Turko-Mughal titles

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Turko-mongol
 term is applied to those people who were aristocrats of the steppe; 
Princess, Commanders and Generals who ruled and served the Turko-Mongol 
states and had ancestral origin from Turko-Mongol dynasties especially 
descendants of Genghis Khan. Turko-Mongols are mainly the descendants of
 those Turks who were ruled over by the Mongols speaking mostly Turkic 
languages; they derived their ethnic and cultural origins from both 
groups. "Turko-Mongol" is used to describe the people of Mongol khanate;
 Ilkhanate; Chagatai Khanate and Golden Horde and sometimes also 
describe successor Khanates; such as the Khanate of Kazan, the Nogi, 
Crimean Khanate; Astrakhan Khanate; Empire of Timurid Empire of India; 
Arghun and Tarkhan Dynasty of Sind Pakistan.

Turkic
 represent a broad ethno-linguistic group of people and includes 
existing societies such as the Kazakhs; Uzbeks; Karghaiz; Uyghur; 
Turkmen and as well as the historian societies such as Xiongnu/Huns; 
Gokturk (Turkut people); Khazars; Seljuks; Kepchaks; Ottomans and 
Timurids etc. The famous Turko-mongol titles are Khan, Khaqan (Khagan), 
Tarkhan, Khatun, Ilkhan, Tegin, Yabghu, Shad, Baghatur, Mirza, Beg 
(bek), Aga, etc.

The
 Arab sources unanimously agreed that the Khagan and Bek were Jews as 
were the Royal families from whom the Khagan was chosen.The general who 
initiated the return to the faith is appointed King over the Khazars and
 is given the title Khagan a title used unto this day.Fadlan continues 
that the supreme King of the Khazar, no as the great Khakan or Khagan 
never appears in public. He has a viceroy called the Bek, who command 
the armies, administraters, affairs of the state, appears in public and 
wages war. Tarkhan was Khazar aristocracy and Khagan was Khazar spirtual
 King. The Khazar military institutions in a dual kinship the sacred, 
spirtual khagan was senior king and nothing more, but all business and 
authorities in the hands of the Ishad, Bek and Tarkhans (military 
establishment).

Tarkhan
 is a title used in Islamic times for a Turkish nobleman or Prince. 
Ulugh Tarkhan was Tukish and came to Bughdad; the following is 
noteworth; that his father held a traditional Turkish title of nobility 
that is "Tarkhan". The Tarkhan; After the Khagan, Bek, Kender and 
Jawshighar, the next position in the hierarchy of power was the Tarkhan.
 The Tarkhans served as commanders of regments of Khazar Army or 
auxiliary troops. A Khazarian Tarkhan named Chorpan ravaged Arminia in 
630. A famous Tarkhan known as As Tarkhan led a large-scale military 
intiative against the South caucanus in 762-764. Tarkhan was also the 
title of the local governor of Atil in the 8th century. 
Tarkhan-Khazarian title for army commander, local governor or chief. The
 two churches at balnjar have already been noted, an 8th century, 
Khazarian Tarkhan "George" was an Orthodox christian. The life of saint 
Abu reported that christians lived in many Khazar towns in the North 
sausasus reign in the 780. 

His
 (Khagan) closest kinsmen, who held the titles of Shad and Yabghu. The 
Khagan were surrounded by his counsellors (buyur) who discharged 
military, administrative, diplomatic and legal functions and bore titles
 such as Tarkhan, Chor, and Tudun. In order to facilitate the 
administration, the tribes were divided into two territorial groups, the
 Tardush (western) and the Tolish (Eastern). The soldiery of these two 
groups composed the right and left wings of the army's battle order, and
 they were led by the close kinsmen of the Kaghan (the Shad's) and the 
most influential tribal leaders of the each wing, with its dual system 
of tribal and political principles, the administrative structure was a 
natural reflection of the social structure of the ancient Turkic 
community. It's highest stratum consisted of Begs (Begler in Turk), a 
hereditary aristrocracy; it was composed of members of families whose 
special status in the managment of the affairs of the tribe was 
considered unchallengeable and hallowed by tradition. The dynastic 
families and tribes (the A-Shih-Na,the Ashih-te and the Yaghlakar) form 
the elite of this hereditary aristrocracy. The first Turk ruler of 
Tokharistan and the subjugated petty kingdom Tardu Shad the son of 
western Turk Tung Yabghu Kaghan. When Tardu  was
 poisoned by his wife a few years later, he was succeeded by his son 
Ishbara Yabghu, who at first among the Turk rulers, began to mint coins.
 His coin effigy represents him bearing a crown decorated with two wings
 and a bulls head. The first Turk Yabghu (King) of Tokharistan confirmed
 by the Chinese emperor, was Wu-Shih-Po of the Ishihna dynasty.  

