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yDNA R in Eurasia

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  Quote toyomotor Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Topic: yDNA R in Eurasia
    Posted: 31-Jan-2014 at 20:28
It is now generally accepted that the yDNA Haplogroup R originated on or near the Eurasian Steppe/Tarim Basin area. It is also accepted that the majority of males in Ireland share the R1b DNA subgroup. (R1b is very common in those areas once influenced by the Celtic culture). Why do those scholars who subscribe to the above view still resist the idea that the Celts originated on the Steppe?

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  Quote Ollios Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 01-Feb-2014 at 00:53
Originally posted by toyomotor

Why do those scholars who subscribe to the above view still resist the idea that the Celts originated on the Steppe?



well not all sources;
"The ancient Celts were a branch of the Indo-Europeans, an ethnico-linguistic group that also included Germanic, Slavic, Greek and Indo-Iranian people. From their homeland in the Pontic-Caspian Steppes, the Proto-Indo-Europeans went to conquer most of Europe, Central Asia and South Asia from 4000 BCE onwards thanks to the advent of the Bronze Age in the North" Caucasus.
http://www.eupedia.com/europe/celtic_trivia.shtml


Edited by Ollios - 01-Feb-2014 at 00:54
Ellerin Kabe'si var,
Benim Kabem İnsandır
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  Quote toyomotor Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 01-Feb-2014 at 02:29
Originally posted by Ollios



Originally posted by toyomotor

Why do those scholars who subscribe to the above view still resist the idea that the Celts originated on the Steppe?

well not all sources;"The ancient Celts were a branch of the Indo-Europeans, an
ethnico-linguistic group that also included Germanic, Slavic, Greek and
Indo-Iranian people. From their homeland in the Pontic-Caspian Steppes,
the Proto-Indo-Europeans went to conquer most of Europe, Central Asia
and South Asia from 4000 BCE onwards thanks to the advent of the Bronze
Age in the North" Caucasus.http://www.eupedia.com/europe/celtic_trivia.shtml


Nothing to disagree with here. But there are so many "experts" who still place the origins of the Celts on the Iberian Peninsula. Yes, there were Iberian Celts, but I don't believe that they originated there.
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  Quote beorna Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 01-Feb-2014 at 07:12
Originally posted by toyomotor

It is now generally accepted that the yDNA Haplogroup R originated on or near the Eurasian Steppe/Tarim Basin area. It is also accepted that the majority of males in Ireland share the R1b DNA subgroup. (R1b is very common in those areas once influenced by the Celtic culture). Why do those scholars who subscribe to the above view still resist the idea that the Celts originated on the Steppe?


Well, R probably originated in the eurasian steppe or even in South Asia, maybe Iran, less probable inside the tarim bassin. But it originated 25.000 to 30.000 years ago. R is therfor very old R* was even found among some aboriginal australian populations and R1b is as well present in parts of Africa, like Camerun.
The origin of R1b is dating back less than 18.000 years. It was probably in western Asia. It was once thought, that R1b was connected with an refugium of human populations in Spain during the LGM. That is not proven wrong, but it has to be taken with a doubt. Some suppose R1b came late with agriculture, after 10.000 BP, some suppose it came from saharan Africa, when it deserted more and more or even before. Some still support an older origin.
Celtic is an indo-european language, it is neither related with iberian nor with basque or other western languages. Indeed it is much closer related to Latin and to Germanic. This can be so due to a former split of these languages or because they influenced each other, maybe both. fact is simply, that the difference between those indo-european languages is too close, as if it would be possible, that they differentiated 10.000 or 8.000 years BP.
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  Quote toyomotor Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 01-Feb-2014 at 17:54
beorna: Yes I'm well acquainted with the fact that Celtic belongs to the PIE family, and is unlike the Basque and Iberian languages. That R originated in the Eurasian Steppe, I believe is beyond dispute. But its subclade R1b, is a different matter. I don't know if anyone has isolated a "birthplace for R1b or in fact its sister subclade R1a. Basically, I don't disagree with what you're saying, but the fact still remains that the Celts could have originated in the same area as R, in my opinion.

