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Macedonian generals

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    Posted: 21-Mar-2007 at 16:48
I have been studying the military history of Macedonia for some time now and would really like to know more about the generals etc of the period after the fall of Alexander the great and the wars of the Diadochi. Does anyone know any good reources, books, links etc. Any help would be much appreciated.
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  Quote Travis Congleton Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 21-Mar-2007 at 23:49
Perdiccas (circa 360 - 320 B.C.)
Son of Orontes.
Lineage earned him a place in Philip's royal bodyguard.
Under Alexander III [q.v.], successfully attacked the Illyrian camp during the night.  335 B.C.
Was one of the men who apprehended and killed Philip's assassin, Pausanias.
Rumor of Alexander dying in the Illyrian campaign caused the Thebes to openly rebel.
After a short siege, his phalanx battalion stormed Thebes, Perdiccas was severely wounded.
NOTE: Ptolemy wrote that lack of discipline caused Perdiccas' men to assault Thebes earlier than planned.
Under Alexander, Perdiccas was in command of the battalion of phalanx at Granicus.  334 B.C.

GRANICUS RIVER May, 334 B.C.
======================================
Alexander (35,000) vs. Persian satraps Spithridates/Mithridates (38,000)
After crossing the Hellespont, the Macedonian army marched on the road to Dascylium, the capital of Satrapy of Phrygia.  The Persian army under Spirthridates and Mithridates wait for the Macedonians on the banks of the Granicus River.  The Macedonian scouts spotted the Persian army.  Memnon of Rhodes, captain of the 8,000 Greek mercenaries who left Greece to fight for the Persians, suggested a scorched-earth policy.  This suggestion is rejected by the satraps.  The Persians, according to Arrian, the Greek historian, placed their cavalry in front of their infantry and drew up on the east bank of the river.  The Macedonians had their heavy Phalanxes in the middle and cavalry protecting their flanks.  The uneveness of the eastern bank held by the Persians caused many of the Macedonians great concern.  It is not known if Alexander attacked immediately, or if he had crossed the river upstream and attacked at dawn (as suggested by Alexander's second-in-command, Parmenion).  Alexander ordered Nicanor's cavalry and one battalion of hypaspists to feint attack the Persian left flank.  The Persians reinforced their flank and the Macedonians feinted.  With the feint objective met, Alexander and the Companion cavalry formed a wedge and charged into the weakened Persian center line.  The Macedonian assault was so swift, perhaps because of the effective use of the river's current, and forceful that it pushed the Persians from the shore, alienating the calvary from the slow approaching phalanx.  This allowed the Persians to countercharge.  During this charge, many noteable Persian nobles were killed.  Alexander was also stunned by an axe-blow but was saved by a man named Clitus the Black.  The Macedonian cavalry, controlling the center of the battlefield, turned left and rolled up the Persian cavalry which had been engaged with the Macedonian left in a general engagement.  A gaping hole in the center of the battlefield allowed the Macedonian phalanx to rush towards the Persian infantry in the rear.  The Persian flanks broke and the infantry was routed.  Many of the infantry were killed during the chase.  The Greek mercenaries, sitting on top of the hill never engaging the Macedonians, were surrounded.  Refusing to accept their surrender, Alexander defeats the Greek 'traitors'.
4,000 Persians killed (the majority killed during the rout)
2,000 Persians captured
Spithridates was killed.
  115 Macedonians killed.
NOTE: Of the estimated 8,000 Greeks that fought for the Persians, 2,000 were captured and sent to Macedonian mines.  Two years later, when asked for their release from citizens from various Greek city-states, including Athens, he freed them.
NOTE: Memnon did not participate in this battle.

At the siege of Halicarnassus, the important Persian naval base, Perdiccas' battlion were turned back in the attempt to take the walls.
NOTE: Later, Alexander took the city.

Participated at the battle of Issus.
ISSUS 333 B.C.
=========================
Alexander (40,000) vs. Darius III (91,000)
Darrius III, with such a large force (20,000 Greek mercenaries, 60,000 Persian infantry, 11,000 Persian cavalry) and unable to supply it properly, was forced instigate the conflict.  However, the Macedonian supply line is cut as well.  Darius III positioned his army along the Pinarus river as Alexander approached.  The Macedonian right flank was held by Alexander's Companion Cavalry and his Thessalian allied cavalry on the left with Parmenion in command of the phalanx.  The Persian heavy cavalry is concentrated on the coast, their right flank, more Greek mercenaries.  The Cardaces, Persian infantry, are spread along the river and foothills, wrapping around the other bank to expose Alexander's flank.  Darius is located in the middle, with his best troops, the Greek mercenaries and his royal cavalry guard.  Darius later sent parts of his cavalry along the possible exposed flank.  Alexander reacts by two small detachments (Agrians and light cavalry) to protect the right flank and a greater number of cavalry to protect the left wing, which was positioned against the heavy Persian cavalry.  The Persian cavalry cross the river and attack the Thessalian cavalry and Parmenion's horsemen.  By late afternoon, Alexander, leading the Hypaspists on foot, charge against across the river and quickly overrun the surprisingly disorganized Cardaces' units.  The Persian attack managed to push the cavalry back and penetrate the phalanx from the side.  The Greek mercenaries put up stiff resistance against the Macedonians' central phalanx' attack.  With the situation deteriotating on the Macedonian's left flank, the Greek mercenaries started to push the Macedonians back across the river.  Despite what appeared to be the advantage, the Persian left wing collapsed and was turned.  The Macedonians did not pursue, they turned on the flank of the Greek mercenaries.  Mounting a horse, Alexander leads his Companion Cavalry against Darius.  Viewing the situation, Darius immediately flees.  With the king running off the field, the Persians abandon all efforts and are routed.  Macedonian cavalry mercilessly pursue the Persians until night approaches.  Despite the rout, the Greeks mercenaries retired in good order.  Darius managed to escape.
NOTE: In view of it all, Alexander used a sophisticated version of the oblique formation.  Permenion was in charge of holding the Perisans right flank, while Alexander moved against the Persian left flank and, then, center.  Darius fled to Euphrates, leaving his family behind (wife, children, and mother) and much of his kingdom's treasure.  
NOTE: Sisygambis, Darius' mother, disowned him and adopted Alexander.
NOTE: First defeat Darius III experienced.
10,000 Persians are killed on the battlefield.
Much more are killed during the rout.
   450 Macedonians killed (Alexander was wounded).