Bugu
 Khan's first cousin Tun Bilga Tarkhan, who served as chief Minister and
 head of the inner officials killed the Khan and some two thousand 
others, including two of his sons, his closest advisors, numerous 
sodians and probably Manichaean priests in the Khan's retinue. Tun Bilga
 Tarkhan became the next ruler under the title Alp Kutlagh Balgha Khagan
 (780-789) only to be murdered by his son Talas (789-790), who reigned 
as Qutlag Bilga Khagan. When Talas was poisoned by the Junior Queen his 
younger brother seized the thorn. However the state ministers quickly 
moved to kill this Usurper and installed the sixteen year old youngest 
son of Talas in titled Kutlug Bilge Khagan/A cho (790-795), which ended a
 decade of instability in the Uyghur realim, under unclear circumstances
 following the death of Qutlag Bilga Khagan, the Uyghur leadership 
elevated his minister Kutlug to the thorn under the title Alp Qutlag 
Ulug Bilga Khagan/Huaihsin (795-808) which transferred power the 
Yaglakar Charismatic clan of the Uyghur tribe for the leading clan of 
the Adiz tribe, both of whom were members of the nine Oguz tribal 
confideration.

The
 Viceroys (Shad and Yabgus) were next in rank to the Khagan, close 
relative, younger brothers or sons, who's duties included administering 
part of the Khagans dominions. According to Clanson, Khagan and Khan 
first designated essentially the same title Khan, later being used 
mainly for a subordinate ruler . Although both terms are used in the old
 Turkic monuments, the title Khan occurs infrequently. One who took the 
title "Khan" had to be a direct descendant of Chengiz Khan. Timugin was 
later given the name Chengiz Khan, a named by which he is known 
throughout the world. In the secret history he receives this name when 
he is elected Khan of the Mongol by his uncles and cousins, the various 
clan leaders. This first Coronation took place during the last decade of
 the 12th century. Her (Sorghaghtani) four sons would all play major 
roles in building upon Genghis Khan legacy. All four would eventually 
became Khan and among them, they would expand the empire to its greatest
 extent. With her Ally, Batu Khan, ruler of conquered Russia, 
Sorghaghtani, Maneuvered to have her eldest son, Mongke elected khan at a
 Khuriltai in 1291.

Barthold
 had sort to relate this name to that of Qutula-Khagan, the fourth son 
of Kabul Khan and celebrated figure in Mongol tradition. Qutula-Khagan 
is also a legendary hero, his wise resounded like thunder in the 
mountains. It is true that Jenjhiz Khanite tradition links Yessugei, 
Jenjhiz Khan's father, with the line of the ancient kings. It holds in a
 particular that he was the son of Bartan Baatur, himself second son of 
Kabul Khagan. Free men, who bore the old Turkic title of Tarkhan and who
 had the privilage, Theoratically, of retaining their individual plunder
 in war and their game in the great hunting expeditions. Incidently, 
several Tarkhat, for their valor, what promoted to Noyan--- Only nobles 
and members of the group of privilaged free men known as  Tarkhat
 could join this corps. A pricate soldier of the guard took precedence 
over a Captain of a thousands in the rest of the Army, and it was from 
this guard that Genghis Khan selected the greater number of his 
generals.

Sultan
 Ahmed Mirza, son of Sultan Abu Saeed Mirza was reigning. Sultan Ahmed 
Mirza was a powerful king and had arround him Amirs of such dignity and 
pretentions that they aimed at having king's in their service. One of 
these Amirs was Amir Abdul Ali Tarkhan, Governer of Bukhara. Before the 
Khan made peace with Sultan Ahmed Mirza and Married Karaguz Begum, he 
captured Tarkhan, who had been appointed governer of Turkistan by Mirza 
Sultan Ahmed and this Muhammad Mazid Tarkhan was one of the principal 
comes of the peace, for he was a relation, on the mother side (Togha) of
 Mirza Sultan Ahmed, when the Khan conquered Turkistan, he had in his 
service Shahi Beg Khan. 

The
 lives of three Temurid women surveyed here, Qutlugh Tarkhan Agha, Saray
 Mulk Khanim and Khanzada Baighum provides an indication of the varied 
roled which women played within the Temurid dynasty. The distinctive 
familial structure to which they belong had strong ties to the 
Turko-Mongol past, and this heritage was transmitted to Temur's numerous
 descendants.

The
 first Dughlat ruler who received lands directly from the hands of 
Chagatai was Amir Babdagan or Tarkhan. The capital of emirate was 
"Kashgar" and the country was known as Mumlikat-e-Kashgar. Mirza 
Abubakar ruled Yarkand for 48 years (1416-1435).

In
 transoxania in particular, Tarkhan holdings-that is freedom from 
taxation for the holder of Mulk (lands belonged) lands if he held a 
Tarkhan Charter and the granting to him a number of other privilages, he
 became widespread in the last quarter of the 15th century. A Tarkhan 
was released from punishment for upto nine offences and only after the 
ninth was he punished. He also enjoyed free access to the "Khan". To 
enjoy the privilages of the Tarkhan was recognized as conferring high 
status. Many Tarkhans were connected with Temurid by family ties. Under 
Sultan Ahmed Mirza, the greatest Emir in the state was considered to be 
Darwish Muhammad Tarkhan. In 1496 Abdul Ali Tarkhan was appointed a 
Hakim (governer) of Bukhara, Karakul and Karmina designated as his 
soyurghal.

