Ebdalites by Iranians. Anyhow, we know the escaped from Mongolia to Central Asia. So, logically, they should seem to be Mongolian rather than Iranian. Take care...

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Sajaja bramani totari ta, raitata raitata, radu ridu raitata, rota.


Posted By: Seko
Date Posted: 11-Oct-2005 at 09:16
Back then Mongolia proper was not as it would be 500 years later. Many Turk tribes of various distinctions would later move on out. A few have remained. And with Mongolian written records not predating the time of Cengiz Han, it makes it more difficult to know who the Avars or, in this case, the Juan Juan were. Does anyone have info on the first documented usuage of Mongol peoples or language?

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Posted By: poirot
Date Posted: 13-Oct-2005 at 19:03
 good work!

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AAAAAAAAAA
"The crisis of yesterday is the joke of tomorrow.�   ~ HG Wells
           


Posted By: Chingis
Date Posted: 14-Oct-2005 at 02:03

1921 Outer mongolia declared independence from Manju-Qin Dynasty(Zorchid)... !!!

(in 1911 we did first, but in 1921 it was official from Manju`s...)



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The 800th Anniversary of the Great Mongolian State

Great Mongolian State (1206-2006 >>>>>


Posted By: blitz
Date Posted: 15-Oct-2005 at 07:00

Originally posted by Chingis

1921 Outer mongolia declared independence from China

Was it not 1911? And was it not Manju-Qing Dynasty? China is the wrong term in this case.  



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Road to wisdom: err, err and err. But less, less and less!


Posted By: Chingis
Date Posted: 18-Oct-2005 at 03:55

sorry if wrong,

We did declare indpendence from Manju in 1911, but it was 1921 we officially recognized as an indepencent country, when baron ungern soldiers went into mongolia and forced manju troops go out, and then we defeated Baron-Ungerns soldiers with russian red army(after revolution of russia),

also some say, we didn`t recognized as independent country until 1945, after russian and mongolian troops freed inner mongolia and china from japanese militarists... after that russia had contact with US, and Britain and asked them to recognize Mongolian independence...

so its not exactly 1911,
Mongolians ourselves says we declared independent country in 1921



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The 800th Anniversary of the Great Mongolian State

Great Mongolian State (1206-2006 >>>>>


Posted By: erci
Date Posted: 18-Oct-2005 at 19:51
nicely done thanks for posting

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"When one hears such music, what can one say, but .... Salieri?"


Posted By: Aryan Khadem
Date Posted: 19-Oct-2005 at 01:35

I found some in accuracy and some other important events missing in this...... White huns could be Mongolian but also they could be Iranic tribes so your logic aside it can be logical to say Iranic as well.....

Try putting other important events dealing with central asia, this is incomplete... soz to bag on your parade.



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Life is beautiful but I am darker then Life.

Iran Aziz Janam Fadayt

ShahanShah


Posted By: DayI
Date Posted: 19-Oct-2005 at 07:02
Originally posted by Aryan Khadem

I found some in accuracy and some other important events missing in this...... White huns could be Mongolian but also they could be Iranic tribes so your logic aside it can be logical to say Iranic as well.....

Try putting other important events dealing with central asia, this is incomplete... soz to bag on your parade.

say goodbye to youre sun-god theory...

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Bu mıntıka'nın Dayı'sı
http://imageshack.us - [IMG - http://www.allempires.com/forum/uploads/DayI/2006-03-17_164450_bscap021.jpg -


Posted By: gok_toruk
Date Posted: 20-Oct-2005 at 07:04
By the way, when I said: 'Mongolian is more probable', I forgot to mention something. Turks were, somehow, servants of Juan Juan. And Juan Juans were described as Mongol people. And Hephtalites or Ebdalites were remains of Juan Juans who had escaped from Mongolia. Take care...

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Sajaja bramani totari ta, raitata raitata, radu ridu raitata, rota.


Posted By: bang
Date Posted: 20-Oct-2005 at 07:41

Im the 3rd generation of turkmens/uzbeks who fled to afghanistan after russian invasion.

I wish they stayed instead of fleein to a country thats completely screwed up now.

and the sad thing is that we cant even go back! idiot turkmenbashi & karimov!



Posted By: Seko
Date Posted: 20-Oct-2005 at 09:20

Originally posted by gok_toruk

By the way, when I said: 'Mongolian is more probable', I forgot to mention something. Turks were, somehow, servants of Juan Juan. And Juan Juans were described as Mongol people. And Hephtalites or Ebdalites were remains of Juan Juans who had escaped from Mongolia. Take care...