~ SEE ALEXANDER'S PORTFOLIO TO VIEW THE ISSUS BATTLE MAP ~

Alexander gave Perdiccas independent command of the army, while he focused on the siege of Tyre.
Not known if he participated in Alexander's successful Egyptian campaign.
Played an important role in the battle at Gaugamela.
Commanded a phalanx battalion and was, again, seriously wounded.

GAUGAMELA October 1, 331 B.C.
================================
Alexander (47,000) vs. Darius III (110,000)
While Alexander was conquering the Mediterranean coast, Darius built a huge, but mostly inexperienced, army.  When the Macedonian army arrived at the site of battle chosen by Darius, Alexander immediately set up camp.  That night, Darius believed Alexander would attack, Darius had most of his men stay up the night in anticipation of the attack.  Darius ordered the field to be smoothed out and cleared to enhance the performance of the 200 chariots (there were also 15 war elephants on play, however, they did not appear to be a factor in the battle).  In the middle of the Persian army position was the elite infantry.  On the right flank was the Carian cavalry, Greek mercenaries and Persian horse guards.  Left flank was covered with mostly cavalry, under command of Bessus, from various regions and Mardian archers.  Darius positioned himself with his infantry.  Between the right flank and infantry, the Persian foot guards (Called the Immortals by the Greeks), Indian cavalry and Mardian archers stood guard.  With yet more troops to place on the field, in front of the main army were Bactrian chariots.  More varied cavalry were dispersed along the right flank, front, and left flank of the main army.  This group of cavalry, althought widely spread out, was under the command of a single cavalry commander, Mazaeus.  Macedonians, dispersed into two specific groups.  Alexander rode with the Companion cavalry, Paionian, and the Macedonian light cavalry.  The veteran mercenary cavalry was located on the right flank as well.  The left flank, under command of Parmenion, consisted of Thessalian, Greek mercenary, and Thracian cavalry.  The Agrians and Macedonian archers were stationed next to the phalanx, which was in a double-line formation.  Alexander wanted Parmenion to hold the line while he struck at the heart of the Persian army.
Combat was initiated by Darius, hurling his chariots at the Macedonian army.  The chariots were easily stopped by the Agrianians, moved aside and persuading the horses to enter into a type of 'mousetrap'.  Once the chariots were halted, the charioteers were killed.  The Macedonian rearguard started to cover the Macedonian flanks as the Persians continued to curl up the Macedonian line.  With the lines covered by the rearguard, Darius sent in more troops to circumvent the flank.  This action caused a gap between Bessus's left and Darius' center.  Alexander sent his last available cavalry reserves to protect the flanks.  Alexander disengaged his Companions.  Formed a cavalry wedge and charged into the main Persian line.  The cavalry wedge crashed into the weakened Persian center, dismantling the royal elite troops and Greek mercenaries.  Bessus, instead of supporting the defense of the king, pulled away from the attack.  Darius, in fear of his life, broke.  Receiving desperate messages from Parmenion, Alexander ended all thoughts of chasing Darius and aided the left flank, which had been violently pushed further to the left.  This caused a huge gap between the Parmenion and the phalanx.  The Persian and Indian cavalry units pored into that gap, however, instead of attacking the vulnerable flank and rear of the Phalanx or Parmenion, the went into the Macedonian camp and started looting it.  NOTE: They attempted to rescue the Queen Mother Sisygambis, but she refused to go with them.  The last available Macedonian reserves drove off the camp invaders, but received heavy casualties.  In the meantime, Mazaeus attempted to disengage his force, however the disengagement turned into a chaotic rout as the Thessalian cavalry continued to pursue.  Alexander pursued, but failed to capture, Darius, who fled to Ecbatana.  Parmenion looted the Persian baggage train.
4,000 talents captured
King's personal chariot and bow.
NOTE: Darius maintained a small force as well as the Bessus' Bactrian cavalry, remnants of the Royal Guard and 2,000 Greek mercenaries.  Darius planned to head East to raise another army and dispatched letters calling all Eastern satrapies to remain loyal.
Casualties are too exaggerated to list.  Safe to say high casualties among the Persians; less so for the Macedonians.

~ SEE ALEXANDER'S PORTFOLIO TO VIEW THE ISSUS BATTLE MAP ~

Perdiccas successfully secured the Persian gate.
NOTE: Some sources say Coenus' battalion did this.
Perdiccas is known to have participated in one of the towns in Sogdia.
NOTE: Two years after Gaugamela, little is written about Perdiccas.
Assigned as one of Alexander's seven bodyguards [Adjutants].

During the invasion of Gandara, with Hephaestion, built ships to make a bridge to cross the Cophen and Indus rivers.
With Hephaestion, successfully captured Peucelaotis.
Was a cavalry commander at the battle of the Hydaspes river.