The
 Mongol practiced through going religious toleration. In their view all 
faiths reflected something by the divine reality and contributed to the 
ideal of universal peace. Temples and Priests of whatever denomination, 
were granted a Tarkhan or Charter of immunity, which executed them from 
tribute payment and other dues binding on the rest of population. Both 
the judiciary authority of the lord and his administrative power assumed
 more definite shape, specially due to the grants by the Grand Dukes of 
immunity charters; known in eastern Russia mostly as the Tarkhan 
Charter. A recipient of such a charter immunity was known in Mongol as a
 Darkhan, Turkish Tarkhan, the term was borrowed into Russian in that 
form. This institution acquired full significance only in the late 
period (14th and 15th centuries). Tarkhan grant (Tarkhan a document 
granting exemption from taxes). In Muscovite times Tarkhan charters were
 deeds bestowing from taxation or other immunities. Captalogues of 
Feudal dues and privilages have been preserved in the Tarkhan Yarlyks 
(charters) still extent today. Russian orthodox rulers sought the 
complete destrution of the Cenghizid ruling elite, represented by 
Karachis, Beks, Murzas, Oglans and Tarkhans, the confiscation of their 
most fertile land and it's redistribution among Russia. 

Etymology:-

Khoshoo Tsaidam monuments  

The
 titles Khagan, Yabghu and Tarkhan are found in the Orkhon inscriptions 
(in Mongolia). The Orkhon inscriptions are very important for study of 
Turko-Mughal titles and also valuable by their historical contents, 
appreciably stated political history of Turkic empires. There are 
ethno-cultural and other invaluable messages are described in the 
largest written monuments like Bilge Kaghan; Kul-Tegin and Tonyukuk 
inscriptions. The inscriptions Corpus consist of two monuments which are
 erected in the Orkhun valley between 732 to 735 in honour of the two 
Gok-Turk prince Kul-Tegin and his brother the emperor Bilge-Kaghan, as 
well as inscriptions on salabs scattered in the wide area. The Orkhon 
manuments are one of the oldest known example of Turkic wittings; they 
are inscribed on obelisks and have been dated to 720 (relating to 
Tonyukuk) to 732 (relating to Kul-Tegin) and to 735 (relating to 
Bilge-Kaghan). They are carved a script used also for inscriptions found
 in Mongolia, Syberia, and Xingiang and called by Thomsen "Turkish 
runs". They relate in epic language the legendary origin of the Turks, 
the golden age of their history, their subjugation by the Chinese and 
their liberation by Bilge-Kaghan.

Kultegins Momorial complex, Turkbitig:- From
 west--- My younger brother Kul-Tegin had died-- gave his services, My 
younger brother Kul-Tegin (order to sat) a watcher of the tomb of 
Turkish Bilge-Kaghan-- I gave him the title Inancu Apa Yaryan Tarqan-- 
Tengri-Like and Tengri-Born Turkish Bilge kaghan, succeeded to the thorn
 at this time. Hear my words, all of you, My younger brother and my sons
 and my nation and relatives, my people, you, Sad-apit lords in south, 
Tarkans and Buyruk lords in Tokuz-Oguz lords and people. Here these 
words of mine well, and listen hard! all people following me East wards 
to Sun rise, South wards to Mid day, West wards to Sunset and North ward
 to Midnight (listen this). I made you move, these is no false in these 
words. If the Turkish Kaghan rules from the Otukan mountains, then these
 will be no trouble in the country. 

Bilge Kaghan Momorial complex, Turkbitig:- Tengri-Like
 and Tengri-Born in Turkic Kaghan, mounted the throne. All of you, my 
close people-- Nine Oguze, Two Edizes, Valorous lords (Beks) my nation--
 Turkic Tengri-- Hear my words, Basmyl-- Karluks gathered and resisted--
 Thrusted, killed. Nine Oguze were my people.

Tengri-Like
 and Tengri-Born Bilge Kaghan Turkic. Hear my words. When my father, 
Bilge Kaghan Turkic, ruled you, Supreme Turkic beks, Lower Tardush beks,
 Shad-- Apyt beks lead by Kulchur, the rest Tyules beks, Apa Tarkhan--- 
lead by Shad-- Apyt beks, Baruks, Tamgan Tarkhan, Tonyukuk, Boila Baga 
Tarkhan, Buyruks--- Inner Buyruks, lead by Sebek Kulerkin, all Buyruk 
beks! My father.

I-Kaghan
 (Prince YollugTegin), had written. So many buildings and 
sculptures--(Prince) YollugTegin, had written having sat one month and 
four days. Tengri-Like and Tengri-Born Turkic Kaghan mounted the 
throne-- Hear my words, you all my younger brothers and my sons, my 
people and relatives, my nation, Shad-- Apyt beks in the south, Tarkan 
and Buyruk beks in the north. Thirty (Tatars?), Beks and the people of 
nine Oguzes! Hear my words and listen! All people after me in the east 
to sunrise.

Tonyukuk Momorial complex, Turkbitig:- I
 was the one who rose (put announced, acknowledged) the Khagan, I the 
wise Tonyukuk boila Baga Tarkhan, I alliance with Elterish Kaghan, 
killed a lot of Tabgaches (Chinese) in the south, in the east alot of 
Kitans, in the north Oguzes. It was I who became his wise advisor. The 
messangers words were as follows: A Kaghan came to the thorn of nine 
Oguzes peoples. He sent Kuny Sengun to Tebgach (Chinese). He sent Tonra 
Semik to Kitan-- Having heard that I brought the turkic people to Otuken
 land and that I, wise Tonyukuk had settled in the land of Otuken, the 
people from south, west, north and east joined us.