Below is a short synopsis on the Ruruan (Juan Juan) as coming from the eastern Hu tribes and later mixing with the Hunnic tribes -Gao-che. The author claims that the Ruruan are more Hun than anything else. Not pre-Mongol even. 

The Ruruan founder was said to be a 'Hu' by Toba. Toba claimed heritage from Huangdi and hence dispised other nomads as 'Hu'. The terminology for 'Hu' was categorical. Toba, in order to show their disdain for the Ruruans, despised the Ruruan and nicknamed them as 'ru ru', meaning a kind of slow crawling insect on the ground. Toba, claiming Yellow Emperor heritage, certainly treated other nomads as barbarian. There is one more comment in History Of Toba Wei Dynasty, namely, the founder of Ruruan might have origin in Eastern Hu nomads. So to say that it is no strange to see non-Chinese websites advocating a school of thought stating that Ruruan (Zhuzhan), like Toba, were people of Eastern Mongolia and Western Manchuria and that "from the IInd and up to the IVth centuries, Altai lived under the influence of Syanbiy tribes. From the end of the IVth century the Altaian tribes were subjugated by the Zhuzhans ... and were to pay tribute to them (by ironware)." (see http://www.altai-republic.com/history/altai_history_eng.htm" target=new>http://www.altai-republic.com/history/altai_history_eng.htm for details.)
 
But after the Ruruan founder fled to the Altai Mountains, he conquered and absorbed remnant Hunnic tribes and Gao-che people there. Ruruans and Gao-che people warred with each other as well as allied with each other. Hence, the Ruruans were more Hunnic than anyone else. History Of Toba Wei Dynasty further commented that "Ruruans, though the descendants of the Huns, could not have their exact ancestry traced."



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Posted By: gok_toruk
Date Posted: 24-Oct-2005 at 13:00
Thanks Seko. Good article. Now, I'd like to mention that Juan Juan dialect was described as 'different' than Turks. About their clothings and customs, we see paradoxes, if compared to our ancestors (Turks) at that time. You know, we've got various linguists and scientists about Turks and Mongols with different points of view. But here, I'd like to refer to what eyewitnesses say about them. I can give you links to different papers (old and new) which is about our conversation. Take care mate.

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Sajaja bramani totari ta, raitata raitata, radu ridu raitata, rota.


Posted By: gok_toruk
Date Posted: 24-Oct-2005 at 13:02
Idiot Turkmenbashi and Karimov?

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Sajaja bramani totari ta, raitata raitata, radu ridu raitata, rota.


Posted By: bang
Date Posted: 24-Oct-2005 at 13:21

Originally posted by gok_toruk

Idiot Turkmenbashi and Karimov?

Yeah president of turkmenistand & Uzbekistan...they are idiots....they dont care about us...*the people*....



Posted By: gok_toruk
Date Posted: 24-Oct-2005 at 13:34
I'm really sorry to hear about that brother. Isn't there ANY way to get back? There should be, huh?

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Sajaja bramani totari ta, raitata raitata, radu ridu raitata, rota.


Posted By: DayI
Date Posted: 24-Oct-2005 at 13:43
Turkmenbashi did a lot for his country, ive heard only good and some crazy point of him but mainly good.

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Bu mıntıka'nın Dayı'sı
http://imageshack.us - [IMG - http://www.allempires.com/forum/uploads/DayI/2006-03-17_164450_bscap021.jpg -


Posted By: bang
Date Posted: 24-Oct-2005 at 17:45

no both of them are crazy....they are dictators...if they see sum1's business is doin good...they quickly arrest him n put him behind bars....coz of that soo many companies have left turkmenistsan..and today i read on bbc...opposition party leader was arrested in uzbekistan .



Posted By: Zagros
Date Posted: 24-Oct-2005 at 19:06
Didn't Turkmenbachi create a HUGE gold statue of himself? That is just wrong.

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Posted By: bang
Date Posted: 25-Oct-2005 at 08:12

Originally posted by Zagros

Didn't Turkmenbachi create a HUGE gold statue of himself? That is just wrong.

when you go to ashgabat...u see nothin but his pictures...statues..n blabla...he is mad!



Posted By: Anbalan
Date Posted: 26-Oct-2005 at 08:42

Originally posted by Zagros

Didn't Turkmenbachi create a HUGE gold statue of himself? That is just wrong.