Btw, R1a has been found in the Tarim Basin I believe.
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  Quote beorna Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 02-Feb-2014 at 04:53
If Celts would have originate in the eurasian steppes, then I would like to see some evidence in Gaul or Germany or Spain, besides some few scythian arrow heads. The Celtic culture is a native culture. It is generally an outdated theory to believe all those indo-europeans already moved in as Celts, Italians, Germanics, Balto-Slavs. These people evolved inside middle or eastern europeand not already in the steppes.
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  Quote toyomotor Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 02-Feb-2014 at 19:10
Originally posted by beorna

If Celts would have originate in the eurasian steppes, then I would like to see some evidence in Gaul or Germany or Spain, besides some few scythian arrow heads. The Celtic culture is a native culture. It is generally an outdated theory to believe all those indo-europeans already moved in as Celts, Italians, Germanics, Balto-Slavs. These people evolved inside middle or eastern europeand not already in the steppes.


That the evidence hasn't been found does not mean that it doesn't exist. There is evidence of the Celtic culture in many European countries, but your post is astray when you mention ," It is generally an outdated theory to believe all those indo-europeans already moved in as Celts, Italians, Germanics, Balto-Slavs. These people evolved inside middle or eastern europeand not already in the steppes".

No one is suggesting that, one day in Germany, a group suddenly appeared on the scene and said, "G'day, we're the Germanics." People evolved. In my view the Celts evolved also, but originated in the Eurasian Steppe. There is no firm evidence which disproves my theory.

Edited by toyomotor - 02-Feb-2014 at 19:11
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  Quote toyomotor Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 02-Feb-2014 at 22:50
I apologise for posting such a long article, but I believe that it bolsters my theory for the origins of the Celts, and deserves to be replicated in full.

The article says, in part, that the origins of R1b is in the Caucasus. Most Irish men of Celtic heritage have the yDNA Haplogroup R1b.

If the following articles stands the tests of scrutiny and peer review, it would substantiate my theory.

If any member has an argument against the contents of the article, I'd be pleased to read them.

http://www.protogermanic.com/2011/07/north-caucasus-and-pontic-caspian.html
The North Caucasus and the Pontic-Caspian steppe : the Indo-European link

Published by Kenneth S. DoigHistorical migrations of R1b until 3200 years before present

Modern linguists have placed the Proto-Indo-European homeland in the Pontic-Caspian steppe, a distinct geographic and archaeological region extending from the Danube estuary to the Ural mountains to the east and North Caucasus to the south. The Neolithic, Eneolithic and early Bronze Age cultures in Pontic-Caspian steppe has been called the Kurgan culture (7000-2200 BCE) by Marija Gimbutas, due to the lasting practice of burying the deads under mounds ("kurgan") among the succession of cultures in that region. Horses were first domesticated around 4000 BCE in the steppe, perhaps somewhere around the Don or the lower Volga, and soon became a defining element of steppe culture. During the Bronze-age period, known as the Yamna horizon (3300-2500 BCE), the cattle and sheep herders adopted wagons to transport their food and tents, which allowed them to move deeper into the steppe, giving rise to a new mobile lifestyle that would eventually lead to the great Indo-European migrations.

The Pontic-Caspian steppe cultures can be divided in a western group, ranging from the Don River to the Dniester (and later Danube), and an eastern one, in the Volga-Ural region. The Pontic steppe was probably inhabited by men of mixed R1a and R1b lineages, with higher densities of R1b just north of the Caucasus, and more R1a in the the northern steppes and the forest-steppes.


R1b almost certainly crossed over from northern Anatolia to the Pontic-Caspian steppe. It is not clear whether this happened before, during or after the Neolithic. A regular flow of R1b across the Caucasus cannot be excluded either. The genetic diversity of R1b being greater around the Caucasus, it is hard to deny that R1b settled and evolved there before entering the steppe world. Does that mean that Indo-European languages originated in the steppes with R1a people, and that R1b immigrants blended into the established culture ? Or that Proro-Indo-European language appear in northern Anatolia or in the Caucasus, then spread to the steppes with R1b ? Or else did Proro-Indo-European first appear in the steppe as a hybrid language of Caucasian/Anatolian R1b and steppe R1a ? This question has no obvious answer, but based on the antiquity and archaic character of the Anatolian branch (Hittite, Palaic, Luwian, Lydian, and so on) an northern Anatolian origin of Proto-Indo-European is credible. Furthermore, there is documented evidence of loan words from Caucasian languages in Indo-European languages. This is much more likely to have happened if Proto-Indo-European developed near the Caucasus than in the distant steppes. R1b would consequently have been the spreading factor of PIE to the steppes, and from there to Europe, Central Asia and South Asia.