We
 were not afraid of their numbers, we fought, we won the Tardush shad. 
We captured their Kaghan and their Yabgu and Shad. The whole Sogdian 
people leading by Asuk came and obeyed-- Those days the Turkic people 
reached the Iron Gates. There was no master in the mountains where 
Tingis son lived. When I was Tonyukuk reached that place, He presented 
my me Yellow gold, White silver, girls and women, treasury, silkon, 
camels in huge number. For the greatness of Ilterish Kaghan, Bilge 
Kaghan. We fought thirteen times with Tabgaches (Chinese). Seven times 
fought with Kitans, five times with Oguzes. An advisor then-- Only i was
 powerful. I was Elterish Kaghan advisor, Turkie Byeghu Kaghan, Turkic 
Bilge Kaghan, when kapagan Kaghan was thirty three, was not sleeping at 
nights.

In
 Bilge Kaghan country I ordered to write (this). I am- the wise 
Tonyukuk. If Elterish Kaghan did not ruled (the country and if he was 
young, I , the wise Tonyukuk wouldn't rule the country), or if I was not
 here. Then on the land of Kapagan Kaghan, on the land of Gracious Turks
 neither a family nor a single person would not have a ruler. Due to the
 ruling Elterish Kaghan and Bilge Tonyukuk, the noble Turks, the people 
of Kapagan Kaghan. Turkic Bilge Kaghan the people of noble Turks, Oghuz 
lived and raised.

Khan (Title):- (Mongolian,
 Qayan; Turkish, Kagan, Hakan; Old Turkic Kayan; Chinese, Han) is an 
altaic and central asian title for a sovereign or military rulers, 
widely used by medieval nomadic Turko-Mughal tribes having in the north 
of China. The Niruns were the first people who use the titles Khan and 
Khagan for their emperors, then it was subsequently adopted by the 
Ashina before the Gok-Turks (Turkic people) and the Mongols brought it 
to the rest of Asia. It has many equivalant meanings such as King, 
Prince, Commander, Leader or ruler. The female alternatives are Khatun 
(Hatun) and Khanum (Hanum). It was also a Bulgarien title, the early 
rulers (7th and 9th century) adopted the title Khan; Kavkhan (Vice 
Khan), Tarkhan and BoriTarkhan.

The
 title Khan became unprecedently prominent when the Mongol Temugin 
created the Mongol empire, which he ruled as Genghis Khan. His title was
 Khagan which means Khan of Khan. The ruling decsendant of the main 
branch of the Genghis Khans dynasty are referred to as the great Khans. 
The title Khan was also used by the Sultans of the Ottoman empire and 
the heads of multiple tribes-clans or nations in the Seljuk Turks 
dynasties.

Khagan:- (Old
 Turkic, Kayan; Mongolian Xagan, Qayan; Chinese, Kehan; Persian, Khakan)
 is a title of imperial rank in the Mongolian and Turkic languages equal
 to the status of emperor and someone who rules a Khaganate. It may also
 be translated as Khan of Khans, equivalent to King of Kings.

The
 Rourans were the first peoples who used the title Khagan and Khan for 
their emperors (assumed to be Mongolic in origion), replacing the Chanyu
 of the Xiongnu, whom Grousset adn others assume to be Turkic, however 
many scholars believe the Rouran were Proto-Mongols. The Avars who may 
have included Juan Juan elements after the Gok-Turks crushed the Juan 
Juan who ruled Mongolia, also used this title. The title became 
associated with the Ashina rulers of the Gok-Turks and their dynastic 
successors among such people as the Khazar (the prominent titles were 
Khagan, Bek and Tarkhan). Khazar kinship was divided between the Khagan 
and the Bek or Khagan bek. Contemporary Arab historians related that the
 Khagan was purely a spirtual ruler or figur head with limited powers, 
while the Bek was responsible for Administration and Military affairs. 
The early Khagans of the Mongol empire were Genghis Khan, Ogedei Khan, 
Guyuk Khan, Mongke Khan. Genghis and his ruling descendants are called 
Khagan while other rulers are referred as Khan. "G" sound in Khagan 
later weakened and disappeared, becoming Khaan or Khaqan. In modern 
Mongolian language Khaan refers emperor or king, whoever Yekhe Khagan 
means Great Khagan or Grand emperor.

