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Boris I political maneuvers. Baptizing of Bulgaria

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  Quote tzar Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Topic: Boris I political maneuvers. Baptizing of Bulgaria
    Posted: 06-Oct-2012 at 13:51
Hi again,
I continue with my lessons of Bulgarian history Wink with knyas St. Boris I Michael, the baptizing of Bulgaria and creation of Bulgarian nation. Here is it
Khan Boris I,  late “in the holy cross knyaz of all Bulgarians and slavs - Boris I Michael” Boris reign begun 852 and ended 889 or 37 years of political maneuvers. Boris is a son of khan Presiyan.“”When  Boris inherited Bulgarian throne a cloud of franks covered the Bulgarian land” thus Theophillact of Ohrid begun his story about Boris, probably based on earlier Bulgarian script. The Cited upper  has to be about a short war between Bulgarian khanate and East Frank empire –“” the Bulgarians after got allied with  slavs attacked Franks, but were defeated by Ludwig” Thus unsuccessfully began the reign of Boris. After the conflict with Franks was settled, Boris paid attention to the Thracian border with Byzantium, small Byzantines group continuously harassed the border . Boris sent messengers to empress Theodore with the threat if the attacks didn’t stop he would launch a campaign against her.  At typical roman style the empress answered: “come and you will find me in a campaign against you. I hope I'd win , but if not I still would win, because you have been won over a woman but not a man” According to Byzantines' historians that was enough to Boris not to undertook anything boldly but the truth is that the both of sides needed to ensure their border. Bulgarians were engaged with north and west border with Franks but Byzantines waged a war against Arabs
At the beginning of 860 Byzantium with an alliance of Great Moravia, Serbian tribes and Croatian formed a big coalition against Bulgaria. Against this threat Boris made an alliance with East Frank empire and “together with   Ludwig achieved big success over Great Moravia, but fail against Serbs”. His armies were defeated and the Prince was taken as a hostage.  On a meeting in Serbian territory  between Boris and Serbian knyas  Mutomir the peace was restored and “after gifted each other” Boris took his son and went back. Unsuccessful was and the war against Croatia. At the end Bulgarian khan concluded peace, “richly gifted the Croats and was gifted by them”

And thus  10 years of the Boris reign. Unstoppable wars followed only by minors successes only disappointed Bulgarians. Soon Boris understood that something had to be changed and it was about the place of state in Europe. As one of the biggest and most powerful countries Bulgaria was surrounded by enemies, moreover most of them were Christians and with the territorial enlargement most of the new conquered territories were Christian as well. Also in the awareness of the medieval politicians the alliance with non-Christian hadn’t any value. This hostility many times was demonstrated by Byzantium and the Franks Empire. If we have to believe on the medieval chronicles Boris matured about this idea  for sentimental reasons: Boris build a new palace and wanted to paint its walls. So he called one good painter and ordered him to paint on one of the walls something nice and on the other something bad. The painter was a Christian and off-cource he painted  the Armageddon -  the resurrection and ascension of the pious and the pains of the wicked people. When Boris saw this was so scared that conversion himself to Christianity.
One thing is sure- the knays had his prefers to Christian religion and the motives are different than this.Further, it comes down to:
1.    The Christianity was a domination religion through 9 cen and two big, powerful empires were Bulgarian neighbors. The missing thing in the relationships between them and Bulgaria was the equality of the rights. So Bulgaria was big and powerful, but the respect and trust in international politics were missing
2.    The Christian religion gives to Boris all he needed to stay on the throne. The Christian dogma says – one God on the heaven, one emperor  on the earth
3.    Bulgaria still existed not as a country, but as union between Bulgars, Slavs and Thracians. Everyone have their tradition and Gods, rituals and so on. This division soon or late would undermine the development of the country, even could destroy it.
Surely Boris had many fears, not only from the reaction inside the country, but also the political dependence which the new religion would bring. Because of this at 863 Boris oriented his preferences to Rome and promised to Ludwig to adopted Christianity under western model. About Byzantium that was a total disaster – not only that would bring a  problem to byzantine bishops and missioners, because the whole north border of the empire was with Bulgaria, but the Roman pope would have an influence too close to Constantinople.. At the autumn of 863 the byzantine armies attacked Bulgaria. “It happened that the year was bad, there were earthquakes, grasshoppers destroyed the crops and the people were starving” Surprised from the quick byzantine reaction Boris started a peace negotiations, as a result  “a deep peace was concluded”, Bulgaria received the area of Zagora, but agreed to adopt the Christianity from Constantinople. At the beginning of 864 at Pliska /Bulgarian capital/ arrived the byzantine bishops who baptized Boris,  whole his family and ”those of Bulgarians who were known by origin, wealth and importance.”  Alone the byzantine emperor became the godfather of Bulgarian khan. Boris took the name Michael and  title khan was replaced with knyas.
 