HYDASPES May 326
==================================
Alexander III (54,000) vs. Porus (22,000)
With his new ally, raja Ambhi of Taxila, Alexander arrived on the banks of the Hydaspes river.  Porus wanted to hold Alexander on the wide banks of the Hydaspes river, which had melted waters from the Himalayas.  The Macedonians marched and countermarched up and down the river for several days.  Coenus, a Macedonian officer, had brought boats that were used to cross the Indus river.  During the night and in the mists of a storm, Alexander and a small contingent of his army moved away from the river and through a valley.  NOTE: Craterus was given command at the main base.  At dawn and upstream from their main base, the Macedonians crossed the river.  Porus was unaware that Alexander had crossed the river seventeen miles upstream.  Suddenly alerted but thinking the force that the force that did cross was insignificant, Porus sent a small cavalry under his son to investiage.  The Indian force was easily repulsed and Porus' son was killed.  Hearing the news of the defeat, Porus left a detachment at the banks opposing Craterus, and moved against Alexander.  Porus, finding a fitting spot for battle, placed his 200 war elephants in front of his infantry and had chariots and cavalry protecting their flanks and waited for the Macedonians.  Alexander arrived and deployed his phalanx.  The Companion Cavalry and Dahae (mounted archers), with the exception of two units which were hidden behind the infantry on the left flank, which were both under Alexander's direct command, were placed on the right wing.  A small Macedonian cavalry detachment flanked further right, protecting the river's edge and threatening Porus' left flank.  Throughout this time, the Macedonian infantry had been slowly creepy up on the Indian army.  Porus, seeing the Macedonian cavalry few in number, which actually wasn't the case, ordered his cavalry on his right wing to move to the left wing, then sent the whole cavalry force to oppose the Macedonian cavalry.  During the attack, Alexander called upon the cavalry detachment that was locationed on the extreme right flank to attack the rear of the cavalry.  The Macedonian cavalry hiding behind the infantry, charged and attacked the right flank of the cavalry.  Porus' main infantry army was ordered to move against the Macedonian phalanx.  The bowmen and javelin throwers attempted to strike at the elephants, but overall, proved futile.  The war elephants crashed into the phalanx, penetrating with relatively ease.  Just as the infantry battle was beginning, the Indian cavalry had had enough.  The Indian cavalry was routed.  The Macedonian turned on the exposed left flank of the Indian infantry formation and its rear.  Though the Macedonian phalanx had been broken, the Indian infantry could not capitalize on the situation due to the immediate danger of the cavalry attack.    Some time later (hours later?), Craterus had crossed the river and assisted in the fighting.  
Casualites on both sides were high (Macedonian cavalry casualties were light).
King Porus was wounded and captured.
Over 100 war elephants killed
80 war elephants captured.

~ SEE ALEXANDER'S PORTFOLIO TO VIEW THE ISSUS BATTLE MAP ~

Became the cavalry commander.
Participated at the siege of Sangala.
Command of one of the armies during the small campaigns against the Mallians and Oxydracans.
During the journey return to Babylon, it is not known if Perdiccas went with Craterus across the Bolan Pass or with Nearchus who used a navy to return home or with Alexander in the near-death march through the Gedrosian desert.
Upon orders by Alexander, marries a daughter of Atropates, the satrap of Media.
When Craterus was sent away to bring back 12,000 warriors from Greece and Hephaestion suddenly died, Percdiccas became the highest ranking officer for Alexander.
Appointed successor as commander of the Companion Cavalry and chiliarch (vizier).  324 B.C.
NOTE: A position held by Hephaestion until his death.
Alexander dies of illness.  June 11, 323 B.C.
NOTE: Alexander gave his ring to Perdiccas, saying the empire belongs to 'kratistoi', which means 'to the strongest'.  But also could mean 'to Craterus'.
After Alexander's death, agreements were made with his political rival, Meleager,
NOTE: The agreement was that Philip Arridaeus of Macedon, an epileptic illegitimate son of Philip II, and the unborn child of Roxana, Alexander's wife become joint kings.
Became regent of Alexander's empire.
NOTE: Alexander' second wife, Statira was murdered.
Appointed his most reliable generals as satraps.
Cancelled Alexander's last plan of a naval expedition against the Maka and into Arabia.
Instead, focused on consolidating his power, had Meleager arrested and murdered.
NOTE: Supposively in the name of the two kings.
Subdue Cappadocia.  323-322 B.C.
NOTE: Had ordered Antigonus to assist in this campaign.  Eventhough Alexander marched through this province, Ariarathes, the last Persian satrap made a kingdom of his own here.
Antigonus refuses, who flees when he is summoned to stand trial for disobedience.
NOTE: Antigonus joins Antipater's court.
Appoints Eumenes as satrap in Antigonus' place.
Breaks off his engagement with Antipater's daughter, Nicaea.
NOTE: Alexander's monther, Olympias, offers up Alexander's sister, Cleopatria for marriage.
Marries Cleopatria; making Perdiccas a member of the Macedonian royal family.
NOTE: Perdiccas could easily claim the crown now as Philip Arridaeus was an illegitimate son and Alexander's baby was a 'half-breed'.
NOTE: Because of this, Antipater, Craterus, and Ptolemy secretly conspire against Perdiccas.  322 B.C.
Ptolemy provokes Perdiccas by stealing the body of Alexander and sending it to Egypt.
NOTE: Alexander's body was being sent to Aegae in Macedonia.  When it arrived in Damascus, Ptolemy convinced the convoy leader that Alexander wanted to be buried in the tempe of Zeus Ammon.

First War of the Diadochi  322-320 B.C.
Send Eumenes to war against Antipater and Craterus in Asia Minor.
NOTE: Against his advisors, the inexperienced Eumenes fights and defeats the veteran Craterus near Hellespont.  Craterus was killed in battle.
With king Philip Arridaeus, marches on Egypt against Ptolemy.  320 B.C.
Crosses the Sinai desert and reaches Pelusium, near the Nile river.
Ptolemy prevents Perdiccas from crossing the Nile.
Marches north into the Delta.
The attempt to cross there fails miserable.
Outraged by the campaign and the harsh discipline, the soldiers mutiny.
Seeing advise from his generals, Perdiccas is murdered by his them; Peithon, Selecus, and Antigenes.  May or June 320 B.C.
NOTE: The troops lost morale due to the failure of the campaign and exhausted.
NOTE: Once source claims they were bribed by Ptolemy.



SOURCE
Dupuy, Trevor N., The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History, Fourth Edition, Harper Collins, pp 59-60
more sources will come...
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Travis Congleton View Drop Down
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  Quote Travis Congleton Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 21-Mar-2007 at 23:50
Craterus (circa 370 - 321 B.C.)
==========================================
Macedonian general
One of the Diadochi
Son of Alexander, a Macedonian nobleman [Orestis].
As a senior commander in charge of one of the six taxis of the Macedonian phalanx, participated in the battle at Granius River.

