Was Jesus a Buddhist?
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Topic: Was Jesus a Buddhist?
Posted By: Nick1986
Subject: Was Jesus a Buddhist?
Date Posted: 13-Oct-2011 at 20:13
During the 19th century a Russian journalist visited a Buddhist monastery in Ladakh and read a manuscript describing the life of a monk who lived centuries ago called Issa. As a young man, it is believed Jesus encountered Therevada monks in Judea and went back east with them, studying in India until he reached the age of 30. After either faking his death at the crucifixion or having someone else die in his place, he apparently went to Kashmir with his mother, married and had children. He called himself Yuz Asaf and died aged 125. His tomb in Srinigar has become a tourist attraction and is currently housed in a purpose-built building
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Replies:
Posted By: Centrix Vigilis
Date Posted: 13-Oct-2011 at 21:34
No. As the available evidence-sources; other then theory.. legend... myth and or conjecture... that is associated with the Christ or the Buddha, imo, doesn't support it. And certainly insofar as religious and biblical archaeology and theological historians in the mainstream research... it does not. Which includes the bios by the scholar of the Buddhacarita... Aśvaghoṣa or the next most famous the Lalitavistara Sūtra. Or the following which were all compiled from the 2Ce-4thCe. Well after the death of the Christ. One would presume that the association of a Hebrew holy man from the west who had traveled east to study the tenets would have been worth of inclusion. If for no other reason then the novelty or as an example of proof that the teachings had attracted many and diverse intellectualists from far away. Now that does not say however that there are not some remarkable similarities between the two... even given the difference in time and distance. There were...... and each remains the giant in the theology/ies, doctrines and denominations that have been formulated. You might find this of interest. http://jimvb.home.mindspring.com/ser1998Oct11.htm - http://jimvb.home.mindspring.com/ser1998Oct11.htm
------------- "Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence"
S. T. Friedman
Pilger's law: 'If it's been officially denied, then it's probably true'
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Posted By: TheAlaniDragonRising
Date Posted: 13-Oct-2011 at 23:44
Originally posted by Nick1986
During the 19th century a Russian journalist visited a Buddhist monastery in Ladakh and read a manuscript describing the life of a monk who lived centuries ago called Issa. As a young man, it is believed Jesus encountered Therevada monks in Judea and went back east with them, studying in India until he reached the age of 30. After either faking his death at the crucifixion or having someone else die in his place, he apparently went to Kashmir with his mother, married and had children. He called himself Yuz Asaf and died aged 125. His tomb in Srinigar has become a tourist attraction and is currently housed in a purpose-built building | Oh yes I think I remember this story, and somewhat interesting. What makes it so is that ideas Jesus was preaching were not common in the holy land, but they were known in Buddhism. Now we can ask where he got these ideas from. The thing is if we say they were from God then we are also probably say that God chose Buddhism too and first to convey these teachings.
------------- What a handsome figure of a dragon. No wonder I fall madly in love with the Alani Dragon now, the avatar, it's a gorgeous dragon picture.
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Posted By: Baal Melqart
Date Posted: 14-Oct-2011 at 04:28
Originally posted by TheAlaniDragonRising
Originally posted by Nick1986
During the 19th century a Russian journalist visited a Buddhist monastery in Ladakh and read a manuscript describing the life of a monk who lived centuries ago called Issa. As a young man, it is believed Jesus encountered Therevada monks in Judea and went back east with them, studying in India until he reached the age of 30. After either faking his death at the crucifixion or having someone else die in his place, he apparently went to Kashmir with his mother, married and had children. He called himself Yuz Asaf and died aged 125. His tomb in Srinigar has become a tourist attraction and is currently housed in a purpose-built building | Oh yes I think I remember this story, and somewhat interesting. What makes it so is that ideas Jesus was preaching were not common in the holy land, but they were known in Buddhism. Now we can ask where he got these ideas from. The thing is if we say they were from God then we are also probably say that God chose Buddhism too and first to convey these teachings. |
I don't think you can jump the gun and say that Jesus' teachings are Buddhist per se even given the similarities. I would think that Jesus preached a message which really focused on forgivance and peace, not to say that similar teachings were not common amongst the Jews (albeit with less focus on those specific values).
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Posted By: medenaywe
Date Posted: 14-Oct-2011 at 07:12
self sacrifice element is common inside both of them.
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Posted By: Cryptic
Date Posted: 14-Oct-2011 at 11:29
Originally posted by medenaywe
self sacrifice element is common inside both of them. |
True, but all the cultural references in the gospels are enitirely local Hebrew with some Greco Roman overtures from the occupying Romans. Likewise, the theology of Jeus is entirely revelatory Abrahamic.
In short, with the possible exception of the singular John 10:16 reference "I have other sheep in other pastures" there is nothing either culturally or theologicaly in the gospels or in he following material (Letters, Acts of the Apostles) to suggest that Jesus ever left the local area, much less travelled to India.
Originally posted by Baal Melqart
I don't think you can jump the gun and say that Jesus' teachings are Buddhist per se even given the similarities. I would think that Jesus preached a message which really focused on forgivance and peace, not to say that similar teachings were not common amongst the Jews (albeit with less focus on those specific values).
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Well said.
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Posted By: medenaywe
Date Posted: 14-Oct-2011 at 12:32
Yes J.C. and Buda are similar in two principles:1.follow me2.and all have a reason!It is very peculiar way of being alpha unit avoiding your personal sexuality or even deny it!Male virgin was declared for the first time in New Testament.
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Posted By: unclefred
Date Posted: 14-Oct-2011 at 16:17
I heard Siddhartha was a Jew.
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Posted By: Nick1986
Date Posted: 14-Oct-2011 at 20:00
A lot of Jesus' teachings are similar to Buddhism: turning the other cheek is ahimsa, bodhisattvas and saints are both depicted with radient halos, Christians worship Mary as a mother-goddess, and both Christian and Buddhist monks practise meditation, vows of chastity and poverty. It would seem that Christ gained enlightenment while on the cross and sought to share his discoveries with the disciples, none of whom understood and instead worshipped Jesus as a demigod
------------- Me Grimlock not nice Dino! Me bash brains!
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Posted By: Cryptic
Date Posted: 14-Oct-2011 at 22:56
Originally posted by Nick1986
A lot of Jesus' teachings are similar to Buddhism: turning the other cheek is ahimsa, bodhisattvas and saints are both depicted with radient halos, Christians worship Mary as a mother-goddess, and both Christian and Buddhist monks practise meditation, vows of chastity and poverty. |
One could easily say the same about Christianity and Jainism or Hinduism and Sufi Islam. The theology of Jesus was totally revelatory Abrahamic. Buddhism is a dharma based, not Abrahamic religion. In the end, the similarities between Christianity and Buddhism are note worthy, but they are only skin deep.