I don't think it is wrong. Why not?  If I were him, I would definetely do it.

Originally posted by bang

when you go to ashgabat...u see nothin but his pictures...statues..n blabla...he is mad!

I think people are "mad" and nothing wrong with him! I was born in Nebit Dag and I have seen a part of his cult. Some people love him. My father, for example, thinks it was nothing wrong to Stalin, people loved him. He thinks Stalin was a great ruler, as he fought corruption, enemies and provided strong order and rose economics. However my father has no respect for present rulers of Russia.



Posted By: gok_toruk
Date Posted: 29-Oct-2005 at 12:17

Oh, Zagros, you see Emam Khomeyni and Emam Khamene'i everywhere in Iran too...

I know he's like a dictator, I agree. But he's done a lot of things in Turkmenistan. We had nothing before 1991; still we lack many things. But, Sapar Myrat Niyazov, as I myself think, has brought many improvements here. Others may think in another way. Take care...



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Sajaja bramani totari ta, raitata raitata, radu ridu raitata, rota.


Posted By: Rakhsh
Date Posted: 01-Nov-2005 at 18:22
Stalin was a ruthless killer and the president of TurkemanStan is just as bed, ohh Khomeni well he was a cruel ruthless leader and killer too. Do you know how many people died because of him or how many he ordered their deaths? Or how he tried to destroy Iranian Culture?

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Never under estimate the predictablity of stupidity! - Bullet Tooth Tony


Posted By: gok_toruk
Date Posted: 06-Nov-2005 at 10:27

You might be right Rakhsh; thanks for your comment. But, why don't we let time to clarify everything? Take care and take it easy.

 

Kind regards,

Iltirish



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Sajaja bramani totari ta, raitata raitata, radu ridu raitata, rota.


Posted By: Guests
Date Posted: 12-Dec-2005 at 03:39

There are sources that say the Cimmerians are the same as the Sumerians and that they were originally from the area near the Black Sea. Does anyone have more details on this?

Thanks



Posted By: tadamson
Date Posted: 13-Dec-2005 at 07:52
Originally posted by Hamizao

There are sources that say the Cimmerians are the same as the Sumerians and that they were originally from the area near the Black Sea. Does anyone have more details on this?

Thanks



I think you are referring to suggestions that the Cimmerians were possibly related to the very similar, but slightly later, Skythians.  And they may well have rulled parts of the Black Sea coast (as per Heroditas) though Assyrian records suggest Azerbaijan as their home..

There are a few,  shall we say unconventional, types who insiste that the Cimmerians were also Summerians (and Sumarians and Khemet).


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rgds.

      Tom..


Posted By: Guests
Date Posted: 14-Dec-2005 at 00:14

Originally posted by tadamson


I think you are referring to suggestions that the Cimmerians were possibly related to the very similar, but slightly later, Skythians.  And they may well have rulled parts of the Black Sea coast (as per Heroditas) though Assyrian records suggest Azerbaijan as their home..

There are a few,  shall we say unconventional, types who insiste that the Cimmerians were also Summerians (and Sumarians and Khemet).

As I recall it appears to be a theory that says that the Sumerians were not originally from Sumer. Through their early writings (not cuneiform, by the way) there appears to be similarities with those discovered in the Black Sea area and a few more other areas which could suggest migration possibly after the last ice age. It further says that this theory would indeed upturn all our earlier beliefs about Mesopotamia and that the Great Flood as told in the Genesis and in the Epic of Gilgamesh is actually around the Black Sea.

I am not sure whether this theory has been rejected or otherwise.

Thanks, tadamson.



Posted By: HistoryGuy
Date Posted: 24-Dec-2005 at 17:54
The Mongol Hordes occupied Russia for about 262 years. Amazing

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هیچ مردی تا به حال به شما درباره خدا گفته.


Posted By: Akskl
Date Posted: 26-Dec-2005 at 14:34
They were not Khalkha-Mongols, or something like Kalmucks or Burjats. They were Turkic-speaking nomads similar to Kazakhs, Noghays and steppe Crimean Tartars.
Toba were Turkic speaking rulers of China. Read Rene Grousset "mpire of the Steppes".
The time table says much about the "China conquests", whereas the Northern China itself was during most of its long history ruled by nomadic conquerors from the North.




Posted By: Turkoglu
Date Posted: 09-Feb-2006 at 08:46
Originally posted by kotumeyil

744/45
The Uighurs defeat the Turks in Mongolia and establish the Uighur Empire.