GRANICUS RIVER May, 334 B.C.
======================================
Alexander (35,000) vs. Persian satraps Spithridates/Mithridates (38,000)
After crossing the Hellespont, the Macedonian army marched on the road to Dascylium, the capital of Satrapy of Phrygia.  The Persian army under Spirthridates and Mithridates wait for the Macedonians on the banks of the Granicus River.  The Macedonian scouts spotted the Persian army.  Memnon of Rhodes, captain of the 8,000 Greek mercenaries who left Greece to fight for the Persians, suggested a scorched-earth policy.  This suggestion is rejected by the satraps.  The Persians, according to Arrian, the Greek historian, placed their cavalry in front of their infantry and drew up on the east bank of the river.  The Macedonians had their heavy Phalanxes in the middle and cavalry protecting their flanks.  The uneveness of the eastern bank held by the Persians caused many of the Macedonians great concern.  It is not known if Alexander attacked immediately, or if he had crossed the river upstream and attacked at dawn (as suggested by Alexander's second-in-command, Parmenion).  Alexander ordered Nicanor's cavalry and one battalion of hypaspists to feint attack the Persian left flank.  The Persians reinforced their flank and the Macedonians feinted.  With the feint objective met, Alexander and the Companion cavalry formed a wedge and charged into the weakened Persian center line.  The Macedonian assault was so swift, perhaps because of the effective use of the river's current, and forceful that it pushed the Persians from the shore, alienating the calvary from the slow approaching phalanx.  This allowed the Persians to countercharge.  During this charge, many noteable Persian nobles were killed.  Alexander was also stunned by an axe-blow but was saved by a man named Clitus the Black.  The Macedonian cavalry, controlling the center of the battlefield, turned left and rolled up the Persian cavalry which had been engaged with the Macedonian left in a general engagement.  A gaping hole in the center of the battlefield allowed the Macedonian phalanx to rush towards the Persian infantry in the rear.  The Persian flanks broke and the infantry was routed.  Many of the infantry were killed during the chase.  The Greek mercenaries, sitting on top of the hill never engaging the Macedonians, were surrounded.  Refusing to accept their surrender, Alexander defeats the Greek 'traitors'.
4,000 Persians killed (the majority killed during the rout)
2,000 Persians captured
Spithridates was killed.
  115 Macedonians killed.
NOTE: Of the estimated 8,000 Greeks that fought for the Persians, 2,000 were captured and sent to Macedonian mines.  Two years later, when asked for their release from citizens from various Greek city-states, including Athens, he freed them.
NOTE: Memnon did not participate in this battle.

Proving his worth Alexander gave him command of the entire left wing of the phalanx at the battle of Issus.  

ISSUS 333 B.C.
=========================
Alexander (40,000) vs. Darius III (91,000)
Darrius III, with such a large force (20,000 Greek mercenaries, 60,000 Persian infantry, 11,000 Persian cavalry) and unable to supply it properly, was forced instigate the conflict.  However, the Macedonian supply line is cut as well.  Darius III positioned his army along the Pinarus river as Alexander approached.  The Macedonian right flank was held by Alexander's Companion Cavalry and his Thessalian allied cavalry on the left with Parmenion in command of the phalanx.  The Persian heavy cavalry is concentrated on the coast, their right flank, more Greek mercenaries.  The Cardaces, Persian infantry, are spread along the river and foothills, wrapping around the other bank to expose Alexander's flank.  Darius is located in the middle, with his best troops, the Greek mercenaries and his royal cavalry guard.  Darius later sent parts of his cavalry along the possible exposed flank.  Alexander reacts by two small detachments (Agrians and light cavalry) to protect the right flank and a greater number of cavalry to protect the left wing, which was positioned against the heavy Persian cavalry.  The Persian cavalry cross the river and attack the Thessalian cavalry and Parmenion's horsemen.  By late afternoon, Alexander, leading the Hypaspists on foot, charge against across the river and quickly overrun the surprisingly disorganized Cardaces' units.  The Persian attack managed to push the cavalry back and penetrate the phalanx from the side.  The Greek mercenaries put up stiff resistance against the Macedonians' central phalanx' attack.  With the situation deteriotating on the Macedonian's left flank, the Greek mercenaries started to push the Macedonians back across the river.  Despite what appeared to be the advantage, the Persian left wing collapsed and was turned.  The Macedonians did not pursue, they turned on the flank of the Greek mercenaries.  Mounting a horse, Alexander leads his Companion Cavalry against Darius.  Viewing the situation, Darius immediately flees.  With the king running off the field, the Persians abandon all efforts and are routed.  Macedonian cavalry mercilessly pursue the Persians until night approaches.  Despite the rout, the Greeks mercenaries retired in good order.  Darius managed to escape.
NOTE: In view of it all, Alexander used a sophisticated version of the oblique formation.  Permenion was in charge of holding the Perisans right flank, while Alexander moved against the Persian left flank and, then, center.  Darius fled to Euphrates, leaving his family behind (wife, children, and mother) and much of his kingdom's treasure.  
NOTE: Sisygambis, Darius' mother, disowned him and adopted Alexander.
NOTE: First defeat Darius III experienced.
10,000 Persians are killed on the battlefield.
Much more are killed during the rout.
   450 Macedonians killed (Alexander was wounded).

During the siege of Tyre, he was the naval commander on the left wing.
NOTE: At one time, while Alexander and Parmenion was away, shared responsibility with Perdiccas with maintaining the siege of Tyre.
Was in command of one wing during the final assault of Tyre.
As with the battle at Issus, he commanded the left wing of the phalanx at the battle of Gaugamela.