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Posted By: lirelou
Date Posted: 14-Oct-2011 at 22:56
Was Jesus exposed to Buddhist thought in his lifetime? Given that Buddhists could be found as close as what is today Iran, I think it quite possible. But being aware of Buddhist principles, and even the active study of Buddhism, does not one a Buddhist make. And strictly speaking, gods and goddesses do not exist in Buddhism. Likewise, self-sacrifice to the point of ending one's life is alien to core Buddhist beliefs. The many warrior monks of Korean, Chinese, and Vietnamese history were not, strictly speaking, good Buddhists. Rather they were respected monks whose worldly concerns turned them from the path of enlightenment. The goal of Buddhism is not to become a good Buddhist, but rather to be a Buddha. Not too different from Christian theology which emphasizes that the road is rocky, and not all can continue upon it. And the goal of every Christian is not to be a 'good' Christian, but rather to emulate Christ in thought, word, and deed, thereby becoming 'Christ-like'.
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Posted By: Menumorut
Date Posted: 15-Oct-2011 at 15:53
No. The Christian teachings (no matter who is their author) is the opposite of Budhism in that
Budhism teaches that people must get rid of their personalities (character) and that in Nirvana people will be absorbed in the Absolute. That means, the dissapearing of the person. Buddhism is antipersonalist or depersonalizing.
Christianity is fundamentally personal, teaches about God - Person and humans as persons that can live only in the community of other persons.
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Posted By: Karalem
Date Posted: 15-Oct-2011 at 16:57
The big difference between eastern and western religions is that in the former there is no God as such. There is a God above Jesus while Buddha is the messenger of the people. He is not the messenger of God. When Christianity was transferred to India it was absorbed to accommodate eastern perspective and branched into Buddhism and Hinduism.
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Posted By: Baal Melqart
Date Posted: 15-Oct-2011 at 21:25
A lot of Jesus' teachings are similar to Buddhism: turning the other
cheek is ahimsa, bodhisattvas and saints are both depicted with radient
halos, Christians worship Mary as a mother-goddess, and both Christian
and Buddhist monks practise meditation, vows of chastity and poverty. It
would seem that Christ gained enlightenment while on the cross and
sought to share his discoveries with the disciples, none of whom
understood and instead worshipped Jesus as a demigod |
Well, the depictions of saints by those who practiced christianity has in my opinion no relevance when speaking of similarities between both religions because we know that Jesus himself never told anyone to make such drawings or depictions. About the way in which Jesus is worshipped I would agree that there is quite a striking similarity between Jesus and Buddha and let me even add Zoroaster to the list. Obviously, all Christians would reject the idea that out of excessive adoration, they ended up worshipping Jesus as a demi-god. But then that belongs to its own separate topic... Budha for example is sometimes worshipped as a god although he only proclaimed himself to be a teacher (if you see buddha kill him!), the same goes zith Zarathustra who claimed to be a philosopher rather than a messenger.
The big difference between eastern and western religions is that in the
former there is no God as such. There is a God above Jesus while Buddha
is the messenger of the people. He is not the messenger of God. When
Christianity was transferred to India it was absorbed to accommodate
eastern perspective and branched into Buddhism and Hinduism. |
Both Buddhism and Hinduism predate Christianity by at least 5 centuries.
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Posted By: Don Quixote
Date Posted: 15-Oct-2011 at 23:00
I don't think so...there are too many differences between what Jesus thought and Buddism. The roots of his teachings are undoubtedly in Judaism, morality and all, God, etc. There is no one god in Buddhism, and then the main idea of Buddhism is breaking the cycle of being born again and again; hence Buddhism is cyclic, while Christianity is an eschatological; this is such a major difference that I cannot possibly see one coming from the other. Besides, Jesus didn't preach giving up the earthly life in order to gain salvation, he preached morality; the monastic ideal that can be connected with Buddhism didn't come from Jesus, but was developed later. Jesus was a moral teacher, not philosopher like Buddha, nor he was the only one who claimed to be the Messiah, so he was not an isolated case so improbable that the roots of his ideas have to be searched for a continent away.
This is even not taking in account the timeline difference that Centrix talked about; taking this in mind the chance of such possibility seems next to zero. Which doesn't mean that some other Jew called Issa didn't make it to India - after all people move around all the time and Issa is not a unique name in Judea to say that there was only one person could possibly bear such a name. But if such person existed he wasn't the Jew Jesus we know from the gospels; and the Jesus's teachings are a very logical continuation of the mainstream Judaism, not Buddhist ideas.
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Posted By: Don Quixote
Date Posted: 15-Oct-2011 at 23:21
Originally posted by medenaywe
Yes J.C. and Buda are similar in two principles:1.follow me2.and all have a reason!It is very peculiar way of being alpha unit avoiding your personal sexuality or even deny it!Male virgin was declared for the first time in New Testament.
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I have to disagree with that - first, Jesus didn't preach avoidance or denying of sexuality, this was Paul's idea, and whoever proclaimed his a male virgin did that on his own responsibility. The gospels were written by others, so if they proclaimed him a virgin this has nothing to do with Jesus himself. t one Jesus may as well have been married, we have no way to prove it one way or another. All we know is that he never preached any kind of monasticism, or denying of married life.
As for the sacrificial element - Buddha never said he would self-sacrificed himself, nor he said that anyone should sacrifice themselves, he talked about separation from worldly passion that doesn't exclude married life; just psychological detachment from it. The whole stress on the sacrificial element in Christianity came after Christ, with the Patristic philosphers, aka "Alexandrian School" - in fact they pretty much built Christianity up on a mixed base of Greek philosophy, splash of Judaism and the gospels, that were written in Greek and heavily influenced by Greek worldviews. Jesus himsels was talking about his self-sacrifice, not that everyone should do so; "Sell all you have and follow me" was a call for followers, teachers on morality, not call to detach yourself from the world.
Buddhism's message is mostly about detachment and killing if all passion; while Christianity is built on passion; Jesus was passion himself - passion for morality, it oozes out through his /supposedly/ words in the gospels. So I don't see much similarities between both ways of thought.
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Posted By: Cryptic
Date Posted: 15-Oct-2011 at 23:28
Originally posted by Karalem
When Christianity was transferred to India it was absorbed to accommodate eastern perspective and branched into Buddhism and Hinduism.
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To my knowledge Indian Christianity (both ancient and modern practices) has remained almost entirely Abrahamic.
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Posted By: Don Quixote
Date Posted: 15-Oct-2011 at 23:38
Originally posted by Nick1986
A lot of Jesus' teachings are similar to Buddhism: turning the other cheek is ahimsa, bodhisattvas and saints are both depicted with radient halos, Christians worship Mary as a mother-goddess, and both Christian and Buddhist monks practise meditation, vows of chastity and poverty. It would seem that Christ gained enlightenment while on the cross and sought to share his discoveries with the disciples, none of whom understood and instead worshipped Jesus as a demigod |
Those similarities though are only on the surface and most of then didn't start with Jesus. The halos are an iconographic trait that started in byzantium, centuries after Jesus; Jesus never talked about meditation, but about prayer, and the ideas of both are very different - meditation is a way to enlighten yourself through concentration, while prayer is a conversation with god-the-creator. The vow of chastity wasn't an idea of Jesus, it developed like a century ofter he was gone. Jesus didn't preach poverty, but selling your stuff to give it to the poor - not that one has to be poor to start with, then if would be useless because one cannot seel his possessions and help the poor if he is poor to start with. On the cross Jesus didn't gain an enlightment, but talked to god-his-father and sacrificed himself like a lamb to gain salvation for others - this is a very Jewish idea /the sacrifice of the lamb.