The Maykop culture, the R1b link to the steppe ?

The Maykop culture (3700-2500 BCE), in the North Caucasus, was culturally speaking a sort of southern extension of the Yamna horizon. Although not generally considered part of the Pontic-Caspian steppe culture due to its geography, the North Caucasus had close links with the steppe, as attested by numerous ceramics, gold, copper and bronze weapons and jewelry in the contemporaneous cultures of Mikhaylovka, Sredny Stog and Kemi Oba. The link between the North Pontic and North Caucasus is older than the Maykop period. Its predecessor, the Svobodnoe culture (4400-3700 BCE), already had links to the Suvorovo-Novodanilovka and early Sredny Stog cultures, and the even older Nalchik settlement (5000-4500 BCE) displayed a similar culture as Khvalynsk on the Volga. This may be the period when R1b started interracting and blending with the R1a population of the steppes.


The Yamna and Maykop people both used kurgan burials, with their deads in a supine position with raised knees and oriented in a north-east/south-west axis. Graves were sparkled with red ochre on the floor, and sacrificed dometic animal buried alongside humans. They also had in common horse riding, wagons, a cattle- and sheep-based economy, the use of copper/bronze battle-axes (both hammer-axes and sleeved axes) and tanged daggers. In fact, the oldest wagons and bronze artefacts are found in the North Caucasus, and spread from there to the steppes.

Maykop was an advanced Bronze Age culture, actually one of the very first to develop metalworking, and therefore metal weapons. The world's oldest sword was found at a late Maykop grave in Klady kurgan 31. Its style is reminiscent of the long Celtic swords, though less elaborated. Horse bones and depictions of horses already appear in early Maykop graves, suggesting that the Maykop culture might have been founded by steppe people or by people who had close link with them.

However, the presence of cultural elements radically different from the steppe culture in some sites could mean that Maykop had a hybrid population. Without DNA testing it is impossible to say if these two populations were an Anatolian R1b group and a G2a Caucasian group, or whether R1a people had settled there two. The two or three etnicities might even have cohabited side by side in different settlements. Typical Caucasian Y-DNA lineages (such as G2a) do not follow the pattern of Indo-European migrations, so intermarriages must have been limited, or at least restricted to Indo-European men taking Caucasian wives rather than the other way round.

Maykop people are the ones credited for the introduction of primitive wheeled vehicles (wagons) from Mesopotamia to the steppes. This would revolutionise the way of life in the steppe, and would later lead to the development of (horse-drawn) war chariots around 2000 BCE. Cavalry and chariots played an vital role in the subsequent Indo-European migrations, allowing them to move quickly and defeat easily anybody they encountered. Combined with advanced bronze weapons and their sea-based culture, the western branch (R1b) of the Indo-Europeans from the Black Sea shores are excellent candidates for being the mysterious Sea Peoples, who raided the eastern shores of the Mediterranean during the second millennium BCE.

The rise of the IE-speaking Hittites in Central Anatolia happened a few centuries after the disappearance of the Maykop culture. A back migration from the North Caucasus to northern Anatolia is very likely in this age of expansion. What is certain is that the Hittites used chariots, invented in the Volga-Ural steppes. R1a being found a low frequencies in Armenia and northern Anatolia, it is not unreasonable to imagine that a hybrid group of R1a-R1b from the Volga-Ural region migrated to this region sometime between 2000 BCE and 1650 BCE. The Maykop and Yamna cultures were succeeded by the Srubna culture (1600-1200 BCE), possibly representing an advance of R1a1a people from the northern and eastern steppes towards the Black Sea shores.

The European branch

The Indo-Europeans' bronze weapons and horses would have given them a tremendous advantage over the autochthonous inhabitants of Europe, namely the native haplogroup I (descendant of Cro-Magnon), and the early Neolithic herders and farmers (G2a, J2, E-V13 and T). This allowed R1a and R1b to replace (=> see How did R1b come to replace most of the older lineages in Western Europe ? most of the native male lineages, although female lineages seem to have been less affected.