GAUGAMELA October 1, 331 B.C.
================================
Alexander (47,000) vs. Darius III (110,000)
While Alexander was conquering the Mediterranean coast, Darius built a huge, but mostly inexperienced, army.  When the Macedonian army arrived at the site of battle chosen by Darius, Alexander immediately set up camp.  That night, Darius believed Alexander would attack, Darius had most of his men stay up the night in anticipation of the attack.  Darius ordered the field to be smoothed out and cleared to enhance the performance of the 200 chariots (there were also 15 war elephants on play, however, they did not appear to be a factor in the battle).  In the middle of the Persian army position was the elite infantry.  On the right flank was the Carian cavalry, Greek mercenaries and Persian horse guards.  Left flank was covered with mostly cavalry, under command of Bessus, from various regions and Mardian archers.  Darius positioned himself with his infantry.  Between the right flank and infantry, the Persian foot guards (Called the Immortals by the Greeks), Indian cavalry and Mardian archers stood guard.  With yet more troops to place on the field, in front of the main army were Bactrian chariots.  More varied cavalry were dispersed along the right flank, front, and left flank of the main army.  This group of cavalry, althought widely spread out, was under the command of a single cavalry commander, Mazaeus.  Macedonians, dispersed into two specific groups.  Alexander rode with the Companion cavalry, Paionian, and the Macedonian light cavalry.  The veteran mercenary cavalry was located on the right flank as well.  The left flank, under command of Parmenion, consisted of Thessalian, Greek mercenary, and Thracian cavalry.  The Agrians and Macedonian archers were stationed next to the phalanx, which was in a double-line formation.  Alexander wanted Parmenion to hold the line while he struck at the heart of the Persian army.
Combat was initiated by Darius, hurling his chariots at the Macedonian army.  The chariots were easily stopped by the Agrianians, moved aside and persuading the horses to enter into a type of 'mousetrap'.  Once the chariots were halted, the charioteers were killed.  The Macedonian rearguard started to cover the Macedonian flanks as the Persians continued to curl up the Macedonian line.  With the lines covered by the rearguard, Darius sent in more troops to circumvent the flank.  This action caused a gap between Bessus's left and Darius' center.  Alexander sent his last available cavalry reserves to protect the flanks.  Alexander disengaged his Companions.  Formed a cavalry wedge and charged into the main Persian line.  The cavalry wedge crashed into the weakened Persian center, dismantling the royal elite troops and Greek mercenaries.  Bessus, instead of supporting the defense of the king, pulled away from the attack.  Darius, in fear of his life, broke.  Receiving desperate messages from Parmenion, Alexander ended all thoughts of chasing Darius and aided the left flank, which had been violently pushed further to the left.  This caused a huge gap between the Parmenion and the phalanx.  The Persian and Indian cavalry units pored into that gap, however, instead of attacking the vulnerable flank and rear of the Phalanx or Parmenion, the went into the Macedonian camp and started looting it.  NOTE: They attempted to rescue the Queen Mother Sisygambis, but she refused to go with them.  The last available Macedonian reserves drove off the camp invaders, but received heavy casualties.  In the meantime, Mazaeus attempted to disengage his force, however the disengagement turned into a chaotic rout as the Thessalian cavalry continued to pursue.  Alexander pursued, but failed to capture, Darius, who fled to Ecbatana.  Parmenion looted the Persian baggage train.
4,000 talents captured
King's personal chariot and bow.
NOTE: Darius maintained a small force as well as the Bessus' Bactrian cavalry, remnants of the Royal Guard and 2,000 Greek mercenaries.  Darius planned to head East to raise another army and dispatched letters calling all Eastern satrapies to remain loyal.
Casualties are too exaggerated to list.  Safe to say high casualties among the Pe

During the invasion of Persia proper, was commanding with Alexander against the Uxians, an independent hill people, and near the Persian gate.  
NOTE: Led the frontal assault that crushed the Uxians at the pass at the Persians gates (Alexander swept around and outflanked the Uxian defenders).
Commands the main Macedonian army and baggage train while Alexander commands the vanguard in the pursuit of Darius III.
Near the Caspian Sea, commanded the rearguard during the campaign against the rebel satrap Satibarzanes.
First independent command was to lead a Macedonian army in Hyrcania against the Tapurians.
NOTE: The last of Darius' Greek mercenaries were known to have withdrawn to.
Reported to Alexander that Philotas had failed to report a conspiracy.
NOTE: This lead to the torture and eventually execution of Philotas and the execution of Parmenion, Philotas' father, who could have brought about revenge.
NTOE: Arrian of Nicomedia, our most reliable source does not mention Craterus in this affair.
Captured Cyreschata, one of the largest towns in Sogdia.  329 B.C.
Cavalry commander during the fight against the Massagetes.
Managed the military settlements in Margiana.
Defeated teh Pareitecanians located just east of Sogdia.
Fortified several towns while Alexander invaded Gandara.  326 B.C.
During the battle at Hydaspes, commanded the rearguard, which stayed on the western bank.  Did not join the battle until well after the main events had already transpired.
Ordered to build the cities Nicaea and Bucephala.
Marched down the river Hydaspes, Acesines, and Indus rivers with Alexander
Command of one of the two armies during this march
NOTE: Hephaestion was the commander of the other army.
Ordered by Alexander to take the army to the west.  325 B.C.
NOTE: During this march to Carmania, arrested an otherwise unknown rebel named Ordanes.
Met Alexander in Carmania.
With Alexander, arrived in Susa.  323 B.C.
Married princess Amastris, Oxyathres's daughter, brother of Darius III.
Along with Polyperchon, appointed to lead 11,500 soldiers back to Macedonia with the intention of replacing Antipater as viceroy.
Building a fleet in Cilicia to use against Carthage when news came about of Alexander's death.
Aided Antipater against the revolting Greeks in the Lamian War.  322 B.C.

LAMIAN WAR - CRANNON  322 B.C.
==============================================
Antipater/Craterus (35,000) vs. Leosthenes/Hyperides (numbers not found)
Athens, supported by Aetholians and Thessalians, revolted.  NOTE: Demosthenes comes out of exile to join them.  Leosthenes gathers a large Greek mercenary army in Lacinia.  The Macedonians, lead by Antipater, had 22,000 troops, but received 13,000 Asian troops under the command of the Diadochi, Leonatus of Phrygia.  Led by Leosthenes, the Greek army easily occupied the Thermopylae Pass and forced Antipater to retreat into the Lamia fortress (name of war based on this fortress).  News of the Macedonian fleet, led by Cleitus, destroyed the Athenian fleet at Amorgus inspired the troops inside the fortress.  Craterus, with the arrival of 11,500 troops arrived to relieve the fortress.  During a cavalry skirmish, the Greek general, Leosthenes was killed.  The Macedonian Leonatus was also killed.  Craterus successfully relieved the fortress.  At Crannon, the Macedonian army, 9,500 strong, under Antipater, crushed the 6,000-Greek army led by Hyperides.  The war ended at Crannon.  A complete Macedonian victory.  So decisive, it ended Greek city-state freedom.
Hyperides was executed.
Demosthenes committed suicide. in Calauria Island.