What did Jesus himself teach - follow the laws, the 10 commandments, don't get divorced, whatever is in one's mind is as good as done, all moral laws. He never taught anything like enlightment, or nirvana, etc; this was not his line. What happened after death according him was hell or acceptance by god, he being his son - this has nothing in common with what Buddha stood for /detachment, self-enlightment, nirvana as freedom from births/.
The very idea is self-enlightening yourself would be seen as utmost pride in Christianity /and would be condemned/, where the faith in god and following him is the key to salvation by the same god; the very core idea is that god saves, not person saves himself. Jesus talked about god taking care of his children, like birds and flowers - this is not self-reliance /self-enlightment, like in Buddhism/, but reliance on god and his rules.
So, I don't see how possibly one could have been developed from the other; this is my opinion, of course, I don't want to press it on anyone.
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Posted By: Nick1986
Date Posted: 16-Oct-2011 at 19:34
How do we know Jesus' interpretation of Nirvana wasn't twisted to become the modern conception of Paradise by disciples like Paul who didn't understand his message? Buddhism doesn't deny the existence of gods (indeed, you can be reincarnated as a lesser-god or angel). Jesus' last words: My God, my God, why have you forsaken me? could have stemmed from the realisation that God was unable to intervene in the human world
------------- Me Grimlock not nice Dino! Me bash brains!
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Posted By: Karalem
Date Posted: 17-Oct-2011 at 13:08
Originally posted by Cryptic
Originally posted by Karalem
When Christianity was transferred to India it was absorbed to accommodate eastern perspective and branched into Buddhism and Hinduism.
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To my knowledge Indian Christianity (both ancient and modern practices) has remained almost entirely Abrahamic. |
which means it stayed more conservative than European Christianity.
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Posted By: Karalem
Date Posted: 17-Oct-2011 at 13:22
The good question would be whether Jesus was real. I believe he was, but one has to take notice that pagan gods also mirror to an extend the symbol. Even the names like Zeus, or Celtic god Esus are different pronunciations of the same. it comes down to Deus, which means God. But why would the peasant father and his virgin wife call their child God. It is more likely that the original name of Jesus was something else and that he worked himself up in his life to be granted that name, perhaps even after his death.
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Posted By: Karalem
Date Posted: 17-Oct-2011 at 14:04
then again the name could have been popular in Judea and Gallilea, just like today it still is in Spain. though i bet his name was something else, a known historical figure whose biography was cut loose from that of Jesus. Why was a common prediger hoisted while many others similar to him left no trace. Cross was also a common death. Was he a common preacher?
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Posted By: Baal Melqart
Date Posted: 17-Oct-2011 at 14:50
Originally posted by Karalem
then again the name could have been popular in Judea and Gallilea, just like today it still is in Spain. though i bet his name was something else, a known historical figure whose biography was cut loose from that of Jesus. Why was a common prediger hoisted while many others similar to him left no trace. Cross was also a common death. Was he a common preacher?
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The problem here is that Jesus was not his actual name because the language spoken in Judea at that time was Aramaic and not English. His name in Aramaic is either Yeshua or Yehoshua (might correspond more tot he English Joshua rather than Jesus). And yes, that name was quite common back in those days.
------------- Timidi mater non flet
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Posted By: Karalem
Date Posted: 17-Oct-2011 at 15:21
I take it Jeshua has different etymology to Jesus, which would lead to more than one flukey coincidences, and is down a moot lane since Aramaic is gone. if they are reflexes of the same word, then no problem, it changes nothing.
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Posted By: medenaywe
Date Posted: 17-Oct-2011 at 16:29
" My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?" are words that give us who&why did create(stress) screenplay's end like this!It was written during Roman Empire as proclamation for enslaved people:Accept your position and destiny mortal beings cause He,the son of God,do not complain and accept his destiny!I know you will say this was reedited after J.C. death but the purpose of simple propaganda pamphlet was it.Very similar was concept of Sidarta&Buda!Rich Prince had born to rule&enjoy abdicated and rejected material world and its pleasures and accepted spiritual world and poverty!Main purpose of both characters was creation for stereotypes of ordinary social behavior and obedient citizens!No matter what have happened just do the same as they did cause they were chosen and accepted with free will sufferings why do not you!?!Reward will be delivered after in other world&resurrection&life!
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Posted By: Nick1986
Date Posted: 17-Oct-2011 at 19:17
Joshua or Jesus was once a very common name in the Middle East. Christ shared his name with the bandit Barabbas, a quack from Crete, and an Old Testament prophet
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Posted By: Don Quixote
Date Posted: 17-Oct-2011 at 19:47
Originally posted by Nick1986
How do we know Jesus' interpretation of Nirvana wasn't twisted to become the modern conception of Paradise by disciples like Paul who didn't understand his message? Buddhism doesn't deny the existence of gods (indeed, you can be reincarnated as a lesser-god or angel). Jesus' last words: My God, my God, why have you forsaken me? could have stemmed from the realisation that God was unable to intervene in the human world |
Paradise is a far older idea that Jesus - actually started with the Egyptians - so according to the "Book of the Dead" whoever pass the trial fo the gods, the ceremony of measuring his heart that would show if this person followed the Law of Heaven this person goes in the forever happy land that is always green and live there forever with the gods. Here, the Christian Paradise is a copy of the Egyptian one, not Nirvana.
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Posted By: Don Quixote
Date Posted: 17-Oct-2011 at 19:54
Originally posted by Karalem
The good question would be whether Jesus was real. I believe he was, but one has to take notice that pagan gods also mirror to an extend the symbol. Even the names like Zeus, or Celtic god Esus are different pronunciations of the same. it comes down to Deus, which means God. But why would the peasant father and his virgin wife call their child God. It is more likely that the original name of Jesus was something else and that he worked himself up in his life to be granted that name, perhaps even after his death.
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I beleive Jesus was real person, a morality teacher, who ended up crucified - but was divinized as part of what he really though about himself - which is not a news, the ressurrection had been around since the Babylonian Dumuzi, and had been rehashed and served in a Judaic context - there is nothing new to that. In the same way pagan god and holidays turned into Christian saints and Easter, Christmas, etc. So, what Jesus came up with wasn't new nor original - just an ordinary person was turned into a Dying God http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dying_god - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dying_god because people are attracted to simple and hopeful answers to the basic question of the rapaciousness and ephemerality of life. people create gods, not vice versa - this is my opinion anyway.
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Posted By: Centrix Vigilis
Date Posted: 17-Oct-2011 at 20:36
Originally posted by Don Quixote
Originally posted by Nick1986
How do we know Jesus' interpretation of Nirvana wasn't twisted to become the modern conception of Paradise by disciples like Paul who didn't understand his message? Buddhism doesn't deny the existence of gods (indeed, you can be reincarnated as a lesser-god or angel). Jesus' last words: My God, my God, why have you forsaken me? could have stemmed from the realisation that God was unable to intervene in the human world |
Paradise is a far older idea that Jesus - actually started with the Egyptians - so according to the "Book of the Dead" whoever pass the trial fo the gods, the ceremony of measuring his heart that would show if this person followed the Law of Heaven this person goes in the forever happy land that is always green and live there forever with the gods. Here, the Christian Paradise is a copy of the Egyptian one, not Nirvana.