Tarkhan:-  Tarkhan is a Turkic word from old Turkic language meaning
 a "privileged class". Tarkhan is a Turkish title means "chief" or 
"Prince". Tarkhan is an ancient term for General, Commander, Minister 
and regimental Commander of Khazar Army. Tarkhan title was used among 
the Turks, Mongols another steppe people and was a high rank in the army
 of "Tamerlan". Tarkhan is a Turkic title, war lord of the Prairie who 
protected his herd with armed followers, the wealthiest of them, because
 the aristrocrate of the steppe, the Noyans or Princess. This name 
(Tarkhan) must be derived from the title of the Turkish commander who 
presumablly Pitched his tent on the Taman Peninsula in 568; Tama-Tarkhan
 means the chief of ten thousands, later on Chengis Khan army was 
organized according to that system. The title Tarkhan was an old 
Mongolic title and the bearer of the title enjoyed certain privileges, 
one of them was that he was not punished till he commit nine offences. 
The Tarkhan was a Mongolic title conferred by the Tarkhan chief enjoyed 
power and privilage next to great Mongol Khan (See Genghis Khan by 
Herold Lamb). The title was hereditary one, Chengiz Khan conferred it on
 Qishliq and Bata, under Timur a Tarkhan had free access to every place 
of the Palace and criminal immunity for himself and his children upto 
nine offences. Fiscal immunity for aristrocrates or nobles of the state 
might include a provision also by Mongol origin and still in use under 
the Timurids; the holder of the hereditary tax exemption for a 
particular tract of land was called "Tarkhan"; the granting of this type
 of immunity and also the land concerned were called "Tarkhani", 
originally Tarkhan was a term applied to Mongol nobles. The title 
Tarkhan appears in the Orkhon inscriptions, Tonyukuk, Kultegin and 
Bilge-Kagan. The Tarkhan is a title of Turko-Mongol rulers; Hunic, 
Gok-Turk, Khazar, Uyghur, Mughals etc. Gok-Turk and Khazar were belonged
 to Tokuz Oguz tribe; their ruler possessed the title Khan, Khakan, 
Tarkhan, Baghatar, Tegin, Shad and Yabghu. The prominent Turkic rulers 
were Tama-Tarkhan, RasTarkhan, ChorpanTarkhan, HazerTarkhan, 
QutlughTarkhan Sengun, Tunbaga Tarkhan etc.

The
 Ur-Mankakts was the leading tribe descended from Oghuz Khan, all the 
mughal tribes are related to that tribe. From the three sons of Alan Ku 
sprung a numerous tribe; in the mughal language sir named "Nirka" 
(Niron); that is a pure family. The descendants of the Qayan took the 
sir name of Kayat and those of Naguz took the sir name of Darulgin. 
Kayat are descendant from the sixth son of Kabul Khan and the Borzugan 
Kayat sprung from the five sons of Yessughi Bahadur Khan who was the 
father of Temujin (Genghis Khan). The Umma-uts formely called Urma-uts, 
from them are derived four tribes 1. Kunakhmars 2. Arlats 3. Kalkits 4. 
Kishlik.  The Kunakhmars 
sprung from a person of that name Menglik; sir name Izka for his piety 
and virtue, was of this tribe and married the widow Ulun-Iga, mother of 
Temugin. Arlats the second branch of the Urma-uts sprung from Arlats 
second son of Menglik Izka. The Kalkits from Kalkits third son of 
Menglik, so named because he couldn't speak plain. From the Kalkits  are
 derived Kishliks. This man who with his brother Baydu (Bata) saved the 
life of Genghis khan, made them and their descendants for nine 
generation "Tarkhan" free from all sorts of taxes. It is obvious that 
Tarkhans are true Mongols, family of Genghis Khan, descended from 
Urma-uts tribe, styled respectively BadaTarkhans and KishliqTarkhans.  The
 Tarkhans of Dast-i-Kapchak and Khawarazm are the descendants of Badae, 
while those of Turkistan are the descendants of the Kishliq. These 
Tarkhans who were descendant from Kishliq and Badae were relative of 
Timurid and Mughal rulers.  Ghiyath-al-Din
 Tarkhans ancestor Kishliq (Qishliq) had been made a Tarkhan by Chengiz 
Khan, and had later been among Chaghadais Emirs. This honor had 
descended in his family and lent them considerable prestige. Three of 
Ghiyath-al-Din daughters married son or grand sons of Timur, one of 
these was GawharShad, Shahrukh's powerful and influential wife. Two of 
the GawharShad's brothers AliTarkhan and Hassan Sufi Tarkhan had been 
appointed  with Shahrukh to
 Khorasan. These figures prominently participated most of Shahrukh's 
early compaigns along with four other brothers, Husayn Sufi, Sayyid 
Ahmed, Muhammad Sufi and Hamza Tarkhan. Tarkhan is a Turko-Mongol tribe,
 Amir-Timur in his institutes, enumerates twelve of fourty tribes which 
had sumitted to his government; Barlas, Tarkhan, Arghun, Jalair, 
Tulkchi, Duldi, Moghul, Sulduzi, Tughai, Kipchak, Arlat and Tatar. 

The
 two youths, Badae and Kishlik, who had warned him of his danger, were 
made Tarkhans-- The meaning of Tarkhan is thus explained; the person so 
called is secure and safe from all troubles and annoyance, in every 
place in which her service, what every booty he may take is his own, and
 he is not deprive of it; he can entered the place of audiance of his 
sovereign without being summoned, and without first asking permission; 
and he can commit or he guilty of nine offences-- Nine is a number, as i
 have already notice held in great veneration by the Mughals, without 
being questioned; and Temurchi decreed that for nine generations; the 
offspring of these Tarkhans should be exempt from all burdens and 
imposts. In the general description of Kashghar, contained in the report
 of the Yarkand mission, previously referred to, we are told (p-100) as 
to the Ancient Punishment before the tenth century (Moghul), that under 
the mughals a noble was entitled to forgiveness nine times but for the 
tenth was imprisoned. Something respecting the privilages of the 
Tarkhans has apparently being mentioned to the writer who straight way 
turned all the Mughal nobles into Tarkhans. In another place we are 
informed that the descendants of these Khans were still met with in 
Khurasan in the 15th century; which is quite correct. They are also met 
with in several other centuries and in this 19th century in many other 
parts besides Khurasan. The descendants of the two persons above 
referred to were the progenitors of two tribes, styled respectively 
Badae Tarkhans and Kishlik Tarkhans. The Tarkhans of the Dasht-i-Kibchak
 and Khawarazm are the descendants of the Badae, which those of 
Turkistan are the descendants of Kishlik. Several great Amirs arose from
 these tribes among whom was the Tarkhan Haji, who was the founder of a 
city the Atil, to which he gave his name. It was known as Haji Tarkhan, 
which in after-years was styled Hashtar Khan (AsTarkhan).