Joined forces with Antigonus against Perdiccas and Eumenes.
Marries Phila, Antipater's daughter.
Leading his forces in battle, his army was defeated by the inexperienced Eumenes near Hellespont.
Craterus was killed in battle.  321 B.C.
NOTE: No details about this battle was available.

NOTE: Craterus only son, with Phila, Craterus (321-250 B.C.) ordered a statue of his father and Alexander in a lion hunt that was made by the famous sculptor, Lysippus.  It was placed in Delphi.

An ancient anecdote
================================
"Craterus loved Alexander as a king (philobasileus) but that Alexander's lover Hephaestion loved him because he was Alexander (philalexandros)."

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  Quote Travis Congleton Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 21-Mar-2007 at 23:51
Antipater (circa 399 319 B.C.)
==============================================
Macedonian general
Regent of all of Alexander's empire.
Son of Iolaus, a Macedonian nobleman.
Soldier and diplomat under king Perdiccas.  365-360 B.C.
Soldier and diplomat under king Philip II [q.v.]360-336 B.C.
Was regent of Macedon while Philip II campaigned against Thracian and Scythian tribes.  342 B.C.
Sent troops to stop the Athenians from trying to take control of Macedonian-controlled Euboean towns.
Represented Philip in the Amphictyonic League at Delphi.
Was an ambassador to Athens.  337 B.C.
After the death of Philip II, help secure Alexander's position as king of Macedonia.  336 B.C.
Was with Alexander during the campaign against Thebes when they rebelled.  335 B.C.
With Parmenion, failed to convince Alexander to wait on the Persian invasion until a marriage can be arranged for a Macedonian succession of the throne.
Became regent of Macedonia and 'strategos' [general] of Europe.  334 B.C.
NOTE: He held this title until 323 B.C.
Continued to supply Alexander with the necessary troops for the continued success of the Persian campaign.
The Persian naval invasion disapated when Memnon died during the siege of Mytilene.  333 B.C.
Thracian tribes rebelled, this was lead by the Macedonian governor, Memnon.  332 B.C.
With funding from the Persia satrap, Pharnabazus, Agis III, king of Sparta, used a 20,000-strong army to rebelled against the Macedonians.
NOTE: Agis gained control of Crete and had Achaeans, Arcadians, and Elis as allies.
Agis invested Megalopolis.  331 B.C.
To prevent fighting two armies, Antipater pardoned Memnon and left him in office.
Led a 35,000-strong Thessalian/mercenary army to relieve Megalopolis.  330 B.C.
Antipater defeats the Sparta king's army.
NOTE: Heavy casualties on both sides; Agis III died during his journey back to Sparta.
The Spartans begged for peace.
Sent this Thessalian/mercenary army to Alexander where they caught up with him at Sogdia.  329 B.C.
The close relationship with Olympias deteriorated over the years.
NOTE: Olympias wrote to Alexander claiming Antipater was encouraging disloyalty in Macedon.  Alexander, appeared to have ignored most of the letters, but eventually requested Antipater to travel to Babylon and answer these charges.  Antipater declined, stating he feared an uprising may occur in Greece.  Sent his son, Cassander.  Alexander soon died upon Cassander's arrival.
After Alexander's death, Perdiccas, the new regent of Alexander's empire, left Antipater in Greece.
Athens, Aetolia and Thessaly revolt.

LAMIAN WAR - CRANNON  322 B.C.
===============================================
Antipater/Craterus (35,000) vs. Leosthenes/Hyperides (numbers not found)
Athens, supported by Aetholians and Thessalians, revolted.  NOTE: Demosthenes comes out of exile to join them.  Leosthenes gathers a large Greek mercenary army in Lacinia.  The Macedonians, lead by Antipater, had 22,000 troops, but received 13,000 Asian troops under the command of the Diadochi, Leonatus of Phrygia.  Led by Leosthenes, the Greek army easily occupied the Thermopylae Pass and forced Antipater to retreat into the Lamia fortress (name of war based on this fortress).  News of the Macedonian fleet, led by Cleitus, destroyed the Athenian fleet at Amorgus inspired the troops inside the fortress.  Craterus, with the arrival of 11,500 troops arrived to relieve the fortress.  During a cavalry skirmish, the Greek general, Leosthenes was killed.  The Macedonian Leonatus, satrap of Hellesport Phrygia, was also killed.  Craterus successfully relieved the fortress.  At Crannon, the Macedonian army, 9,500 strong, under Antipater, crushed the 6,000-Greek army led by Hyperides.  The war ended at Crannon.  A complete Macedonian victory.  So decisive, it ended Greek city-state freedom.
Hyperides was executed.
Demosthenes committed suicide. in Calauria Island.

Imposed oligarchy on Athens.
Perdiccas, broke off the engagement with Nicaea, Antipater's daughter, and married Olympia, Alexander's sister.
With the insult in place and Perdiccas gaining in power, concluded a peace with the Aetolians.
With Craterus, allied with Ptolemy, the satrap of Egypt and prepared for war against Perdiccas.
Intermarriages took place to solidify alliances.
NOTE: Perdiccas' daughters Phila and Eurydice married Craterus and Ptolemy respectively.  And Nicaea marries Lysimachus, the governor of Thrace.
Crossed into Asia Minor.  321 B.C.
While in Syria, received news that Perdiccas had been murdered, and later, Craterus was killed and his army defeated by Eumenes.
With Ptolemy, created the Treaty of Triparadisus.
Appointed supreme regent of all of Alexander's empire.
Left in control of Greece as guardian of Alexander's son, Alexander IV, and Arrhidaeus Philip, Philip II's illegitimate son.
Put down a mutiny of his troops.
Commissioned Antigonus to continue the war against Eumenes.
Returned to Macedonia.  320 B.C.
Became sick and died.  319 B.C.
NOTE: Left the regency to the aged Polyperchon, passing over his own son, Cassander, who felt jaded by this.

Alexander's envious letter to Antipater
=================================================
"It seems, my friends that while we have been conquering Darius here, there has been a battle of mice in Arcadia."