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I challenge lightly that it is a Egyptian copy....I otoh obviously see a nexus with the Hebrew. Now show me the Egyptian nexus with the Hebrew before their residence in Egypt...and then how... that... after influencing the Hebrew... if at all.... the Egyptian then ties to the Christain version. I suspect as much Babylonian and other interests as much if not more then Egyptian directly.
------------- "Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence"
S. T. Friedman
Pilger's law: 'If it's been officially denied, then it's probably true'
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Posted By: Karalem
Date Posted: 18-Oct-2011 at 15:54
Originally posted by Don Quixote
I beleive Jesus was real person, a morality teacher, who ended up crucified - but was divinized as part of what he really though about himself - which is not a news, the ressurrection had been around since the Babylonian Dumuzi, and had been rehashed and served in a Judaic context - there is nothing new to that. In the same way pagan god and holidays turned into Christian saints and Easter, Christmas, etc. So, what Jesus came up with wasn't new nor original - just an ordinary person was turned into a Dying God http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dying_god - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dying_god because people are attracted to simple and hopeful answers to the basic question of the rapaciousness and ephemerality of life. people create gods, not vice versa - this is my opinion anyway.
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He might have been a preacher, but to become martyr he needed more than just walking the streets and shouting slogans. He preached in Judea, but was a Galilean. He was crucified for preaching, but Judea around that time went through a series of rebellions against Rome. Why did he preach against rabbinic Judaism?
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Posted By: Nick1986
Date Posted: 18-Oct-2011 at 20:09
Originally posted by Don Quixote
Originally posted by medenaywe
Yes J.C. and Buda are similar in two principles:1.follow me2.and all have a reason!It is very peculiar way of being alpha unit avoiding your personal sexuality or even deny it!Male virgin was declared for the first time in New Testament.
| I have to disagree with that - first, Jesus didn't preach avoidance or denying of sexuality, this was Paul's idea, and whoever proclaimed his a male virgin did that on his own responsibility. The gospels were written by others, so if they proclaimed him a virgin this has nothing to do with Jesus himself. t one Jesus may as well have been married, we have no way to prove it one way or another. All we know is that he never preached any kind of monasticism, or denying of married life.As for the sacrificial element - Buddha never said he would self-sacrificed himself, nor he said that anyone should sacrifice themselves, he talked about separation from worldly passion that doesn't exclude married life; just psychological detachment from it. The whole stress on the sacrificial element in Christianity came after Christ, with the Patristic philosphers, aka "Alexandrian School" - in fact they pretty much built Christianity up on a mixed base of Greek philosophy, splash of Judaism and the gospels, that were written in Greek and heavily influenced by Greek worldviews. Jesus himsels was talking about his self-sacrifice, not that everyone should do so; "Sell all you have and follow me" was a call for followers, teachers on morality, not call to detach yourself from the world.Buddhism's message is mostly about detachment and killing if all passion; while Christianity is built on passion; Jesus was passion himself - passion for morality, it oozes out through his /supposedly/ words in the gospels. So I don't see much similarities between both ways of thought. |
Perhaps Jesus was aware the crucifixion wouldn't kill him: rather than dying he entered a trance to appear dead (aided by the drugged wine provided by the Romans) and, through his suffering, entered a higher state where he could gain enlightenment (similar to Buddha starving himself under a tree)
------------- Me Grimlock not nice Dino! Me bash brains!
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Posted By: Centrix Vigilis
Date Posted: 18-Oct-2011 at 20:15
No source evidence to support that and certainly not by a later key witness St. John. The reports of the great storm, and the rising of the dead, and his last words as a human being; at his death...refute it.
------------- "Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence"
S. T. Friedman
Pilger's law: 'If it's been officially denied, then it's probably true'
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Posted By: Baal Melqart
Date Posted: 19-Oct-2011 at 15:51
He said to them, “But now if you have a purse, take it, and also a bag; and if you don’t have a sword, sell your cloak and buy one. Luke 22:36
This is said after the Romans were pursuing Jesus and the disciples. Ordering his disciples to buy swords is a clear indication that the Christ was ready to fight to death rather than accept crucifixion.
I frankly don't believe that he was crucified because there in no evidence in the bible itself that jesus was put on the cross because we are told that his disciples forsook him and fled moments before his alleged crucifixion. This makes it so that there is no eye witness to his crucifixion meaning that the resurrection also may not have been... I welcome your different opinions of course.
But this has all taken place that the writings of the prophets might be fulfilled." Then all the disciples deserted him and fled Mathew 26:56
@Karalem Jesus opposed the rabbinic priests because of the changes they had made to the entire religion. They had subplanted the torah as the highest religious authority and replaced it with the Babylonian Talmud, which even supercedes the Jerusalem Talmud! The Babylonian Talmud mainly contained rabbinic discussions and religious edicts placed there by the sinhedrin and I can understand why Jesus was so outraged by this act. Nothing fascinating about it really.
------------- Timidi mater non flet
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Posted By: Cryptic
Date Posted: 19-Oct-2011 at 18:22
Originally posted by Baal Melqart
This makes it so that there is no eye witness to his crucifixion meaning that the resurrection also may not have been... I welcome your different opinions of course.
But this has all taken place that the writings of the prophets might be fulfilled." Then all the disciples deserted him and fled Mathew 26:56
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The roman soldiers were eyewitnesses and also participants in the actual death. In addition, the Bible gives a detailed and description of the final parts of the execution process:
-breaking the legs of the other two men to ensure that they would die before the sabbath due to lung collapse since they could not be directly killed on the sabbath
-stabbing Jesus with a lance to be sure that he was already dead).
The description is culturally consistant with both Roman and Jewish practices. I think if one can accept the Bible as credible regarding the events just prior to and during the crucifiction, I think it logically follows that the Biblical description of the death of Jesus on the cross is credible as well.
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Posted By: Baal Melqart
Date Posted: 19-Oct-2011 at 19:08
That's exactly what I doubted... If none of the disciples were present during these events that are so well documented in the bible, then who wrote them down, this of course considering that the disciples were the main authors of these biblical chapters.
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Posted By: Don Quixote
Date Posted: 19-Oct-2011 at 20:10
Originally posted by Centrix Vigilis
Originally posted by Don Quixote
Originally posted by Nick1986
How do we know Jesus' interpretation of Nirvana wasn't twisted to become the modern conception of Paradise by disciples like Paul who didn't understand his message? Buddhism doesn't deny the existence of gods (indeed, you can be reincarnated as a lesser-god or angel). Jesus' last words: My God, my God, why have you forsaken me? could have stemmed from the realisation that God was unable to intervene in the human world |
Paradise is a far older idea that Jesus - actually started with the Egyptians - so according to the "Book of the Dead" whoever pass the trial fo the gods, the ceremony of measuring his heart that would show if this person followed the Law of Heaven this person goes in the forever happy land that is always green and live there forever with the gods. Here, the Christian Paradise is a copy of the Egyptian one, not Nirvana.