The fact that Boris was baptized “in secret late in the night” speaks that he did one risky and extremely unpopular step. Soon “those from Bulgarians who stayed devoted to old gods” allied together and made a big coalition against the knyas. They also had and supporters among the people. For them the process of baptizing was a capitulation against Byzantine Empire and its politics. Boris was blamed that “gave a bad example” to the people and “made a step back from honour and glory of his fathers”.  To Bulgarians Jesus was a foreign God, the God of their enemies and wasn’t welcome to Bulgaria. The unhappy voices increased and at 865 a revolt against the politics of the khan blew out. Although it was brutally crushed /52 of the revolted boyars were killed with whole their families/ Boris knew that wasn’t end. It was necessary systematically and uncompromising liquidating of the old cults and so “without wavering, with Jesus’ power and cross at hand he won the hard and undutiful Bulgarian tribe…”
 
Thus at 865 Bulgaria became a Christian country and Boris “a spiritual son on the placed by God the Roman emperor”. The baptizing of Bulgaria was a great success for Byzantine doctrine. According to the chroniclers Bulgarian threat was liquidated and Boris promised to a faithful vassal of the Byzantines. To Boris from the beginning the problem with increasing of byzantine influence in Bulgaria was on first place. The joy of “the wondrously and surprisingly Bulgarian baptizing” soon was darkened  . Knyas Boris asked Photios, the  Patriarch of Constantinople how Bulgarians could achieve independent church. The answer of Photios wasn’t late – “in a long message he explains him about the Christian rituals” and so on, but nothing a word about independent church.  That had to be a big disappointment to Boris . The solid position of the patriarch that Bulgaria had to stay in Byzantine area of influence wasn’t  in the plans of knyas. At 863 on a oecumenical council roman bishops cursed /anathemazed/ patriarch Photios, soon the Byzantines did same with the Roman pope. Knowing this Boris decided to internationalize Bulgarian question and sent a mission the  roman pope with 106 question. The delegates arrived at Rome on 29.08.866. When pope Nicholas learnt about arriving of Bulgarians “filled with joy, gives he Jesus praise and accepted Bulgarian delegation” . In a style of great diplomat Nicholas gave answers to all questions of Boris. To the big question about the status of Bulgarian church he answered this: “You asked if it is possible to have a patriarch. To this nothing special we could answer. First our missioners have to return from your kingdom and to tell us how many of you want to be Christians. Still first you must have a bishops and when by the increasing of the god’s boon the Christianity is widespread among you and many bishops are ordained, then among them you could choose one to call him at least archbishop if not patriarch” The answers of all question was given to Bulgarian delegates on 13.11.866 and they went to their way back home accompanied by Forozma of Porte, Pavel Populonski and a dozen of missioners.  Meantime Boris sent delegations to Ludwig with request to send him bishops and missioners, seeking thus the help of Franks against Byzantium. In the late 866“ because of the roman bishops do not recognize the way of Byzantine baptizing,  they /romans/ eradicated the seeds of delusion” and baptized again bulgarian people. The arriving of the byzantine missioners in Constantinople made  patriarch Photios furious, who at 867 wrote to all eastern Patriarch, who together anathimzed Roman pope, because “with lies and intrigues torn off the Bulgarians from the dogmas’ of the truth Christian faith”
to be continued........soon

 



Edited by tzar - 06-Oct-2012 at 14:01
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  Quote tzar Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 06-Oct-2012 at 16:54