Uighur and Turk is the same thing,
Did you mean GokTurk empire?


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Posted By: kotumeyil
Date Posted: 09-Feb-2006 at 10:07
I didn't mean anything. I quoted the indicated site.

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[IMG]http://www.maksimum.com/yemeicme/images/haber/raki.jpg">


Posted By: Turkoglu
Date Posted: 09-Feb-2006 at 10:17
Originally posted by kotumeyil

I didn't mean anything. I quoted the indicated site.


ok


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Posted By: Your_Overlord
Date Posted: 09-Feb-2006 at 15:33
Originally posted by blitz

Originally posted by Chingis

1921 Outer mongolia declared independence from China

Was it not 1911? And was it not Manju-Qing Dynasty? China is the wrong term in this case.  

Wrong, China is the correct term.  Pretty much all Manchu descendents are part of today's Chinese population.  The term "China" and "Chinese" was created during the Qing dynasty with approval of the administration.  "CHina" is a term designated for a nation state that does not have any ethnic restrictions. 



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"All under heaven is one family"


Posted By: Suevari
Date Posted: 11-Mar-2006 at 16:09
Turkmenbashis statue revolves so his outstretched arms greet the rising and setting sun LOL.  Got that from Rise of the Turkic World by Hugh Pope.

Turkish representatives had to persuade this ...lunatic?... not to choose Ataturkmen after Ataturk - so he settled with Turkmenbashi.


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Posted By: Iranian41ife
Date Posted: 11-Mar-2006 at 17:53
Originally posted by gok_toruk

Oh, Zagros, you see Emam Khomeyni and Emam Khamene'i everywhere in Iran too...

and thats why we hate them

your justifing one dictator by comparing them to other dictators? it doesnt make sense.

well, the mullahs did a lot of good things for iran also, but at the end of the day they are dictators, killers, selfish, and corrupt.



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"If they attack Iran, of course I will fight. But I will be fighting to defend Iran... my land. I will not be fighting for the government and the nuclear cause." ~ Hamid, veteran of the Iran Iraq War


Posted By: Zagros
Date Posted: 11-Mar-2006 at 18:27
Originally posted by gok_toruk

Oh, Zagros, you see Emam Khomeyni and Emam Khamene'i everywhere in Iran too...

I know he's like a dictator, I agree. But he's done a lot of things in Turkmenistan. We had nothing before 1991; still we lack many things. But, Sapar Myrat Niyazov, as I myself think, has brought many improvements here. Others may think in another way. Take care...

Khoemeini is idolised by fanatic followers of his extreme Shie doctrine, Turkmenbashi building that statue of himself suggests he is somewhat of a megalomanic.  If people erected the statue after, that is something else



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Posted By: gok_toruk
Date Posted: 13-Mar-2006 at 02:30
Well, one thing I'll say for all these things is that YOU HAVEN'T BEEN IN TURKMENISTAN to see what he's done. I'm not justifying him... everybody's got both good & Bad sides; the thing is that you've got to be totally useful for the systematic process. He's been, we belive, quite useful so far. Thanks for all your comments anyhow. Take care...

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Sajaja bramani totari ta, raitata raitata, radu ridu raitata, rota.


Posted By: gok_toruk
Date Posted: 13-Mar-2006 at 02:31
Now I'm not striking up the conversation again.This topic's closed. It was just a reply. Forget about it. Thanks.

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Sajaja bramani totari ta, raitata raitata, radu ridu raitata, rota.


Posted By: Guests
Date Posted: 29-Apr-2006 at 17:06

Add to your long list most remarkable victory of Oirad Mongols by Oirad Mongols khan Esen

In 1449 The Mongol victory was won by an advance guard of only 20,000 cavalry over Ming Chinese force of 250000. The emperor  Zhengtong Emperor was captured on September 1, 1449 , and on September 3 was sent to Esen's main camp near Xianfu. 

Remarkable or unbelievable beat

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhengtong_Emperor - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhengtong_Emperor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumu_Crisis - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumu_Crisis

 



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Posted By: Qin Dynasty
Date Posted: 16-May-2006 at 14:06
Originally posted by Zorigo

Add to your long list most remarkable victory of Oirad Mongols by Oirad Mongols khan Esen

In 1449 The Mongol victory was won by an advance guard of only 20,000 cavalry over Ming Chinese force of 250000. The emperor  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhengtong_Emperor - Zhengtong Emperor was captured on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_8 - September 1 , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1449 - 1449  , and on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_3 - September 3 was sent to Esen's main camp near Xianfu. 