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I challenge lightly that it is a Egyptian copy....I otoh obviously see a nexus with the Hebrew. Now show me the Egyptian nexus with the Hebrew before their residence in Egypt...and then how... that... after influencing the Hebrew... if at all.... the Egyptian then ties to the Christain version. I suspect as much Babylonian and other interests as much if not more then Egyptian directly. |
The Egyptian Book of the Dead was written supposedly in 1550 BC, or before that; the supposed Exodus for the Hebrews from Egypt was in 1312 BC; so the Hebrews were in Egypt exaxlty in the right time to be influenced by the Egyptian idea of Paradise no matter if Moses himself was an Egyptian or not. Christianity appeared in the crosspoint of Mesopotamian, Egyptian and Greek influences - there is nothing out of ordinary it combined borrowed ideas of all those cultures, as in reality it did, IMHO. The Paradise, the Dying God, resurrection - all those are ideas that predate Christianity with millenia, there is nothing new in them. Noah and the Fllod came directly from Mesopotamian mythology, the "Epic of Gilgamesh"; the Hebrews themselves came from Ur of the Chaldeans, were Mesopotamians, in other words, of course they would rehash whatever they could use from the Mesopotamian mythology, this is how religions develop; if one is to use relatively scientific methodology when discussion religion, that is, and don't opt for uniqueness of the Judaism of Christianity, reality of divinities, etc.
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Posted By: Centrix Vigilis
Date Posted: 19-Oct-2011 at 20:12
Refuted easily as a number of witnesses were there to include ST. John. CC. http://www.gospel-mysteries.net/witnesses-crucifixion.html - http://www.gospel-mysteries.net/witnesses-crucifixion.html Gospel of JohnThe account in this gospel differs considerably from the other three. It says that several women and one disciple stood "near the cross", and that Jesus spoke to them from the cross. The women are identified as Jesus' mother Mary, his mother's sister, Mary the wife of Clophas (or Cleophas), and Mary Magdalene. The disciple is identified only as "the disciple whom Jesus loved". The unnamed disciple mentioned in John is often called the "Beloved Disciple". He has traditionally been identified as John the son of Zebedee, one of the original twelve disciples, and the author of the gospel. But many scholars have questioned this identification, and the matter is still very much in dispute. But whoever he was, this gospel says that he and several women, including Jesus' mother, were near the cross, close enough to talk to Jesus and hear his words. The other three gospels never mention a "disciple whom Jesus loved". They also say nothing about any disciple or any women being near the cross, or talking with Jesus while he was on the cross. Their accounts of the words that Jesus spoke from the cross are also completely different from the words attributed to him in John's gospel. All of this suggests that the author of John had a source of information that wasn't available to the other gospel writers. This source is usually assumed to be the un-named Beloved Disciple himself, and a statement at John 21:24 seems to confirm this. Thus, this un-named disciple was probably the eyewitness for John's account of the crucifixion. But who was the source of information for the other accounts? Most scholars think that Matthew and Luke got nearly all of their information about the crucifixion from Mark, though they sometimes made minor alterations. Thus, Mark's account is generally regarded as the original. And according to church tradition, Mark got most of his information about what happened directly from Peter. But since Peter almost certainly didn't witness the crucifixion himself, who did he get his information from? Apparently not from the Beloved Disciple, since the accounts are so different. Instead, some people have suggested Simon of Cyrene, the man who was forced to carry the cross, although the gospels don't say whether he stayed to watch the crucifixion. Another possibility is that Peter talked to one or more of the women who watched from a distance. Matthew and Mark name several of them, in both cases specifying Mary Magdalene first. If Mark got his information from Peter, and Peter got it from someone else, that would make Mark's account third-hand. But it actually reads like a first-hand account. In fact many scholars believe that Mark also had another source of information, a lost gospel known as the Pre-Markan Passion Narrative which was written fairly soon after the crucifixion by an unknown person who had a good knowledge of what happened. Evidence for Mark's possible use of such a lost document can be discerned in certain subtle details of his account. Thus, the gospel stories of the crucifixion appear to be based on two primary sources of information: (1) The memories of the un-named Beloved Disciple, and (2) a now-lost early passion narrative used directly by Mark and second-hand by Matthew and Luke. Some additional details may have been provided by other sources such as Peter. Although these conclusions are plausible, some people think that they leave some important questions unanswered. For example, why is John apparently the only gospel that mentions the presence of Jesus' mother Mary? If she was there, shouldn't such an important piece of information be in all of the accounts? Some people also ask why John doesn't mention the followers who watched from a distance, and the other gospels don't mention the followers who were near the cross. One possible explanation is that all of the accounts actually refer to the same group, which gradually moved closer to the cross. Or possibly two separate groups were present, but each gospel writer only had information about one of them. A more serious problem relates to what Jesus said while on the cross. What he says in John's account is completely different from what he says in the other accounts. It has been argued that different witnesses to an event often give different descriptions of it later. Certainly that could account for minor inconsistencies. But in this case the accounts are totally different. Questions have also been raised about the story of the spear thrust. According to John 19:34, a Roman soldier pierced Jesus' side with a spear to make sure that he was dead. Yet the other gospels say nothing about this. The various disparities have led some scholars to question the accuracy of certain parts of one or more of the accounts. But most Christians believe that all the accounts are basically correct, and that the discrepancies are simply the result of variations in what different witnesses saw or remembered. Note: If we try to list all the specific individuals mentioned in the various accounts, we get the following result: 1. Mary Magdalene (mentioned by Matthew, Mark, and John) 2. Mary the mother of James and Joses (mentioned by Matthew and Mark) 3. The mother of Zebedee's sons (mentioned by Matthew) 4. Salome (mentioned by Mark) -- Many scholars think that this is the same person as (3), the mother of Zebedee's sons 5. Mary the mother of Jesus (mentioned by John) 6. Mary the wife of Clophas (who was probably Joseph's brother) (mentioned by John) 7. An un-named sister of Jesus' mother (mentioned by John) -- Many scholars think that this is the same person as (6), i.e., the wife of Clophas 8. The un-named Beloved Disciple (mentioned by John) Much of the debate about the identities of these people centers on the Beloved Disciple. But there has also been a lot of discussion about the second person on the list, Mary the mother of James and Joses. Sometimes called "the other Mary", she appears in the story again (in some accounts) as one of the women who accompany Mary Magdalene to the tomb on Easter morning. Several different identifications have been proposed for this "other Mary". Some people think that she was a previous wife of Joseph and the mother of his other children. Others say that she was the same person as the sixth individual on the list, i.e., the wife of Clophas and possibly a sister (or half-sister) of Jesus' mother. But some scholars argue for another, and very intriguing, possibility. They contend that this "other Mary" was actually the mother of Jesus! If this is correct, a major disparity would be eliminated, because Mark and Matthew would then agree with John that Jesus' mother was present at the scene. There are two main pieces of evidence to support the theory that this Other Mary was the mother of Jesus: First, her name is Mary. And second, her sons James and Joses could be two of the four brothers of Jesus mentioned in Mark 6:3. But there is also a basic problem with this theory: For if this Other Mary really was the mother of Jesus, why don't Matthew and Mark say so? Instead, both authors seem to treat her as a minor character, and Matthew 28:1 even refers to her as "the other Mary". In fact the whole matter of this woman's identity is very puzzling. But if it could be resolved, the possible conclusions could be very important.