Meantime Boris continued seeking ways for resolving Bulgarian church question. Between pope’s missioners in Bulgaria person of Forozma was noticed among the other. He considered that his mission is to be the spiritual leader of Bulgaria. He not only “taught the most pagan people to the way of thruth” but together with Boris had an ambitious plan about the future. At summer of 867 at Rome new Bulgarian delegates    arrived with request Forozma to be ordained as a archbishop. The answer of pope was: “Forozma being wed his eparchy in Porto, couldn’t take another throne, because his eparchy would become widowed”, The Pope’s refusal to discuss further this topic had a fateful effect over relations between Bulgaria and Rome. Death of pope Nicholas /13.11.867/ only  worsеn the situation. The new pope Hadrian was an enemy of Forozma, before his arriving in Bulgaria. At 02 868 Forozma was called back in Rome.  At the same time in Rome arrived another delegation which again insisted Forozma or someone named Martin /friend of Forozma/ to ordained as Archbishop. The Pope refused again and sent someone Silvestre to be chosen by the Bulgarians i.e. pope’s man. This action clearly shew that the Pope hadn’t any intention to fulfill Bulgarian desires. Without any wavering Boris sent back Silvestre to Rome. Meanwhile at Pliska arrived messengers from Constantinople who pressingly insisted relationships between Bulgarian and Byzantium to be restored. In the light of the new events emperor Basil I Macedon offered an Archbishop dignity to Bulgarian church if Bulgaria “went back to the truth church” The archbishop had to a byzantine, but approved by Bulgarians. May be on this knyas Boris counted – to blackmail the east with the help of the west. Here more detail what happen. Patriarch Photois was dethroned. The new Patriarch overtook a course of overcoming of schism. At end of 869 in Constantinople a oecumenical council was summoned. The pope messengers celebrating full victory because Patriarch Photios was cursed, but on the last day 04.03.870 surprisingly a Bulgarian delegation entered and asked the council members the following:

“Bulgarian knias Boris heard that you by the will of God come here in favor of the holy church to solve  big deals and thus he wanted to know by you, who represent all patriarch, on which church we have to be subordinated?. The Pope’s messengers confused refused to discuss this thematic. Then Byzantine messengers asked:” :” When you came to this land, and conquered it at which it was subordinated, and whose monks found there - Greek or Latin?

“We conquered this land with a weapon at hand and there we found Greeks bishops, but not Latin” was the answer of kavhan Pater, the leader of Bulgarian delegation. On the followed argument Bulgarian and Byzantine delegations prefer to stay calm. Then the question was sloved by the Eastern Patriarch: “The land of Bulgarians, which not long ago was under Greek authority, have to go back to holy church of Constantinople” was the decision. This scene without any doubt was directed by both Boris and Basil. On this council Boris fulfill his intensions, Basil I dissolved the problem with schism and belonging of Bulgarian church  and Roman church suffered a great defeat. Useless stayed the tries of Popes Hadrian and next John  getting  back Bulgaria under their influence.

After the problem with dignity of Bulgarian church was solved Boris occupied with the next task. He knew that the threat of Byzantium couldn’t  decide only with administrative measures . The Bulgarian church still was govern by Greek clergy and the language of the sermon was Greek, thus the greek slowly would became the official language of the state. Surely Boris knew the work of brothers Cyril and Methodius, although there aren’t any directs signs for this. At the 855 a Slavonic alphabet was created /btw its name is Glagolic/ . After the students of Cyril and Methodius were banished from Great Moravia they “dreamed about Bulgaria, thought about Bulgaria and hoped that Bulgaria would give them peace”. At 866 some of the students arrived at Belgrade. The local despot “understood that they are great persons” and sent them to Pliska, because Boris “yearned for such people” To Boris the arriving of Clement, Naum and Angelaroius was a true gift from the God. “ After listen them carefully the knias thanks the God and asked them to tell everything what happened” At the beginning Boris kept in secret that the students of Cyril and Methodius were in Bulgaria. Clement was sent to Ohrid, where the Ohrid literary school was created. Exactly at this school the Cyrillic alphabet was created and was spread among the whole Bulgaria. The other students  stayed at Pliska,later Preslav, where later Preslav's literaty school was created. At 889 knyas Boris surprisingly abdicated in favor of his son Vladimirand went to monastery, probably Rila Monastery.  Didn’t pass much time and a terrible news come his ears. His son Vladimir “began to convert the people to old faith” Affected by anger Boris undress the monachal vestment and went to Pliska. Soon he managed to caught Vladimir blind him and convoke a church council at Preslav. The decision of the council were: 1/ Slavonic language became an official language of Bulgaria and the Cyrillic became the official script of Bulgaria 2/ Byzantine clergy was chased away from Bulgaria; 3/the new capital is Preslav; 4/  the new knyas of Bulgaria will be Simeon, who graduated Magnor school. After the council finished Boris  went back again to monastery. He died on 2.05.907 about 80 years old. The Golden age of Bulgarian culture begun!!
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  Quote Menumorut Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 06-Oct-2012 at 17:15
Originally posted by tzar

Bulgaria still existed not as a country, but as union between Bulgars, Slavs and Thracians. Everyone have their tradition and Gods, rituals and so on.