A comparison with the Indo-Iranian invasion of South Asia shows that 40% of the male linages of northern India are R1a, but less than 10% of the female lineages could be of Indo-European origin. The impact of the Indo-Europeans was more severe in Europe because European society 4,000 years ago was less developed in terms of agriculture, technology (no bronze weapons) and population density than that of the Indus Valley civilization. This is particularly true of the native Western European cultures where farming arrived much later than in the Balkans or central Europe. Greece, the Balkans and the Carpathians were the most advanced of European societies at the time and were the least affected in terms of haplogroup replacement. Native European Y-DNA haplogroups (I1, I2a, I2b) also survived better in regions that were more difficult to reach or less hospitable, like Scandinavia, Brittany, Sardinia or the Dinaric Alps.

The first forays of steppe people into the Balkans happened between 4200 BCE and 3900 BCE, when horse riders crossed the Dniester and Danube and apparently destroyed the towns of the Gumelnita, Varna and Karanovo VI cultures in Eastern Romania and Bulgaria. A climatic change resulting in colder winters during this exact period probably pushed steppe herders to seek milder pastures for their stock, while failed crops would have led to famine and internal disturbance within the Danubian and Balkanic communities. The ensuing Cernavoda culture (4000-3200 BCE) and Ezero culture (3300-2700 BCE) seems to have had a mixed population of steppe immigrants and people from the old tell settlements. These steppe immigrants were likely a mixture of both R1a and R1b lineages.

Many Danubian farmers would also have migrated to the Cucuteni-Tripolye towns in the Eastern Carpathians, causing a population boom and a north-eastward expansion until the Dnieper valley, bringing Y-haplogroups E-V13, J2b and T in what is now central Ukraine. This precocious Indo-European advance westward was fairly limited, due to the absence of Bronze weapons and organised army at the time, and was indeed only possible thanks to climatic catastrophes. The Carphatian, Danubian, and Balkanic cultures were too densely populated and technologically advanced to allow for a massive migration.

The Bronze Age annnounces a very different development. R1a people appear to have been the first to successfully penetrate into the heart of Europe, with the Corded Ware (Battle Axe) culture (3200-1800 BCE) as a natural western expansion of the Yamna culture. They went as far west as Germany and Scandinavia. DNA analysis from the Corded Ware culture site of Eulau confirms the presence of R1a (but not R1b) in central Germany around 2600 BCE. The Corded Ware migrants might well have expanded from the forest-steppe, or the northern fringe of the Yamna culture, where R1a lineages were prevalent over R1b ones.

R1b1b2 is thought to have arrived in central and western Europe around 2500 BCE, by going up the Danube from the Black Sea coast. The archeological and genetic evidence (distribution of R1b subclades) point at several consecutive waves towards the Danube between 2800 BCE and 2300 BCE (beginning of the Unetice culture). It is interesting to note that this also corresponds to the end of the Maykop culture (2500 BCE) and Kemi Oba culture (2200 BCE) on the northern shores of the Black Sea, and their replacement by cultures descended from the northern steppes. It can therefore be envisaged that the (mostly) R1b population from the northern half of the Black Sea migrated westward due to pressure from other Indo-European people (R1a) from the north, like the burgeoning Proto-Indo-Iranian branch, linked to the contemporary Poltavka and Abashevo cultures.

It is doubtful that the Beaker culture (2800-1900 BCE) was already Indo-European (although they were influenced by the Corded Ware culture), because they were the continuity of the native Megalithic cultures. It is more likely that the beakers and horses found across western Europe during that period were the result of trade with neighbouring Indo-European cultures, including the first wave of R1b into central Europe. Nevertheless, it is undeniable that the following Unetice (2300-1600 BCE), Tumulus (1600-1200 BCE), Urnfield (1300-1200 BCE) and Hallstatt (1200-750) cultures were linked to the spread of R1b to Europe, as they abruptly introduce new technologies and a radically different lifestyle.

Did the Indo-Europeans really invade Western Europe ?
Proponents of the Paleolithic or Neolithic continuity model argue that bronze technology and horses could have been imported by Western Europeans from their Eastern European neighbours, and that no actual Indo-European invasion need be involved. It is harder to see how Italic, Celtic and Germanic languages were adopted by Western and Northern Europeans without at least a small scale invasion. It has been suggested that Indo-European (IE) languages simply spread through contact, just like technologies, or because it was the language of a small elite and therefore its adoption conferred a certain perceived prestige. However people don't just change language like that because it sounds nicer or more prestigious.