------------- "Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence"
S. T. Friedman
Pilger's law: 'If it's been officially denied, then it's probably true'
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Posted By: Centrix Vigilis
Date Posted: 19-Oct-2011 at 20:22
Originally posted by Don Quixote
Originally posted by Centrix Vigilis
Originally posted by Don Quixote
Originally posted by Nick1986
How do we know Jesus' interpretation of Nirvana wasn't twisted to become the modern conception of Paradise by disciples like Paul who didn't understand his message? Buddhism doesn't deny the existence of gods (indeed, you can be reincarnated as a lesser-god or angel). Jesus' last words: My God, my God, why have you forsaken me? could have stemmed from the realisation that God was unable to intervene in the human world |
Paradise is a far older idea that Jesus - actually started with the Egyptians - so according to the "Book of the Dead" whoever pass the trial of the gods, the ceremony of measuring his heart that would show if this person followed the Law of Heaven this person goes in the forever happy land that is always green and live there forever with the gods. Here, the Christian Paradise is a copy of the Egyptian one, not Nirvana.
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I challenge lightly that it is a Egyptian copy....I otoh obviously see a nexus with the Hebrew. Now show me the Egyptian nexus with the Hebrew before their residence in Egypt...and then how... that... after influencing the Hebrew... if at all.... the Egyptian then ties to the Christian version. I suspect as much Babylonian and other interests as much if not more then Egyptian directly. |
The Egyptian Book of the Dead was written supposedly in 1550 BC, or before that; the supposed Exodus for the Hebrews from Egypt was in 1312 BC; so the Hebrews were in Egypt exactly in the right time to be influenced by the Egyptian idea of Paradise no matter if Moses himself was an Egyptian or not. Christianity appeared in the crosspoint of Mesopotamian, Egyptian and Greek influences - there is nothing out of ordinary it combined borrowed ideas of all those cultures, as in reality it did, IMHO. The Paradise, the Dying God, resurrection - all those are ideas that predate Christianity with millenia, there is nothing new in them. Noah and the Flood came directly from Mesopotamian mythology, the "Epic of Gilgamesh"; the Hebrews themselves came from Ur of the Chaldeans, were Mesopotamians, in other words, of course they would rehash whatever they could use from the Mesopotamian mythology, this is how religions develop; if one is to use relatively scientific methodology when discussion religion, that is, and don't opt for uniqueness of the Judaism of Christianity, reality of divinities, etc.
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This presumes an 'superior influence' as I noted before. What evidence in the sources indicates it occurred. The fact that Moses was raised and a Prince of Egypt does not presuppose his belief in the Egyptian pantheon. No evidence exists to support this afaik. Both Israel and Joseph were there prior to Moses yet neither is their evidence... even though Joseph is a major servant and friend of Pharaoh and had wives there... that he or his father believed in this version..and this was... what 400 years before Moses if memory serves correct. I absolutely concur that the Christianity has been influenced viz the culturalization effect of many on the parent Hebrews theological development. What I contest is the superiority of the Egyptian in the aforementioned development on the parent hence delivered to the child.
------------- "Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence"
S. T. Friedman
Pilger's law: 'If it's been officially denied, then it's probably true'
|
Posted By: Cryptic
Date Posted: 19-Oct-2011 at 20:58
Originally posted by Baal Melqart
That's exactly what I doubted... If none of the disciples were present during these events that are so well documented in the bible, then who wrote them down, this of course considering that the disciples were the main authors of these biblical chapters. |
The writer of Luke admits that he is not an eyewitness, but rather was an investigator who was working for "Theophilius" (probably a wealthy patron)
As for the other 3 gospels, the actual disciples probably did not write them either (though they were complied shortly after their deaths). All the gospels are a collelction of accounts. The source of these accounts were the original disciples, secondary disciples etc.
The accounts, however, are very accurate. For example, the writers knew that the Romans were heavily outnumbered and feared a revolt. As a result, the Romans are reluctant to execute Jesus for fear of starting a revolt amongst his followers and they also avoid giving needless offense to the Jews (the Romans respect Jewish sabbath etc.)
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Posted By: Don Quixote
Date Posted: 20-Oct-2011 at 03:17
Originally posted by Centrix Vigilis
Originally posted by Don Quixote
Originally posted by Centrix Vigilis
Originally posted by Don Quixote
[QUOTE=Nick1986]
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I challenge lightly that it is a Egyptian copy....I otoh obviously see a nexus with the Hebrew. Now show me the Egyptian nexus with the Hebrew before their residence in Egypt...and then how... that... after influencing the Hebrew... if at all.... the Egyptian then ties to the Christian version. I suspect as much Babylonian and other interests as much if not more then Egyptian directly. |
The Egyptian Book of the Dead was written supposedly in 1550 BC, or before that; the supposed Exodus for the Hebrews from Egypt was in 1312 BC; so the Hebrews were in Egypt exactly in the right time to be influenced by the Egyptian idea of Paradise no matter if Moses himself was an Egyptian or not. Christianity appeared in the crosspoint of Mesopotamian, Egyptian and Greek influences - there is nothing out of ordinary it combined borrowed ideas of all those cultures, as in reality it did, IMHO. The Paradise, the Dying God, resurrection - all those are ideas that predate Christianity with millenia, there is nothing new in them. Noah and the Flood came directly from Mesopotamian mythology, the "Epic of Gilgamesh"; the Hebrews themselves came from Ur of the Chaldeans, were Mesopotamians, in other words, of course they would rehash whatever they could use from the Mesopotamian mythology, this is how religions develop; if one is to use relatively scientific methodology when discussion religion, that is, and don't opt for uniqueness of the Judaism of Christianity, reality of divinities, etc.
|
This presumes an 'superior influence' as I noted before. What evidence in the sources indicates it occurred. The fact that Moses was raised and a Prince of Egypt does not presuppose his belief in the Egyptian pantheon. No evidence exists to support this afaik. Both Israel and Joseph were there prior to Moses yet neither is their evidence... even though Joseph is a major servant and friend of Pharaoh and had wives there... that he or his father believed in this version..and this was... what 400 years before Moses if memory serves correct. I absolutely concur that the Christianity has been influenced viz the culturalization effect of many on the parent Hebrews theological development. What I contest is the superiority of the Egyptian in the aforementioned development on the parent hence delivered to the child. |
There is no superior influence and no influence can be superior or inferior - influences just happen naturally, as people trade, mix, marry and share info. For me to suppose that people would live together and never share influences is simply unrealistic. Judaism is a natural continuation of the Mesopotamian mythology, and Christianity of Judaism with influences from all directions.
If Moses was an Egyptian it's most natural he to have been excepting if not the Egyptian pantheon at least the key concepts like resurrection /Osiris/ and Paradise /green land, "park" etc,
"...In the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament - Old Testament ,
the word 'Pardes' (a transliteration of the Persian word) occurs in
Song 4:13, Eccl.2:5, and Neh. 2:8 meaning 'park', the original Persian
meaning of the word, similar to the description of the parks of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great - Cyrus the Great by http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophon - Xenophon in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabasis_%28Xenophon%29 - Anabasis .
In http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple - Second Temple era Judaism 'paradise' came to be associated with the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_of_Eden - Garden of Eden and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_to_Come - prophesies of restoration of Eden ...." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise /
one of those concepts became a part of Judaism, /Paradise/ the other didn't /resurrection/, it became part of Christianity - whatever this mean of doesn't mean. What, he /Moses/ would be living in a culture and never excepting anything from it? I doubt that.