What exactly you mean by "Thracians"? Population speaking Thracian language of Romance speaking population of Thracian origin?


Do you know anything about the situation of Christianity in the period of 5-9th centuries in Bulgaria, if there are ruins or entirely preserved churches or other kind of Christian artefacts from this period? Or vestiges of Latinized population?


It concerns me to know what was the fate of Latinized population of Balkans in the age of migrations because it is a key to understand what happened north of Danube too (in today Romania).


Also I would like to hear the same thing about the territory of today Serbia.




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  Quote tzar Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 07-Oct-2012 at 04:36
Originally posted by Menumorut

Originally posted by tzar

Bulgaria still existed not as a country, but as union between Bulgars, Slavs and Thracians. Everyone have their tradition and Gods, rituals and so on.


What exactly you mean by "Thracians"? Population speaking Thracian language of Romance speaking population of Thracian origin?


A strongly romanized population from Thracian origin. They were Christian as well.
Originally posted by Menumorut

Originally posted by tzar

Bulgaria still existed not as a country, but as union between Bulgars, Slavs and Thracians. Everyone have their tradition and Gods, rituals and so on.



Do you know anything about the situation of Christianity in the period of 5-9th centuries in Bulgaria, if there are ruins or entirely preserved churches or other kind of Christian artefacts from this period? Or vestiges of Latinized population?


It's a long topic. There are evidence that some of Bulgarian khans were Christian. Under reign of others khan's however christians were pursued
You can read about Bogomils. It's a heresy which began in Bulgaria and  widely spread among Europe
 


Edited by tzar - 07-Oct-2012 at 04:39
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  Quote Nick1986 Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 08-Oct-2012 at 08:36
It's interesting how the conversion from paganism to christianity relies on the king's support. Other examples include Harald Bluetooth, Constantine, and the Irish kings converted by St Patrick
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  Quote benzin Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 08-Oct-2012 at 10:00
tzar : do you have any idea if the title khan has been replaced under Boris I, how could the title "kean" of a bulgarian "warlord" in the carpathian basin exists after 896 ?
He probably was some kind of indepentent bulgarian warlord ?
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  Quote tzar Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 08-Oct-2012 at 13:19
Originally posted by Nick1986

It's interesting how the conversion from paganism to christianity relies on the king's support. Other examples include Harald Bluetooth, Constantine, and the Irish kings converted by St Patrick
Yes, as I said there evidence that some of the aristocracy already have become christian. For example khan Tervel after the battle of Constantinople recieved the title "cesar" which if I have understood history books well could be given only to christians. The fact that when the provincial aristocracy revolted Boris still was having the support of capital's aristocracy also speaks for this. Also he has been a very perspicacious person. The union between Bulgarians and the 7 slav's tribes was stabile, but untill this moment the country had flourishing, but what would happen when the bad days came. I don know, but definitely he was one of the great Bulgarian rulers
Btw how it was in Englad for example ?
Originally posted by benzin

tzar : do you have any idea if the title khan has been replaced under Boris I, how could the title "kean" of a bulgarian "warlord" in the carpathian basin exists after 896 ?
He probably was some kind of indepentent bulgarian warlord ?
I strongly doubt that he had been an independent lord. Actually I am sure he hadn't been such!  Many of the titles as well the names of person were preserved. For example Boris is a turic or Iranian name and means wolf /biori/ or tiger /bars/.  Also the titles as boyar, icherguboyar /or something like that/ also were preserved. Later the titles of Bulgarian rulers was changed to tsar/emperor/ and only prince worn the title knias


Edited by tzar - 08-Oct-2012 at 14:53
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  Quote Menumorut Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 08-Oct-2012 at 19:49
Originally posted by tzar


It's a long topic. There are evidence that some of Bulgarian khans were Christian. Under reign of others khan's however christians were pursued


Thank you for answer. Interesting how in today Romania the Romance language prevailed and in Bulgaria prevailed the Slavic language. Could be this an effect of demographic raport between the two groups or is only that Slavic was the official language and was adopted the same way Latin has been previously adopted because it was the language of the empire?