Remarkable or unbelievable beat

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhengtong_Emperor - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhengtong_Emperor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumu_Crisis - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumu_Crisis

 

 
 
I think u highly exaggrated the numbers of both troops, and the failure of Ming troops was nothing to do with the strength of Mongols. The 21years old emperor was misleaded by his favored eunuch who, in order to show off, wanted the emperor to pay a visit to his house where was bordering the fronter. Regardless the strong resistence of generals.(just check where Tumu is, u will know it well) That left the chance for Mongols. And the Mongols grasped the chance and surrenderred the Ming troops for several days, do u  buy it that 20,000 had the ability to surrender 250,000 Ming troops?
 
The consequence of this event is also not what u expected, as new emperor took the throne and domestic situation went ease, the Mongols blackmailed nothing from China side. This annoyed the Mongols ,resulting  a second invasion which they  recieved a totally defeat.  Khan Esen's brother was killed in that battle. Khan Esen himself narrawly escaped and his troops almost annihilated. The captured emperor returned home after Mongol fled north and asked negociation with China.
 
If u want talk something ' remarkable' at that era,  instead of what u posted, which I think is tiny in significance, the five great expeditions of Ming troops against Mongols would make sense, under which the Mongols were not only swept off from China, but also droven to the north of Gobi desert and split into two. Though they thought the vast Gobi desert could be protective screen for their survival and duck behind it with harshing China border time to time, they were wrong again, they never posed a serious threat to China since then and after recieved consistent beat, they finally subdued to Ming dynasty.


Posted By: BigL
Date Posted: 18-May-2006 at 01:41
So the 250,000 ming soldiers surrendered or were killed?>


Posted By: poirot
Date Posted: 18-May-2006 at 02:04
Neither, simply disbanded or lay mutilated and resting in the streets of Peking.  Esen Khan could not absorb 250,000, and it was impossible for 250,000 to get killed at once.  Like all defeats of big armies, the bigger army simply disbands or retreats.  Btw, the official number of the Ming army at Tumu is 500,000.

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AAAAAAAAAA
"The crisis of yesterday is the joke of tomorrow.�   ~ HG Wells
           


Posted By: Temujin
Date Posted: 18-May-2006 at 14:09
from what i've read the Ming army simply disintegrated because they ran into serious logistical problems (water shortage) which seems logical considdering the huge number of Ming troops. those who did not surrender to the Oirats were cut down, obviously those were not many of course only 20,000 Oirats can not defeat that many troops on a tactical level...

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Posted By: yan.
Date Posted: 12-Jul-2006 at 08:08
Originally posted by Qin Dynasty

  
 
I think u highly exaggrated the numbers of both troops, and the failure of Ming troops was nothing to do with the strength of Mongols. The 21years old emperor was misleaded by his favored eunuch who, in order to show off, wanted the emperor to pay a visit to his house where was bordering the fronter. Regardless the strong resistence of generals.(just check where Tumu is, u will know it well) That left the chance for Mongols. And the Mongols grasped the chance and surrenderred the Ming troops for several days, do u  buy it that 20,000 had the ability to surrender 250,000 Ming troops?
 
The consequence of this event is also not what u expected, as new emperor took the throne and domestic situation went ease, the Mongols blackmailed nothing from China side. This annoyed the Mongols ,resulting  a second invasion which they  recieved a totally defeat.  Khan Esen's brother was killed in that battle. Khan Esen himself narrawly escaped and his troops almost annihilated. The captured emperor returned home after Mongol fled north and asked negociation with China.
 
If u want talk something ' remarkable' at that era,  instead of what u posted, which I think is tiny in significance, the five great expeditions of Ming troops against Mongols would make sense, under which the Mongols were not only swept off from China, but also droven to the north of Gobi desert and split into two. Though they thought the vast Gobi desert could be protective screen for their survival and duck behind it with harshing China border time to time, they were wrong again, they never posed a serious threat to China since then and after recieved consistent beat, they finally subdued to Ming dynasty.
 
Did those Five expeditions take place before or after the re-erection of the Great Wall? Thank you.


Posted By: Savdogar
Date Posted: 26-Jul-2006 at 08:09
Karimov is not idiot, he is very clever. He is just evil.
 
Turkmenbashi, well, turkmen TV shows only him if I am not mistaken.
 