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  Quote Travis Congleton Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 21-Mar-2007 at 23:51
Polyperchon (394 - 303 B.C.)
==========================================
Macedonian general
Regent for king Philip Arridaeus and Alexander IV, the son of Alexander the Great.
Son of a Macedonian nobleman, Simmias.
NOTE: His birthplace in Macedon was considered the most backward region in Macedon.
Served under Philip II and Alexander the Great.
Served as an officer in the Tymphaean brigade during Alexander's invasion of Persia.  334 B.C.
During the battle of Gaugamela, was commander of the Typhaean brigade or the foreign troops.  331 B.C.

GAUGAMELA October 1, 331 B.C.
================================
Alexander (47,000) vs. Darius III (110,000)
While Alexander was conquering the Mediterranean coast, Darius built a huge, but mostly inexperienced, army.  When the Macedonian army arrived at the site of battle chosen by Darius, Alexander immediately set up camp.  That night, Darius believed Alexander would attack, Darius had most of his men stay up the night in anticipation of the attack.  Darius ordered the field to be smoothed out and cleared to enhance the performance of the 200 chariots (there were also 15 war elephants on play, however, they did not appear to be a factor in the battle).  In the middle of the Persian army position was the elite infantry.  On the right flank was the Carian cavalry, Greek mercenaries and Persian horse guards.  Left flank was covered with mostly cavalry, under command of Bessus, from various regions and Mardian archers.  Darius positioned himself with his infantry.  Between the right flank and infantry, the Persian foot guards (Called the Immortals by the Greeks), Indian cavalry and Mardian archers stood guard.  With yet more troops to place on the field, in front of the main army were Bactrian chariots.  More varied cavalry were dispersed along the right flank, front, and left flank of the main army.  This group of cavalry, althought widely spread out, was under the command of a single cavalry commander, Mazaeus.  Macedonians, dispersed into two specific groups.  Alexander rode with the Companion cavalry, Paionian, and the Macedonian light cavalry.  The veteran mercenary cavalry was located on the right flank as well.  The left flank, under command of Parmenion, consisted of Thessalian, Greek mercenary, and Thracian cavalry.  The Agrians and Macedonian archers were stationed next to the phalanx, which was in a double-line formation.  Alexander wanted Parmenion to hold the line while he struck at the heart of the Persian army.
Combat was initiated by Darius, hurling his chariots at the Macedonian army.  The chariots were easily stopped by the Agrianians, moved aside and persuading the horses to enter into a type of 'mousetrap'.  Once the chariots were halted, the charioteers were killed.  The Macedonian rearguard started to cover the Macedonian flanks as the Persians continued to curl up the Macedonian line.  With the lines covered by the rearguard, Darius sent in more troops to circumvent the flank.  This action caused a gap between Bessus's left and Darius' center.  Alexander sent his last available cavalry reserves to protect the flanks.  Alexander disengaged his Companions.  Formed a cavalry wedge and charged into the main Persian line.  The cavalry wedge crashed into the weakened Persian center, dismantling the royal elite troops and Greek mercenaries.  Bessus, instead of supporting the defense of the king, pulled away from the attack.  Darius, in fear of his life, broke.  Receiving desperate messages from Parmenion, Alexander ended all thoughts of chasing Darius and aided the left flank, which had been violently pushed further to the left.  This caused a huge gap between the Parmenion and the phalanx.  The Persian and Indian cavalry units pored into that gap, however, instead of attacking the vulnerable flank and rear of the Phalanx or Parmenion, the went into the Macedonian camp and started looting it.  NOTE: They attempted to rescue the Queen Mother Sisygambis, but she refused to go with them.  The last available Macedonian reserves drove off the camp invaders, but received heavy casualties.  In the meantime, Mazaeus attempted to disengage his force, however the disengagement turned into a chaotic rout as the Thessalian cavalry continued to pursue.  Alexander pursued, but failed to capture, Darius, who fled to Ecbatana.  Parmenion looted the Persian baggage train.
4,000 talents captured
King's personal chariot and bow.
NOTE: Darius maintained a small force as well as the Bessus' Bactrian cavalry, remnants of the Royal Guard and 2,000 Greek mercenaries.  Darius planned to head East to raise another army and dispatched letters calling all Eastern satrapies to remain loyal.
Casualties are too exaggerated to list.  Safe to say high casualties among the Persians; less so for the Macedonians.

Independent command in Gandara.
Captured Ora in the Swat Valley.  326 B.C.
After returning to Babylon from the Indian campaign, sent to Macedon with Craterus.  324 B.C.
Reached Cilicia when word of Alexander's death arrived.
with Craterus, continued to Greece.
Helped Antipater defeat the Greek rebellion (Lamian War).

LAMIAN WAR - CRANNON  322 B.C.
===============================================
Antipater/Craterus (35,000) vs. Leosthenes/Hyperides (numbers not found)
Athens, supported by Aetholians and Thessalians, revolted.  NOTE: Demosthenes comes out of exile to join them.  Leosthenes gathers a large Greek mercenary army in Lacinia.  The Macedonians, lead by Antipater, had 22,000 troops, but received 13,000 Asian troops under the command of the Diadochi, Leonatus of Phrygia.  Led by Leosthenes, the Greek army easily occupied the Thermopylae Pass and forced Antipater to retreat into the Lamia fortress (name of war based on this fortress).  News of the Macedonian fleet, led by Cleitus, destroyed the Athenian fleet at Amorgus inspired the troops inside the fortress.  Craterus, with the arrival of 11,500 troops arrived to relieve the fortress.  During a cavalry skirmish, the Greek general, Leosthenes was killed.  The Macedonian Leonatus, satrap of Hellesport Phrygia, was also killed.  Craterus successfully relieved the fortress.  At Crannon, the Macedonian army, 9,500 strong, under Antipater, crushed the 6,000-Greek army led by Hyperides.  The war ended at Crannon.  A complete Macedonian victory.  So decisive, it ended Greek city-state freedom.
Hyperides was executed.
Demosthenes committed suicide. in Calauria Island.