Now, I never inferred that possible Egyptian influence was, or is "superior" - in fact I had been fighting against notions like that here and in a different forum. People just learn and borrow things from each other, some thing they except, some they don't, /it's pretty random/ - nothing more, nothing less. You point me to a person who clams that any Egyptian influence was like a parent to a child - and I'm gonna fight this notion down, I have a bad reputation for doing such things.
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Posted By: Centrix Vigilis
Date Posted: 20-Oct-2011 at 04:19
Here, the Christian Paradise is a copy of the Egyptian one, not Nirvana.Sorry DQ.... it questionably might merely be semantics on my part but the above... imo... infers a uniqueness established by yourself when ya state... the Christian Paradise is a copy of the Egyptian one......it then follows logically that an assignment of superiority is thus also to be inferred if not directly..as you so state.... but ntl presents itself obliquely. As Christianity first and foremost.... remains essentially a Hebrew offshoot with later significant divisions and separations and even additons of other cultures to include the paganistic. No arguement there. And while I note it has been influenced by others thru the Hebrew development. I will continue to reject a significant or at this point even a moderate nexus of the Egyptian. As I remain not satisfied that a serious nexus between the Hebrew exists with the Egyptian given my understanding of the sources which would define the developement of Hebrew doctrine. We agree but disagree. But as usual, a fine discourse which I continue to appreciate.
------------- "Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence"
S. T. Friedman
Pilger's law: 'If it's been officially denied, then it's probably true'
|
Posted By: TheAlaniDragonRising
Date Posted: 20-Oct-2011 at 04:46
Originally posted by Centrix Vigilis
Here, the Christian Paradise is a copy of the Egyptian one, not Nirvana.Sorry DQ.... it questionably might merely be semantics on my part but the above... imo... infers a uniqueness established by yourself when ya state... the Christian Paradise is a copy of the Egyptian one......it then follows logically that an assignment of superiority is thus also to be inferred if not directly..as you so state.... but ntl presents itself obliquely. As Christianity first and foremost.... remains essentially a Hebrew offshoot with later significant divisions and separations and even additons of other cultures to include the paganistic. No arguement there. And while I note it has been influenced by others thru the Hebrew development. I will continue to reject a significant or at this point even a moderate nexus of the Egyptian. As I remain not satisfied that a serious nexus between the Hebrew exists with the Egyptian given my understanding of the sources which would define the developement of Hebrew doctrine. We agree but disagree. But as usual, a fine discourse which I continue to appreciate. |
I found this to be particularly interesting when talking about connections between Egyptian and later beliefs.
Genesis 1-2 In Light Of Ancient
Egyptian Creation Myths
Tony L. Shetter
This paper was
presented at the second annual Student Academic Conference held at Dallas
Theological Seminary in April 18, 2005.
Introduction
With the popularization of the documentary hypothesis
by Julius Wellhausen and the publication of the Babylonian creation and flood
stories by George Smith in the late 19th century, many critical scholars hold
to a Babylonian background of the Genesis creation accounts. This fits well, of
course, with their classification of Gen 1:1-2:3 as “P” and their dating of it
to the exilic/post-exilic periods. However, several more recent scholars
suggest that Genesis 1-2 reflects an Egyptian background: A. S. Yahuda, A. H.
Sayce, Cyrus Gordon, and James Hoffmeier. Their approach better respects the
Mosaic authorship of the Pentateuch and the Egyptian background of Moses and
his original audience. The purpose of this paper is to survey the parallels and
differences between Egyptian cosmology and the Genesis creation accounts that
these four scholars have surfaced. It will also suggest that Genesis 1-2
reflects an Egyptian, not Babylonian, background and cosmology.
Brief
Survey of Scholarship: Egyptian Background of Genesis 1-2
In 1887, Sayce first noted the parallels between
Genesis 1 and the Egyptian cosmogony of Hermopolis: “the chaotic deep; the
‘breath’ moving on the waters; the creation of light; the emergence of the hill
‘in the middle of the waters.’” file:///C:/Users/Alexander/AppData/Local/Temp/Temp1_shetter_gen1-2.zip/Genesis1-2inLightofAncient.doc#_ftn1 - - In 1933 and 1934, Yahuda identified several
similarities between Genesis 1-2 and ancient Egyptian texts. He also identified
Egyptian influence throughout the Pentateuch. file:///C:/Users/Alexander/AppData/Local/Temp/Temp1_shetter_gen1-2.zip/Genesis1-2inLightofAncient.doc#_ftn2 - - - In 1982, Cyrus Gordon showed similarities between the
Egyptian and Hebrew traditions of the creation of man. file:///C:/Users/Alexander/AppData/Local/Temp/Temp1_shetter_gen1-2.zip/Genesis1-2inLightofAncient.doc#_ftn3 - - - In 1983, James Hoffmeier also identified several
striking parallels between Genesis 1-2 and ancient Egyptian cosmology. file:///C:/Users/Alexander/AppData/Local/Temp/Temp1_shetter_gen1-2.zip/Genesis1-2inLightofAncient.doc#_ftn4 - - - - - - - Brief
Survey of Egyptian Cosmology (Creation Mythology)
The ancient Egyptian beliefs and concepts of creation
appear in various sources: Pyramid Texts, Coffin Texts, The Book of the Dead,
The Memphite Theology, as well as various hymns, file:///C:/Users/Alexander/AppData/Local/Temp/Temp1_shetter_gen1-2.zip/Genesis1-2inLightofAncient.doc#_ftn7 - - - - - - - - - - - Heliopolis,
Memphis, and
Hermopolis. file:///C:/Users/Alexander/AppData/Local/Temp/Temp1_shetter_gen1-2.zip/Genesis1-2inLightofAncient.doc#_ftn12 - - - Heliopolis and Memphis
share more in common with one another than with Hermopolis. However, they all
feature the similar concepts of a primordial ocean, a primeval hill, and the
deification of nature. file:///C:/Users/Alexander/AppData/Local/Temp/Temp1_shetter_gen1-2.zip/Genesis1-2inLightofAncient.doc#_ftn13 - - - - - - - The
Creation of the World: The Three Major Egyptian Cosmogonies
Heliopolis
The Pyramid Texts contain the earliest known
cosmogonic expressions of the Egyptians. file:///C:/Users/Alexander/AppData/Local/Temp/Temp1_shetter_gen1-2.zip/Genesis1-2inLightofAncient.doc#_ftn16 - - - - - file:///C:/Users/Alexander/AppData/Local/Temp/Temp1_shetter_gen1-2.zip/Genesis1-2inLightofAncient.doc#_ftn18 - - Heliopolis, nine gods
constitute the Great Ennead. file:///C:/Users/Alexander/AppData/Local/Temp/Temp1_shetter_gen1-2.zip/Genesis1-2inLightofAncient.doc#_ftn19 - - - - - - - Heliopolis), (namely) Atum, Shu, Tefēnet, Gēb,
Nūt, Osiris, Isis, Seth, and Nephthys; O you
children of Atum, extend his goodwill to his child in your name of Nine Bows.” file:///C:/Users/Alexander/AppData/Local/Temp/Temp1_shetter_gen1-2.zip/Genesis1-2inLightofAncient.doc#_ftn22 - - - - - Heliopolis.