In
 the battle with the Awang Khan, among other booty captured was the 
Khargah of that sovereign, which was of cloth of gold. This Temurchi 
bestowed, with other things upon Badae and Kishlik and in after times 
the distinguishing "Mark of a Tarkhan" was a peace of the golden cloth 
tent of the Awang  Khan which they used to wear hanging from their turbans.

Sultan
 Ahmed Mirza was born in 855 AH (1451 AD), the year in which his father 
took the Thorne of SamarKand. He was Sultan Abu Saeed Mirza’s eldest 
son; his mother was a daughter of Aurdu-bugha Tarkhan (Arghun), the 
elder sister of Darwesh Mohammad Tarkhan and the most honoured of the 
Mirza’s wives. Mihr ngar Khanam was his first wife, set a side for him 
by his father, Sultan Abu Saeed Mirza. She was Yunus Khan’s eldest 
daughter and my mothers full sister. Tarkhan begim of the Tarkhan was 
the another of his wives. Qtaq Begim was another, the foster sister of 
the Tarkhan begim just mentioned. Darwesh Mohammad Tarkhan (Arghun) was 
another, the son of Aurdu-budha Tarkhan and full-brother of the mother 
of Sultan Ahmed Mirza and Sultan Mohammad Mirza; of all begs in Sultan 
Ahmed Mirza’s presence, he was the greatest and most honored. He was an 
Orthodox, kindly and Darwesh like and was constant transcriber of the 
Quran. Abdul Ali Tarkhan was another, a close relative of the Darwesh 
Mohammad Tarkhan, possessor also of his younger sister, that is to say, 
Baqi Tarkhan’s mother.

The
 Arghun dynasty was a dynasty of either Mongol (davies P 627); Turkish 
or Turko-Mongol (boswrth, new Islamic dynasties P 329) ethnicity that 
ruled parts of Afghanistan in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, as
 well as the region of Sindh for most of the 16th century. The Arghuns 
can be divided into to branches, the Arghun branch of Dhul-Nul beg 
Arghun that ruled until 1554 and the Tarkhan branch of Mohammad Isa 
Tarkhan that ruled until 1591. Tarkhan Dynasty was established by Turkic
 Tarkhan and they ruled Sindh, Pakistan, from 1554 to 1591 AD. General 
Mirza Isa Beg founded the Tarkhan Dynasty in Sindh after the death of 
Shah Hassan Arghun of the Arghun Dynasty. Mughal emperor Akbar annexed 
Sindh after defeating the last Tarkhan ruler. The rulers of the Tarkhan 
dynasty of Sindh were:- Mirza Shah Beg Arghun Tarkhan (915-928), Mirza 
Shah Hasan Arghun Tarkhan (928-949), Mirza Isa Khan Tarkhan (949-974), 
Mirza Mohammad Baki Tarkhan (974-993), Mirza Painda Beg Tarkhan 
(993-993), Mirza Jani Tarkhan (993-1011), Mirza Ghazi Tarkhan 
(1011–1039) and Mirza Isa Tarkhan (second) (1039–1061). The Tarkhan of 
Sindh may have local historians assert be able to trace their origin to 
Eku-Timur, who as we have seen in the preceding note was the Grand son 
of Arghun Khan and was the member of the imperial family from the 
Arghuns also were descendants. The Arghun Khan was himself a Tarkhan. 
(History of Sindh by sir Elliot P303,497,499) and had ancestral 
relationship with Genghis Khan. The lineage is traced as, Mirza Isa 
Tarkhan, son of Mirza Abdul Ali, son of Mirza Abdul Khaliq, son of 
Arghun Khan, son of Abagha Khan, son of Hulagu Khan, son of Chengiz 
Khan, succeeded to the thorne of Thatta after the death of Mirza Husain 
Arghun. Mirza Isa made Mirza Salih Tarkhan his heir, apparent and placed
 the reins of government in his hands, reserving to himself only the 
name of King.

Baghatur:- (Mongolian
 "Baghatur" "Baatur", Turkish "Batur" "Bahadir", Russian "Boghatir", 
Bulgarian "Bagatur", Persian "Bahadur", Uzbek "Batyr") Is a Turko-Mongol
 honorific title, in origion a term for "Hero". 

The
 term was first used in Mongolia (China), as early as the 7th century as
 evidence in the Sui dynasty records. It is attested for the Kokturk 
Khanate in the 8th century and among the Bulgars of the first Bulgarian 
empire in the 9th century. The word was common among the mongols in 
Genghis Khan's Mongol empire in the 13th century; the title persisted in
 its successor states, Il khanate, Timurid and Mughal dynasty of India. 