Remained in Macedon during the First War of the Diadochi.
NOTE: Antipater moved against Perdiccas and Eumenes in Asia Minor.
Antipater became regent of Alexander's empire.  321 B.C.
NOTE: After Perdiccas's murdered, the regency of the empire was offered to Ptolemy, who declined.  He appointed Peithon and Arridaeus, two inexperienced officers, as regents of the empire.  Antipater changed all this in the Treaty of Triparadeisos.
After Antipater's death, appointed regent of Alexander's empire.  319 B.C.
Cassander, Antipater's jilted son, started a civil war against Polyperchon.
NOTE: Antigonus and Ptolemy put their hats in for Cassander.  
Polyperchon allied with Eumenes.
NOTE: Made king Philip write a letter to Eumenes implying an alliance.
Eumenes seized the royal treasures and went to Phoenicia, defeated Ptolemy's forces and build a navy for Polyperchon.  318 B.C.
Declared the Greek city-states independence.
Fleet was destroyed by Antigonus' fleet in the Bosporus.
NOTE: Eumenes' fleet never appeared.
Lost control of the Aegean Sea to Antigonus.
Cassander captures Athens.  317 B.C.
Forced to leave Macedon.
Cassander controlled king Philip Arrhidaeus, the late king Philip II's illegitmate son, and his wife Eurydice, the late Antipater's daughter.
Flees to Epirus with Alexander's mother, Olympias, widow, Roxana and infant son, Alexander IV.
Formed an alliance with Olympias and king Aeacides of Epirus.
With Olympias, leads the army into Macedon.
The Macedonian army, under king Philip Arrhidaeus and his wife Eurydice, virtually abandons him and sides with Polyperchon.  317 B.C.
NOTE: Philip Arrhidaeus, illegitimate son of Philip II and satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia, executed.
NOTE: His wife Eurydice, daughter of the late Antipater, was forced to committ suicide.
NOTE: Many supporters of Cassander were massacred.
Cassander returned from the Peloponnesus.
Forcing Olympias and her army to seek the walls of Pydna.
Cassander invested Pydna.
Polyperchon and Aeachidas are unable to relieve the siege.
Cassander captures Olympias.
NOTE: Olympias is executed.
Flees to the Pelopnnesus.
Controls Corinth and Sicyon, but overall his political clout was all but gone.
Polyperchon receives money from Antigonus; gives title of regent to Antigonus.
Cassander attempts to reconcil with Polyperchon, but is rejected.
NOTE: Cassander starts to lose cities to Antigonus.
Peace Treaty was made between the Diadochi.
NOTE: In the agreement, Roxane and Alexander IV, thirteen year old son of Alexander the Great, are executed.  311 B.C.
Antigonus began to distance himself from Polyperchon.
Receives Heracles, Alexanders' son to a Persian mistress, Barsine, from Antigonus; a political play against Cassander.
Ordered the execution of Hercles and Barsine.  309 B.C.
NOTE: Cassander convinced Polyperchon that Antigonus was too unstable of a man to side with.

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  Quote Travis Congleton Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 21-Mar-2007 at 23:52
Cassander (circa 350 297 B.C.)
==============================
king of Macedonia
Founder of Antipatrid dynasty.
First written about appearing in Babylon, defending his father against Olympias' accusations of disloyalty towards Alexander.
After having his father passed over for Polyperchon as successor of Alexander's empire, Anitpater, starts a civil war against Polyperchon, Antipater' choice.
Allied himself with Ptolemy Soter and Antigonus.
NOTE: Polyperchon allies with Eumenes.
Declares war.
Most of the Greek city-states side with Cassander.
Allied himself with king Philip Arrhidaeus,
Had king Philip Arrhidaeus, Philip II's illegitimate son, and his wife, Eurydice, late Antipater's daughter, on his side.
NOTE: Eurydice was Cassander's sister?
Captures Athens.  317 B.C.
Olympias, Alexander's mother, with Polyperchon, marches against Cassander's army under king Philip Arrhiaeus.
Army refuses to fight Alexander IV, Alexander's son, and Olympias, huge defection occurs.
King Philip Arrhidaeus and Eurdice are captured and murdered by Olympias.
NOTE: Nicanor, Cassander's brother, was also murdered.
Moving against Olympias, forces her to seek protection behind the walls of Pydna.
Repulses the rescue attempts of Polyperchon and Aeachidas.
Captures Olympias.
NOTE: Olympias is executed.
Cassander attempts to reconcil with Polyperchon, but is rejected.
NOTE: Cassander starts to lose cities to Antigonus.
Peace Treaty was made between the Diadochi.
NOTE: In the agreement, poisoned Roxana, the former wife of Alexander, and Alexander IV, the son of Alexander III [q.v.]  311 B.C.
Bribed Polyperchon to poison Heracles, Alexander's illegitimate son.  309 B.C.
Made the royal connection by marrying Thessalonica, a half-sister of Alexander the Great.
Formed an alliance with Seleucus.
After the death of Antigonus, became the undisputed sovereign of Macedonia.  301 B.C.
Died of dropsy.  297 B.C.
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  Quote sunstars Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 22-Mar-2007 at 17:35
Thanks a lot for the very extensive replies I'm really grateful. Truly a fascinating era. 
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  Quote Kamikaze 738 Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 26-Mar-2007 at 21:37
Wheres Ptolemy?? Lol, he's my favorite Tongue
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  Quote Bielas Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 30-Mar-2007 at 08:32
Originally posted by Kamikaze 738

Wheres Ptolemy?? Lol, he's my favorite Tongue
Under the shadow of Alexander :P
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  Quote Justinian Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: 11-Jul-2007 at 01:38
If you are still interested, any books that cover the hellenistic kingdoms will have information since most monarchs were the commanding generals who would lead in the alexander fashion.  Checking amazon.com would be a good start.  The Oxford history of the hellenistic era has information on the macedonian military.  Alexander the Great and the logistics of the Macedonian army by Donald Engels is quite detailed.  My university library had a ton of books on the hellenistic world.  If you live near a library that would definitely be worth looking into.

Edited by Justinian - 11-Jul-2007 at 01:39
"War is a cowardly escape from the problems of peace."--Thomas Mann

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