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  Quote tzar Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 09-Oct-2012 at 13:36
I couldn't exactly understand what you ask about.  The Latin was official of neither empire near Bulgaria. If you speak about Byzantine empire I pretty sure that they were using greek language. I'm not familiar with the history of Romania, but as far as I know Romanians have been using cyrillic script until 20 century, when was replaced by latin one. Also I do not know when the romanization of Romania began,but it must be after Bulgarian has been conquered by Ottomans, untill then I think that slavonic influence over this lands was stronger, moreover untill around 1300 the territories south and east of Carpathians was part of Bulgaria. Also there was a time when Bulgaria has been ruled by a Kuman dynasty
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  Quote medenaywe Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 09-Oct-2012 at 13:55
What did connect Boris the First with Holy Roman Emperor,Charles the Bald those days Tzar?Was His project His own or Charles supported His Bulgarian independence project to weaken Byzantine influences on west?
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  Quote tzar Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 09-Oct-2012 at 15:01
you got me here! Where did you read about this? I mentioned Ludwing, he known by this name in Bulgarian history books, now I saw he is Louis the German. Please give me more information
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  Quote tzar Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 09-Oct-2012 at 15:25
Bulgaria during reign of Boris I Michael


Edited by tzar - 09-Oct-2012 at 15:26
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  Quote medenaywe Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 10-Oct-2012 at 07:59
I am conspiracy man Tzar.LOLI am just trying to make logical concept of different national histories in one
wholeness:This part did not function without Charles the Bald as ancestor of Charlemagne Holy Roman Empire resurrection project.It had started as Byzantine Empire concept than they separated in two&more
parts cause of reduced seats on Throne.Smile 
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  Quote benzin Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 10-Oct-2012 at 09:24
tzar : this map is not exact, there were a lot of other tribes in the carpathian basin, and they were not living under bulgarian control. The szeklers for example. They were calling the magyars in against the franks in 896.
Pest didnt even exist that time, not like on this map.

Do you have source for this campaign in 852 against great moravia ? Id really like to know more about it.
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  Quote tzar Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 10-Oct-2012 at 12:46
Originally posted by medenaywe

I am conspiracy man Tzar.LOLI am just trying to make logical concept of different national histories in one
wholeness:This part did not function without Charles the Bald as ancestor of Charlemagne Holy Roman Empire resurrection project.It had started as Byzantine Empire concept than they separated in two&more
parts cause of reduced seats on Throne.Smile 
Well done then. WinkSmileYou managed to tricked me although I read the he was a king of the West part of Frank empire.
Actually it isn't bad as theory. I suppose that you are speaking about successors of Karl the Great
 
Originally posted by benzin

tzar : this map is not exact, there were a lot of other tribes in the carpathian basin, and they were not living under bulgarian control. The szeklers for example. They were calling the magyars in against the franks in 896.
Pest didnt even exist that time, not like on this map.

Do you have source for this campaign in 852 against great moravia ? Id really like to know more about it.
Uh well... Bulgarian khan Krum The Terrible conquered Avar khaganate /805/ and expand territories of Bulgaria untill the border of Frank empire.
Sorry, I haven't more significant information about this campaign. Just some more sentences.
 
 


Edited by tzar - 10-Oct-2012 at 13:01
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  Quote Nick1986 Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 11-Oct-2012 at 08:15
Originally posted by tzar

Originally posted by Nick1986

It's interesting how the conversion from paganism to christianity relies on the king's support. Other examples include Harald Bluetooth, Constantine, and the Irish kings converted by St Patrick
Yes, as I said there evidence that some of the aristocracy already have become christian. For example khan Tervel after the battle of Constantinople recieved the title "cesar" which if I have understood history books well could be given only to christians. The fact that when the provincial aristocracy revolted Boris still was having the support of capital's aristocracy also speaks for this. Also he has been a very perspicacious person. The union between Bulgarians and the 7 slav's tribes was stabile, but untill this moment the country had flourishing, but what would happen when the bad days came. I don know, but definitely he was one of the great Bulgarian rulers
Btw how it was in Englad for example ?
Originally posted by benzin

tzar : do you have any idea if the title khan has been replaced under Boris I, how could the title "kean" of a bulgarian "warlord" in the carpathian basin exists after 896 ?
He probably was some kind of indepentent bulgarian warlord ?
I strongly doubt that he had been an independent lord. Actually I am sure he hadn't been such!  Many of the titles as well the names of person were preserved. For example Boris is a turic or Iranian name and means wolf /biori/ or tiger /bars/.  Also the titles as boyar, icherguboyar /or something like that/ also were preserved. Later the titles of Bulgarian rulers was changed to tsar/emperor/ and only prince worn the title knias

I think similar things happened in England. Saxon king Redwald converted to Christianity, but his sons reverted to paganism. When he died he was buried in his ship with both Christian and pagan goods
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  Quote tzar Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 11-Oct-2012 at 12:56
What did Redland win with this move? I mean in the case with Bulgaria there were some real threats. Bulgaria was surrounded by Christian states
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