Even nowadays, with textbooks, dictionaries, compulsory language courses at school, private language schools for adults and multilingual TV programs, the majority of the people cannot become fluent in a completely foreign language, belonging to a different language family. The linguistic gap between pre-IE vernaculars and IE languages was about as big as between modern English and Chinese. English, Greek, Russian and Hindi are all related IE languages and therefore easier to learn for IE speakers than non-IE languages like Chinese, Arabic or Hungarian. From a linguistic point of view, only a wide-scale migration of IE speakers could explain the thorough adoption of IE languages in Western Europe - leaving only Basque as a remnant of the Neolithic languages.

One important archeological argument in favour of the replacement of Neolithic cultures by Indo-European culture in the Bronze Age comes from pottery styles. The sudden appearance of bronze technology in Western Europe coincides with ceramics suddenly becoming more simple and less decorated, just like in the Pontic steppes. Until then, pottery had constantly evolved towards greater complexity and details for over 3,000 years. People do not just decide like that to revert to a more primitive style. Perhaps one isolated tribe might experiment with something simpler at one point, but what are the chances that distant cultures from Iberia, Gaul, Italy and Britain all decide to undertake such an improbable shift around the same time ?

The best explanation is that this new style was imposed by foreign invaders. In this case it is not mere speculation; there is ample evidence that this simpler pottery is characteristic of the steppes associated with the emergence of Proto-Indo-European speakers.

Scythian artwork
Besides pottery, archeology provides ample evidence that the early Bronze Age in Central and Western Europe coincides with a radical shift in food production. Agriculture experiences an abrupt reduction in exchange for an increased emphasis on domesticates. This is also a period when horses become more common and cow milk is being consumed regularly. The oeverall change mimicks the steppe way of life almost perfectly. Even after the introduction of agriculture around 5200 BCE, the Bug-Dniester culture and later steppe cultures were characterized by an economy dominated by herding, with only limited farming. This pattern expands into Europe exactly at the same time as bronze working.

Religious beliefs and arts undergo a complete reversal in Bronze Age Europe. Neolithic societies in the Near East and Europe had always worshipped female figurines as a form of fertility cult. The steppe cultures, on the contrary, did not manufacture female figurines. As bronze technology spreads from the Danube valley to Western Europe, symbols of fertility and fecundity progressively disappear and are replaced by scultures of domesticated animals.

Germanic IE Thunder-God,
Thunor, Thor, analog to
Indus, Zeus, Tiranis
Another clue that Indo-European steppe people came in great number to Central and Western Europe is to be found in burial practices. Neolithic Europeans either cremated their dead (e.g. Cucuteni-Tripolye culture) or buried them in collective graves (this was the case of Megalithic cultures). In the steppe, each person was buried individually, and high-ranking graves were placed in a funeral chamber and topped by a circular mound. The body was typically accompanied by weapons (maces, axes, daggers), horse bones, and a dismantled wagon (or later chariot). These characteristic burial mounds are known as kurgans in the Pontic steppe. Men were given more sumptuous tombs than women, even among children, and differences in hierarchy are obvious between burials.

The Indo-Europeans had a strongly hierarchical and patrilinear society, as opposed to the more egalitarian and matrilinear cultures of Old Europe. The proliferation of ststus-conscious male-dominant kurgans (or tumulus) in Central Europe during the Bronze Age is a clear sign that the ruling elite had now become Indo-European. The practice also spread to Central Asia and Southern Siberia, two regions where R1a and R1b lineages are found nowadays, just like in Central Europe. The ceremony of burial is one of the most emotionally charged and personal aspect of a culture. It is highly doubtful that people would change their ancestral practice "just to do like the neighbours". In fact, different funerary practices have co-existed side by side during the European Neolithic and Chalcolithic. The ascendancy of yet another constituent of the Pontic steppe culture in the rest of Europe, and in this case one that does not change easily through contact with neighbours, adds up to the likelihood of a strong Indo-European migration. The adoption of some elements of a foreign culture tends to happen when one civilization overawes the adjacent cultures by its superiority.

