The fourth assumption is that the European races were white and had a colour prejudice against the dark races. The Aryans being a European race, it is assumed that it must have had colour prejudice. The theory proceeds to find evidence for colour prejudice in the Aryans who came into India. This it finds in the Chaturvarnya - an institution by the established Indo-Aryans after they came to India and which according to these scholars is based upon Varna which is taken by them to mean colour.

Not one of these assumptions is borne out by facts. Take the premise about the Aryan race. The theory does not take account of the possibility that the Aryan race in the physiological sense is one thing and an Aryan race in philological sense quite different, and that it is perfectly possible that, the Aryan race, if there is one, in the physiological sense may have its habitat in one place and that the Aryan race, in the philological sense, in quite a different place. The theory of the Aryan race is based on the premise of a common language and it is supposed to be common because it has a structural affinity. The assertion that the Aryans came from outside and invaded India is not proved and the premise that the Dasas and Dasyus are aboriginal tribes of India is demonstrably false.

Again, to say that the institution of Chaturvarnya is a reflection of the innate colour prejudice of the Aryans is really to assert too much. If colour is the origin of class distinction, there must be four different colours to account for the different classes, which comprise Chaturvarnya. Nobody has said what those four colours are and who were the four coloured races who were welded together in Chaturvarnya. As it is, the theory starts with only two opposing people, Aryas and Dasas - one assumed to be white and the other assumed to be dark...

Prof. Micheal Foster has somewhere said that 'hypothesis is the salt of science.' Without hypothesis there is no possibility of fruitful investigation. But it is equally true that where the desire to prove a particular hypothesis is dominant, hypothesis becomes the poison of science. The Aryan race theory of Western scholars is as good an illustration of how hypothesis can be the poison of science as one can think of.

The Aryan race theory is so absurd that it ought to have been dead long ago. But far from being dead, the theory has a considerable hold upon the people. There are two explanations which account for this phenomenon. The first explanation is to be found in the support which the theory receives from Brahmin scholars. This is a very strange phenomenon. As Hindus, they should ordinarily show a dislike for the Aryan theory with its express avowal of the superiority of the European races over the Asiatic races. But the Brahmin scholar has not only no such aversion but he most willingly hails it. The reasons are obvious. The Brahmin believes in the two-nation theory. He claims to be the representative of the Aryan race and he regards the rest of the Hindus as descendants of the non-Aryans. The theory helps him to establish his kinship with the European races and share their arrogance and their superiority. He likes particularly that part of the theory which makes the Aryan an invader and a conqueror of the non-Aryan native races. For it helps him to maintain and justify his over lordship over the non-Brahmins.

The second explanation why the Aryan race theory is not dead is because of the general insistence by European scholars that the word Varna means colour and the acceptance of that view by a majority of the Brahmin scholars. Indeed, this is the mainstay of the Aryan theory. There is no doubt that as long as this interpretation of the Varna continues to be accepted the Aryan theory will continue to live. This part of the Aryan theory is therefore very important and calls for fuller examination. It needs to be examined from three different points of view: (1) Were the European races fair or dark? (2) Were the Indo-Aryans fair? (3) What is the original meaning of the word Varna?

 

We read in Avesta: http://www.avesta.org/vendidad/vd1sbe.htm - http://www.avesta.org/vendidad/vd1sbe.htm

 

17. The fourteenth of the good lands and countries which I, Ahura Mazda, created, was the four-cornered Varena³⁹, for which was born Thraetaona, who smote Azi Dahaka [Zohak].

Thereupon came Angra Mainyu, who is all death, and he counter-created abnormal issues in women⁴⁰, and barbarian oppression⁴¹.

 

 

and about the caste: http://www.indopedia.org/Varna_%28caste%29.html - http://www.indopedia.org/Varna_(caste).html

 

The caste system in the Vedic culture has probably originated with prehistoric http://www.indopedia.org/Proto-Indo_European.html - Proto-Indo European peoples. In the framework of the " http://www.indopedia.org/index.php?title=Trifunctional_hypothesis&action=edit - trifunctional hypothesis " of [[Georges Dum�zil]], the presence of four castes is seen as an indication that the lowest caste consists of the descendants of a subjugated indigenous people, while the original system would have included three castes, priests, warriors and peasants, comparable to the three classes, viz. http://www.indopedia.org/Clergy.html - clergy , http://www.indopedia.org/Nobility.html - nobility and http://www.indopedia.org/Peasant.html - peasants of http://www.indopedia.org/Middle_Ages.html - medieval Europe. The supposed http://www.indopedia.org/Ethnic.html - ethnic difference between the castes is supported by the word varna "colour" itself, referring to the darker complexion of the lower castes.

 

There is a city named Varna in Bulgaria: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna

 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor - Theophanes the Confessor first mentioned the name Varna, as the city came to be known with the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavs - Slavic conquest of the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans - Balkans in the 6th-7th century. The name may be older than that; perhaps it derives from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root - Proto-Indo-European root we-r- (water) ^{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna#cite_note-bartleby.com-6 - [7]} (see also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varuna - Varuna ), or from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Slavic - Proto-Slavic root varn (black), or from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_languages - Iranian var (camp, fortress: see also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymological_list_of_provinces_of_Bulgaria - Etymological list of provinces of Bulgaria ).

 

And about the four-cornered Varena, as you read here: http://www.chnpress.com/news/?section=1&id=1613 - http://www.chnpress.com/news/?section=1&id=1613  some say that is modern Varamin and that huge four-cornered fortress in Varamin which is believed to be built by Iraj, son of Thraetaona (Fereydun), the forefather of the Iranians:

 

 

 

  

Odessos was important point of Byzantine empire north of Balkan mountains and army lodgement for raids deep into Bulgarian territory (they easy transport large forces through Byzantine navy supremacy). That`s why one of the major tasks for Bulgarian Kingdom was to take control over the city. Bulgarian army took Varna few times and control it for years. Most spectacular was in 1201 when our army led by Tzar Kaloyan capture the city for just three day of siege using advanced military technology include enormous siege tower. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Varna_%281201 - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Varna_(1201 )

 

Varna today

 

 

 

 

 

Opposite variant is also unacceptable. May be word have Germanic root.

 

I think English word "varnish" come from French word "vernis" which have absolute similar meaning. French words in English language are a lot.

 

 

 

The castle had really strong walls. It is seen by mighty remains  

To add to this I think the place name Buner (in Pakistan) might be derived from Varuna.