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the Rise of the Muslim Mughal Empire-02nd May

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    Posted: 02-May-2012 at 04:42

THIS DAY IN HISTORY 

* Subject: the Rise of the  Muslim Mughal  Empire 

*Date: 02nd May 1483 

*Place: Delhi, India

*Elapsed Time: Day for Day: 529 Years

 



 

 

THE RISE OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE
 

P.S -After deep probing research  and an everlasting perusal reading in a bid to fix the exact date of some of my Historic dairy dates, sooth to say that the task is not an easy one, although two of major reference books were called to the scene , they are:

*1.The concise encyclopedia of World History by Rodney Castleden, in English Language

    2. Les Grandes Dates de l’Islam by Robert Mantran, in French Language.

Despite such relevant documents , still some of the dates were chosen on un approximate calendar as the case is with this Diary: The Rise of the Mughal Empire.

*The Writer

*The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires spanned a period of Islamic history in which the isolation of medieval times, when small dynasties struggled to control small amounts of territory and gave way to the interdependence of modern times. Between them, these three empires covered the entire Islamic world, with the exception of West Africa and Southeast Asia, and they ushered in a new age of global trade and communication, as all three established new relations with European powers. Equally significant, all three pioneered the use of artillery in warfare, thus helping to change the way battles were fought for centuries to come.
 
Finally, each empire left its own imprint on the Islamic world, through such varied issues as architecture, treatment of non-Muslims, while in communicating with and influencing each other, whether in battle or diplomatic relations, the three Great Islamic Empires led the Islamic world into the 17th century, and beyond.
 
  
This great empire was founded by Babur 1483-1530, a descendant of Genghis Khan. From 1504 he was ruler of part of what is now Afghanistan. From the Turks he had learned to use cannons and muskets also guns enabled him to win great victories over the Indians who were still using traditional methods of warfare , moreover , he had also learned new cavalry tactics from the Turks. Instead of charging straight at the enemy Babur's cavalry rode round their flanks and attacked from the rear.
                           
Babur first raided India in 1517 and in  1525 he invaded it , while in 1526 Babur crushed the army of Ibrahim Lhodi at the battle of Panipat. Babur made a barricade of carts. Behind them he positioned his cannons and musketeers. The enemy attacked but they faced withering cannon and musket fire. Babur's cavalry then rode around the enemy army and attacked from the rear. The Indians were routed.
 
 
Click for larger version
 
 
 
Other Indian rulers now united against Babur but they were crushed at the battle of Khanau in 1527 as such ,Babur placed his cannons and guns behind ramparts. The Indians attacked on horseback again and again but were mowed down. Babur then became ruler of Northern India.
He was succeeded by his son Humayan 1508-1556. However in the 1530s an Afghan ruler named Sher Shah attacked the empire. By 1540 Sher Shah prevailed and made himself ruler of much of Northern India. Humayan went into exile and wandered from place to place. Then in 1542 his son Akbar was born. Humayan then moved to Persia. Sher Shah died in battle in 1545 and his empire split up. Humayan was then able, with Persian help to re-conquer the Mughal empire.He invaded India in 1554 and by 1556 was in control of the North but unfortunately he died after falling down some stairs.
However his son Akbar 1556-1605 was, perhaps, the greatest Mughal ruler.
 
Akbar took Gujarat in 1574, Bengal in 1576, Kashmir in 1586, Orissa in 1592 and Baluchistan in 1595, Akbar also reorganised the government and he created an efficient civil service. Akbar was a Muslim but he was tolerant in matters of religion. He abolished a tax previous rulers levied on non-Muslims. He also gave Hindus high office.
 
Akbar admired Persian culture and promoted it in India. Persian language literature flourished in India during his reign (although Hindi literature flowered too). Persian and Hindu styles of painting merged to form a new style of Mughal painting.
Akbar was succeeded by his son Selim, who called himself Jahangir. Under him Mughal influence in the South of India increased and the empire flourished. His wife was named Mehrunissa (later she was called Nur Jahan or light of the world). She was Persian and because of her Persian culture became even more influential in the Mughal realms.
 
During the reign of Jahangir the arts continued to flourish, an elaborate and intricate school of painting existed. It was also a great age for architecture. When Jahangir died in 1627 his wife was forced into retirement but she occupied herself by building a magnificent mausoleum for her father in Agra.
 
Dargah Mosque
 
By the late 17th century, Hindu Maratha Empire had emerged as formidable foes of the Mughals, resulting in War of 27 years between both the forces. Following the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, the empire started its gradual decline, weakened by wars of succession, agrarian crises fueling local revolts, the growth of religious intolerance, the rise of the Maratha. After 27 years of war with the Marathas, Mughals lost all of their territory in the Deccan regionand in 1737, Maratha forces sacked Delhi, following their victory against the Mughals in the First Battle of Delhi. In 1739, a weakened Mughal Empire lost the Battle of Karnal, following which the victorious forces of Nader Shah, the Turkic ruler of Afsharid dynasty, invaded and looted Delhi, carrying away many treasures, including the Peacock Throne.
 
 A treaty signed in 1752 made Marathas the protector of the Mughal throne at Delhiand the last Emperor, Bahadur Shah II, whose rule was restricted to the city of Delhi, was imprisoned and exiled by the British after the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
The name Mughal is derived from the original homelands of the Timurids, the Central Asian steppes once conquered by Genghis Khan and hence known as Moghulistan, "Land of Mongols". Although early Mughals spoke the Chagatai language and maintained some Turko-Mongol practices, they became essentially Persianized and transferred the Persian literary and high culture to India, thus forming the base for the Indo-Persian culture and the  rapid Spread of Islam in South Asia.
 
Map of the Mughal Empire 1605. Click on map for larger image.

*Quick Glance on some Main Mughal Kings and their accomplishments which represent the zenith of Mughal power and culture.

 

Babur (1526-1530) and the rise of the Mughals

Humayun (1530-1556, but deposed 1540-1555)

Akbar "The Great" (1556-1605)

Jehangir (1605-1627)

Shah Jehan (1627-1658)

Aurangzeb (1658-1707) and the decline of the Mughals

 

 Southern view of the Taj Mahal.

Seek Knowledge from the Cradle to the Grave-Prophet Mohamed(P.B.U.H)
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