A relative late-comer into the Germanic
IE pantheon, Woden, Odin, who was
probably a famous warrior, NOT, from
Asia, but born in Fyn, DK

This process is called 'acculturation'. However there is nothing that indicates that the steppe culture was so culturally superior as to motivate a whole continent, even Atlantic cultures over 2000 km away from the Pontic steppes, to abadndon so many fundamental symbols of their own ancestral culture, and even their own language. In fact, Old Europe was far more refined in its pottery and jewellery than the rough steppe people. The Indo-European superiority was cultural but military, thanks to horses, bronze weapons and an ethic code valuing individual heroic feats in war (these ethic values are known from the old IE texts, like the Rig Veda, Avesta, or the Mycenaean and Hittite literature).

After linguistics and archeology, the third category of evidence comes from genetics itself. It had first been hypothetised that R1b was native to Western Europe, because this is where it was most prevalent. It has since been proven that R1b haplotypes displayed higher microsatellite diversity in Anatolia and in the Caucasus than in Europe.

European subclades are also more recent than Middle Eastern or Central Asian ones. The main European subclade, R-P312/S116, only dates back to approximately 3500 to 3000 BCE. It does not mean that the oldest common ancestor of this lineage arrived in Western Europe during this period, but that the first person who carried the mutation R-P312/S116 lived at least 5,000 years ago, assumably somewhere in the lower Danube valley or around the Black Sea. In any case this timeframe is far too recent for a Paleolithic origin or a Neolithic arrival of R1b. The discovery of what was thought to be "European lineages" in Central Asia, Pakistan and India hit the final nail on the coffin of a Paleolithic origin of R1b in Western Europe, and confirmed the Indo-European link.

All the elements concur in favour of a large scale migration of horse-riding Indo-European speakers to Western Europe between 2500 to 2100 BCE, contributing to the replacement of the Neolithic or Chalcolithic lifestyle by a inherently new Bronze Age culture, with simpler pottery, less farming, more herding, new rituals (single graves) and new values (patrilinear society, warrior heroes) that did not evolve from local predecessors.

Edited by toyomotor - 02-Feb-2014 at 22:50
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  Quote beorna Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 03-Feb-2014 at 04:12
As I mentioned above, the origins and the distribution of R1b are since a few years disputed. While some still support an appearence of R1b before the LGM, more recent studies suppose, that R1b came later to europe, maybe during neolithic eras. It is for sure a thrilling field of science, cos nothing is known with certainty. It is nevertheless hard to belief, that Indo-europeans shall have spread R1b across western europe just 2500 years BC as Doig wrote, "All the elements concur in favour of a large scale migration of horse-riding Indo-European speakers to Western Europe between 2500 to 2100 BCE, contributing to the replacement of the Neolithic or Chalcolithic lifestyle by a inherently new Bronze Age culture."
And there is another point. Who is these Kenneth Stephen Doig? A visit on one of his sites caused an heavy attack on my PC. I found him on a site like facebook. He seems to work for an insurence. Well, that is not that bad, but what did he study? I just see he visited the Fullerton University and an FCC, don't know what that is. What does visited mean, any grade? Has he published in scientific jounals or is he just a self-declared expert?
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  Quote toyomotor Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 03-Feb-2014 at 04:32
He has a BA in History, and a particular interest in the IE Language Family and the Steppe region.

I can't find any reference to scientific writings.

His article appears to me to be corroborated by others.

As I said in the opening lines of this post,"If any member has an argument against the contents of the article, I'd be pleased to read them."
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  Quote beorna Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 03-Feb-2014 at 05:53
Originally posted by toyomotor

He has a BA in History, and a particular interest in the IE Language Family and the Steppe region.

I can't find any reference to scientific writings.

His article appears to me to be corroborated by others.

As I said in the opening lines of this post,"If any member has an argument against the contents of the article, I'd be pleased to read them."


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2861676/
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  Quote toyomotor Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 03-Feb-2014 at 20:22
beorna]

[/QUOTE]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2861676/[/QUOTE]

I can't get this link to open, what is it all about please?
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  Quote beorna Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 07-May-2014 at 07:05

The title is "A Comparison of Y-Chromosome Variation in Sardinia and Anatolia Is More Consistent with Cultural Rather than Demic Diffusion of Agriculture"

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