He cultivated Rukhname as that  was "Quran" for Turkmens.
 
I have read it, nothing stupid was published before. He thinks he is one of 3 greatest leaders of world. even he claims to be "prophet".
 
Thanks to Allah, that we haven't seen such stupid like Turkmenbashi.


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...i dont need this...


Posted By: Hulegu Han
Date Posted: 27-Apr-2007 at 15:01
Originally posted by Qin Dynasty

I think u highly exaggrated the numbers of both troops, and the failure of Ming troops was nothing to do with the strength of Mongols. The 21years old emperor was misleaded by his favored eunuch who, in order to show off, wanted the emperor to pay a visit to his house where was bordering the fronter. Regardless the strong resistence of generals.(just check where Tumu is, u will know it well) That left the chance for Mongols. And the Mongols grasped the chance and surrenderred the Ming troops for several days, do u  buy it that 20,000 had the ability to surrender 250,000 Ming troops?
The consequence of this event is also not what u expected, as new emperor took the throne and domestic situation went ease, the Mongols blackmailed nothing from China side. This annoyed the Mongols ,resulting  a second invasion which they  recieved a totally defeat.  Khan Esen's brother was killed in that battle. Khan Esen himself narrawly escaped and his troops almost annihilated. The captured emperor returned home after Mongol fled north and asked negociation with China.
 
If u want talk something ' remarkable' at that era,  instead of what u posted, which I think is tiny in significance, the five great expeditions of Ming troops against Mongols would make sense, under which the Mongols were not only swept off from China, but also droven to the north of Gobi desert and split into two. Though they thought the vast Gobi desert could be protective screen for their survival and duck behind it with harshing China border time to time, they were wrong again, they never posed a serious threat to China since then and after recieved consistent beat, they finally subdued to Ming dynasty.
Iwant you to give more information about the five great expeditions of Ming troops against Mongols? As far as I know it's not 5, 4 instead.


Posted By: maqsad
Date Posted: 20-Dec-2007 at 10:07
Originally posted by kotumeyil

I found the chronology from the following links:

http://www.oxuscom.com/cahist1.htm - http://www.oxuscom.com/cahist1.htm

http://www.oxuscom.com/cahist2.htm - http://www.oxuscom.com/cahist2.htm

I'm not sure if the dates or events are correct but they might be helpful for any researh on the related subjects...


c. 370
The Huns invade Europe from the Central Asian steppe.

440
The Hephthalites (White Huns, later known in the West as the Avars) move south from the Altai region to occupy Transoxiana, Bactria, Khurasan, and eastern Persia.

c. 460
The Hephthalites conquer the Kushans and invade India.

552
The Turks destroy the Juan-juan Empire and establish the Turkic Khaganate, nominally divided into Western and Eastern Khanates.

553-68
The Turks and Sassanians ally to destroy the Hephthalite Empire.

late 6th cent.
The Hephthalites move west to the Russian steppe to form the Avar Khanate.



This is just plain wrong, the Avars did not even begin to move south before the 500s. Shocked

Originally posted by Seko

A long and intensive list of steppe dates. Kind of gives us quick access to various timelines. I always wondered about these guys - The Hephthalites (White Huns). Seems that they are listed as Avars here.


Seems like there are a few discrepencies here, and no sources listed by the author. Strange. Confused

Originally posted by Seko

Back then Mongolia proper was not as it would be 500 years later. Many Turk tribes of various distinctions would later move on out. A few have remained. And with Mongolian written records not predating the time of Cengiz Han, it makes it more difficult to know who the Avars or, in this case, the Juan Juan were. Does anyone have info on the first documented usuage of Mongol peoples or language?


Written records of the Chinese, and codified versions of the Orghuz Dastans. Approve


Posted By: Afghanan
Date Posted: 01-Jan-2008 at 17:34
The Hephtalites were subjects of the Avars, not the Avars themselves.

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The perceptive man is he who knows about himself, for in self-knowledge and insight lays knowledge of the holiest.
~ Khushal Khan Khattak


Posted By: Basmachi
Date Posted: 26-May-2009 at 01:50
Originally posted by Afghanan

The Hephtalites were subjects of the Avars, not the Avars themselves.


Hephtalites can be subjects of Huns(Xiong-Nus). Some sources call the White Huns(Akhuns). But It's not a certain idea.


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"Yesterday is but today's memory, tomorrow is today's dream." (Khalil Gibran)



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