Now we mention some examples from history about princes who adopted the title Baghatur.

1. Mudu shanyu of the Xiongnu empire.

2. Baghatur Khagan of the Khazar C 760.

3. Baghatur 9th century commander in Bulgaria.

4. Yesugei Baghatur, the father of the Genghis Khan.

5. The Mongol general Subutai Baghatur.

6. Il Khan Abu Saeed took the title Baatur.

7. Bayan of the Merkid of the Yuan dynasty was awarded title Baghatur.

8. Two Mughal emperors were named Bahadurshah (1) and Bahadurshah zafar (2). 

Shad (Ishad):- Shad
 (Ishad) was a state office in the early central Asian Turkic states, 
roughly equivalent to "Governer". The position of Shad was traditionaly 
given to the member of a ruling clan (Ashina). Frequently Shad was a 
blood prince a representative of the next generation. Muhammad Kashgri 
defined the title Shad as an heir apparent a step above Yabgu. In the 
early Turkic Khagnate, Shad was a ruler of the east wing and Yabgu was 
the ruler of the west wing of the state, both directly subordinate to 
the Kaghan. Shad (Ishad) was an old Turkic word used to designate the 
highest ranking Gok-Turk generals e.g. Bori Shad.

Bori
 Shad (Wolf governer) was title of an appointed head of province type 
principality in the western Turkic Khagnate. Bori Shad was a Gok-Turk 
prince and an "Ishad" or "General" in the Army of the western Turkic 
Khagnate. He was the son of Baghashad, who may have the Yabgu or prince 
of the Khazars. Bori Shad's uncle was Tong Yabgu Khagan, the Khagan of 
the western Gok-Turks. In April 630 Bori Shad took advantage of dynastic
 disorders in the Sassanid empire and dispached Chorpan Tarkhan to 
conquer Armenia. Although the compaign was successful, Bori Shad had to 
flee to central Asia after learning about the murder of Tong Yabgu later
 that year.

Yabgu:- Yabgu
 was a state office in the early Turkic states, roughly equivalent to 
"Viceroy". The title carried Autonomy in different degrees and its links
 with the central authority of Kaghan varied from economical and 
political subordination to superficial political difference. The 
position of Yabgu was traditionally given to the second highest member 
of a ruling clan (Ashina), with the first member being the khagan 
himself. Frequently Yabgu was the younger brother of the ruling Khagan, 
or a representative of the next generation, called Shad (blood prince). 
Muhammad Kashgari define the title Yabgu as position two steps below 
Kaghan, listing heir apparent Shad a step above Yabgu. As the 
centralized state disintrigrated, the Yabghu was gaining more 
Sovereignty and historical records name of independant state with Yabgu 
being the title of Supreme ruler. 

One
 prominent was Oghuz Yabgu state in middle Asia, which was formed after 
the fragmentation of the second Turkic Khagnate in the 840. Another 
example was Karluk Yabgu, the head of the Karluk confideration within 
the 766 occupied Suyab in the Jeti-su area and eventually grew into a 
powerful KaraKhanid state.

Another
 example is Tong Yabgu Qaghan (also known as Ziebel) was the khagan of 
the western Turkic Khagnate from 618 to 628 A.D. His name is usually 
translated as tiger Yabgu in old Turkic. He was the brother of Shekuei 
(611-618), the previous Khagan of the western Gok-Turks and was a member
 of Ashina Clan. Tong Yabgu maintained close relations with the Tang 
dynasty of China and may have married into the imperial family.

Another
 example is Kutlug Yabgu Kaghan was a ruler of second eastern Turkic 
Khagnate from 741-742. He was the son of Ilterish Qaghan.

Tegin:- Tegin
 is a turkic title, commonly attachable to the names of the junior 
members of the Khan family. History recorded many personages carring the
 title Tegin, from incidentally noted to heading their own states. The 
most known as Kultegin. He was a general of the second turkic Khagnate. 
He was a second son of Ilterish Shad and the younger brother of Bilge 
Kaghan. They defeated Kyrgyz, Turgesh and Karluks, extending the 
Khagnate territory all the way to the iron gates. They also subjugated 
all nine of the Tokuz Oguz tribes. 

Prince
 Kultegin descended from the Gold clan of the ancient Turkic dynastic 
tribe Ashina called Shar-Duly (Golden bird duli). All royal Oghuzes 
trace their descent from their Mythical bird Dulu/Tulu. Kultegin died in
 731, Stele in his memory was erected at his memorial complex at the 
present site of Khoshoo Tsaiddam. Another examples are Alptegin of the 
Ghazna state which grew into the Ghaznavid Empire. Arslan Tegin and 
Bughra Tegin instrumental in the creation of the Kara-Khanid Kaganate.

IlKhan:- According
 to the Rashid-Al-Din Hamdani, Kublai Khan granted Hulagu the title of 
Ilkhan after his defeat of Ariq Boke. The term Ilkhan means subordinate 
Khan. The title Ilkhan born by the descendants of Hulagu Khan who was 
the actual founder of the Ilkhanate dynasty, Grand son of Genghis Khan 
and brother of Both Mongke Khan and Qublai Khan. In 1229, "Ogodei" 
Genghis Khan's third son, proclaimed second great Khan (later known as 
Yuan Emperor Tai Zong).