He put his penis in his grasp that he might make orgasm with it, and the two
siblings were born—Shu and Tefnut.” file:///C:/Users/Alexander/AppData/Local/Temp/Temp1_shetter_gen1-2.zip/Genesis1-2inLightofAncient.doc#_ftn24 - - - Heliopolis, you sneezed Shu, you spat
Tefnut.” file:///C:/Users/Alexander/AppData/Local/Temp/Temp1_shetter_gen1-2.zip/Genesis1-2inLightofAncient.doc#_ftn25 - - - - - - -
Memphis
The Shabaka Stone file:///C:/Users/Alexander/AppData/Local/Temp/Temp1_shetter_gen1-2.zip/Genesis1-2inLightofAncient.doc#_ftn28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Hermopolis
In the city of Hermopolis,
the cosmogony of the Ogdoad arose. The Ogdoad of Hermopolis consists of four
gods and their respective consorts: Nun and Naunet, Keku and Kauket, Hehu and
Hauhet, Amun and Amaunet. Each of the four goddesses receives her name from the
feminine form of the name of her male counterpart. file:///C:/Users/Alexander/AppData/Local/Temp/Temp1_shetter_gen1-2.zip/Genesis1-2inLightofAncient.doc#_ftn36 - - - - - - - Brandon suggested
that ‘Amun’ comes from the root ìmn which means
‘hidden’. file:///C:/Users/Alexander/AppData/Local/Temp/Temp1_shetter_gen1-2.zip/Genesis1-2inLightofAncient.doc#_ftn39 - - - - - - - Frankfort
comments on Amun’s role, and explains the function of the Ogdoad. He states,
“Amon could therefore be conceived in later times as the dynamic element of the
chaos, the mainspring of creation, the breath of life in dead matter. But this
is not the original conception, which simply, by means of the Ogdoad, made the
chaos more specific, more apt to be understood. On the Isle of Flames the Eight
mysteriously made the sun-god come forth from the waters, and therewith their
function was fulfilled.” file:///C:/Users/Alexander/AppData/Local/Temp/Temp1_shetter_gen1-2.zip/Genesis1-2inLightofAncient.doc#_ftn42 - - - Differences
among the Three Egyptian Cosmogonies
The three cosmogonies of Heliopolis,
Memphis, and
Hermopolis exhibit both similarities and differences. At times the differences
create contradictions in the mind of the modern reader. However, these
contradictions among the three traditions and even within the traditions
themselves did not pose a problem for the ancient Egyptians. file:///C:/Users/Alexander/AppData/Local/Temp/Temp1_shetter_gen1-2.zip/Genesis1-2inLightofAncient.doc#_ftn43 - - - Similarities
among the Three Egyptian Cosmogonies
From studying the various pieces of evidence dealing
with the Egyptian understanding of creation, three common concepts bring unity
to the otherwise diverse creation stories. All creation stories share the
belief in a primordial ocean, a primeval hill, and the deification of nature.
These concepts find representation in each of the temple sites in ancient Egypt. file:///C:/Users/Alexander/AppData/Local/Temp/Temp1_shetter_gen1-2.zip/Genesis1-2inLightofAncient.doc#_ftn44 - - The
Creation of Humans in Egyptian Cosmogonies
Egyptians viewed the creation of the world as a
separate creative act from the creation of man. While the cosmogonies of Heliopolis, Memphis,
and Hermopolis address the origin of the world, the creation of humans and
animals receives little attention. file:///C:/Users/Alexander/AppData/Local/Temp/Temp1_shetter_gen1-2.zip/Genesis1-2inLightofAncient.doc#_ftn45 - - - The
Creation Tradition of Khnum
While the creation of humans and animals receives
little attention in the main cosmogonies, Egyptian evidence concerning the
creation of man is not lacking. As Cyrus Gordon notes, “One of the most
familiar scenes in Egyptian art is Khnum, the ram-headed god, fashioning a
person out of the clay on the potter’s wheel.” file:///C:/Users/Alexander/AppData/Local/Temp/Temp1_shetter_gen1-2.zip/Genesis1-2inLightofAncient.doc#_ftn46 - - - Temple of Deir el Bahari, Hatshepsut had a relief
carved on one of the walls depicting Khnum fashioning her and her ka out of clay on his potter’s turntable. file:///C:/Users/Alexander/AppData/Local/Temp/Temp1_shetter_gen1-2.zip/Genesis1-2inLightofAncient.doc#_ftn47 - - - Nile, i.e., clay. After fashioning a person, his consort
Heket offers the “breath of life,” symbolized by the ankh,
to the nose of the clay figure. This animates the clay effigy and the person
receives an allotted life-span, personified as Shay meaning
“That-which-is-ordained.” file:///C:/Users/Alexander/AppData/Local/Temp/Temp1_shetter_gen1-2.zip/Genesis1-2inLightofAncient.doc#_ftn48 - - - Suggested
Parallels between Egyptian Cosmology and the Hebrew Creation Accounts of
Genesis 1-2
The following features of Egyptian cosmology share
similarities with the Genesis creation accounts: the ability of the Egyptians
to hold seemingly contradictory views of the creation events at the same time,
the means employed by the creator-gods in their creation, and the condition of
the primordial state at the beginning of creation.
Adherence
to Seemingly Contradictory Views of the Creation
The fact that the Egyptians held to at least three
different means of creation simultaneously without concerning themselves with
the contradictions may give an answer to the two different creation narratives
in Genesis. Old Testament scholars have long wrestled with the presence of two
creation stories in Genesis. For example, von Rad notes, “The long road in the
history of tradition which lies behind the present form of this account of
creation is in many respects recognizable. The exposition has dealt with the
tension between creation by act and creation by word.” file:///C:/Users/Alexander/AppData/Local/Temp/Temp1_shetter_gen1-2.zip/Genesis1-2inLightofAncient.doc#_ftn49 - - - file:///C:/Users/Alexander/AppData/Local/Temp/Temp1_shetter_gen1-2.zip/Genesis1-2inLightofAncient.doc#_ftn50 - - - - - - The
Means Employed by the Creator-Gods
As mentioned above, Ptah creates the world by divine
word in the Memphite Theology. This forms a unique parallel between Genesis
1:1—2:3 and Egyptian cosmology. “While the doctrine of creation in response to
divine command is widespread in Egyptian literature, it is not to be found in
Babylonian cosmologies.” file:///C:/Users/Alexander/AppData/Local/Temp/Temp1_shetter_gen1-2.zip/Genesis1-2inLightofAncient.doc#_ftn53 - - - As Khnum creates man on his potter’s wheel,
Yahweh-Elohim creates man by forming him from the earth. file:///C:/Users/Alexander/AppData/Local/Temp/Temp1_shetter_gen1-2.zip/Genesis1-2inLightofAncient.doc#_ftn54 - - - rx^y` “to form, fashion” (which is the root of rx@y)
“potter”) implicitly suggests that God is viewed as a potter. file:///C:/Users/Alexander/AppData/Local/Temp/Temp1_shetter_gen1-2.zip/Genesis1-2inLightofAncient.doc#_ftn55 - - - - - |
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