Hulagu
 became Ilkhan (in 1263); Abaga Hulagu's son became Ilkhan (in 1265); 
Teguder Ahmed Abaga's brother, became Ilkhan, Mongol troops invaded Java
 (in 1282); Arghun Abaga's son, became Ilkhan attempt to establish 
Buddhism (in 1284); Geikhatu Arghun's brother became Ilkhan (in 1291); 
Ilkhan Ghazan wrote to Pope Boniface (in 1302); Oljeitu Ghazan's brother
 became Ilkhan (in 1304); Abu Said, a Sunni, succeeded Oljeitu as Ilkhan
 (in 1316); Abu Said last Ilkhan of Hulagu's line died (in 1335). 

Bek:- (Bey, Beg, Baig) Khazar
 kinship was divided between the Khagan and the Bek or Khagan bek. 
According to the Arab historians, the Khagan was purely a spirtual ruler
 or figure head with limited powers, while the Bek was responsible for 
Administration and Military affairs. Some sources referred to the Khazar
 Bek as Ishad (a Gok-Turk military rank). He was the subordinate of the 
Khagan but in reality controlled the military and civil government for 
the Khazar khagnate. Bey is a title for Chieftain, traditionally applied
 to the leaders of small tribal groups. According to some sources the 
word Bey is of Turkish language. In Historical accounts many Turkish and
 Persian leaders are titled Bey, Beg, Bek, Baig; they are all the same 
word with the simple meaning of "Lord". The title of Atabeg was common 
during the Seljuk rule of the near east in the 12th century. The word 
Atabeg is a compound of two Turkic words from Ata "Ancestor" and Beg or 
Bey "Leader, Prince".

The
 name Baig is drived from Turkic word Beg or Bey, which means "Cheif, 
Lord or Leader". Baig was a title given to honorary members of Barlas 
Clan and was used as the family name for their children. The members of 
the Mughal dynasty belong to the Chaghtai and Barlas Clans and Baigs 
were high ranking military leaders and advisors to the mughal royal 
families. Beg was also subsequently used as a military rank in the 
Ottoman empire. It was also used during the Qing dynasty in China. Bagum
 is a Turkic title given to female family members of a Baig or Beg, a 
higher official. The term Bagum is derived from the word Beg and means a
 female member of the Begs family.

Mirza:- (Persian
 "Mirza", Kazakh "Myrza, Morza") The word Mirza is derived from the 
Persian term Amirzada which means "Child of the Amir" (Child of the 
ruler). "Amir" meaning "commander" and "Zada" in persian meaning "birth"
 or "lineage". Due to the Vowel harmony in Turkic language, the 
alternative pronunciation Morza is also used.

Mirza
 denotes the rank of high "noble man" or "Prince". It usually translated
 into english as a royal or imperial prince of the blood. It signified 
male-line descent and relationship to the imperial families of Turkey 
and Tatar states (Turko-Mongol), such as Khanate of Kazan, Khanate of 
Astarkhan in Russia. After the fall of Kazan some Morzalar joined to 
russian service, another were executed. Some Morzalar lost their land 
ownership and became tradesman. Under Catherine the Greats ruler 
Morzalar gained the equal rights with russian nobility. Mirza prince 
surname and notable titles Beg, Baig, Bey, Begum, Begovic, Beigh (are 
used in indian people, Pakistani people, Turkish people etc). The titles
 themselves were given by the Kings, Sultan and emperors to their sons 
and grand sons or even distant Kins noblemen. Mirza title was given to 
the imperial prince, who have relationship to the Turk dynasties and 
also with the mughal dynasties espacially imperial family of India.

Khatun:- (Persian
 "Khatun", Turkish "Hatun") Khatun is a female title of nobility and 
alternative to male "Khan" prominently used in the first Turkic Empire 
and in the subsequent Mongol Empire. it is equivalent to "Queen" or 
"Empress" approximatly. Although the title gained prominence. It is like
 the titles "Tarkhan", "Beg" and "Yabghu". According to the encyclopedia
 of Islam, before the advent of Islam in central Asia, Khatun was the 
title of the "Queen of Bukhara". Khanum is also another female 
derivation of "Khan" in Turkic language, it is common term for "Miss" 
and unmarried women. 

The
 notable Khatuns were Borte the first wife of "Genghis Khan"; Toregene 
Khatun and Doquz Khatun wife of "Halagu"; Bulughan Khatun the wife of 
Abagha Khan; Bulugan wife of great Khan Temur; Mandukhai Khatun wife of 
Manduul Khan.

Agha:- (Aga)
 Agha from Turkish Aga means "Chief", "Master", "Lord" as a title for a 
civil of military officer or often part of such title was placed after 
the name of certain military functionaries in the Ottoman Empire. The 
word Agha entered english from Turkish, old Turkish word Aqa, meaning 
elder brother, along with it's Mongolian Cognate Aga.

Aga
 Khan is the title of the leader of the Shia Muslim Nizari Ismaili sect.
 The title Agha Khan was an honorific title bestowed by Fath Ali Shah 
Qajar of Iran on his son-in-law Hassan Ali Shah (1800-1881), the leader 
of the Ismaili Shias of Persia.