uzbek alphabet is different latin...i heard that it contain american linguists adittion as culturel reflection of usa-uzbek relations...i do not really know why they write uzbekistan like O'zbekiston...and pronounciation change too of course like that...This is the most importat probleme betwenn Türkiye Türk and Uzbeki Türk
Edited by EGETÜRK - 06-Apr-2007 at 15:06
The lands of the of the West may be armored with walls of steel,
But I have borders guarded by the mighty chest of a believer...
Timur placed much of legitimacy to rule on his family ties with Genghis Khan's family. After marrying one of his distant descendants, he adopted the Persian title "Gurkân", which is derived from Mongolian "kurugän" meaning "son-in-law".
How is Gurkan (Gürkan in Turkish) a Persian title while his origins are Mongolian?
I know, but this etymology is not accepted by any scholar. The title "Gurkân" is evidently derived from "kürügän". The similarity to Turkish (modern Anatolian Turkish, btw, and not Chaghatay) is coincidence.
It's like in the discussion about the name "Bahâdur" - Bahâdur makes sense in Persian ("bahâ" & "dur" = "beautiful pearle" = "noble"). But the origin of the name "Bahâdur" is the Turko-Mongol title "Bagh'atur". The similarity is pure coincidence. The same goes to the Turkic title "Khân" and the Persian honorary title "Khân". Both words mean "chief" or "leader". While the Turkish word is derived from Mongolian "Khaqân" the Persian word is taken from "Khândân" ("family"; itself derived from "Khâna" = "house"). That's why so many clan-chiefs in Afghanistan and Iran are known as "Khans", while in Turco-Mongolian society (as well as in the Iranian and Indian royal societies) the title "Khan" was given to military leaders.
BTW: here is my source: "... Gurkānī is the Persianized form of the Mongolian word kürügän ["son-in-law"] , the title given to the dynasty's founder after his marriage intoGenghis Khan's family ..." - Thackston, Wheeler M. The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor. Modern Library Classics. ISBN 0375761373
This is also mentioned by B.F. Manz in the Encyclopaedia of Islam (B.F. Manz, "Tīmūr Lang", in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Online Edition, 2006)
Another source says:
"... For the more than 250 years of their rule the Mughals referred to
themselves as Guregeniyya, the dynasty of "the son-in-law," retaining
Timur's choice of imperial title as husband to a princess in the line
of Chinggis Khan, for their imperial dynasty in India ..." Balabanlilar, L."Lords of the Auspicious Conjunction: Turco-Mongol Imperial Identity on the Subcontinent" (in Persian sources, the name of the dynasty is variously spelled either "Gurkâni" or "Gurgâni"; "Gurgâniyân" or "Gurgâniyâ" is the plural of "Gurgân")
I know, but this etymology is not accepted by any scholar. The title "Gurkân" is evidently derived from "kürügän". The similarity to Turkish (modern Anatolian Turkish, btw, and not Chaghatay) is coincidence.
I wonder whats modern anatolian Turkish if its not Chagatay? Karluk? Kipchak?
It's like in the discussion about the name "Bahâdur" - Bahâdur makes sense in Persian ("bahâ" & "dur" = "beautiful pearle" = "noble"). But the origin of the name "Bahâdur" is the Turko-Mongol title "Bagh'atur". The similarity is pure coincidence.
It's not coincidence or whatever you might call it, if that name was Persian or Persianized name then why is the meaning of that name the same as in Turkic (brave, fearless) and NOT the one you've explained?
The same goes to the Turkic title "Khân" and the Persian honorary title "Khân". Both words mean "chief" or "leader". While the Turkish word is derived from Mongolian "Khaqân" the Persian word is taken from "Khândân" ("family"; itself derived from "Khâna" = "house"). That's why so many clan-chiefs in Afghanistan and Iran are known as "Khans", while in Turco-Mongolian society (as well as in the Iranian and Indian royal societies) the title "Khan" was given to military leaders.
When was that title used in Iran? After the Turks came in Iran. The Persian Hân (khana) has different meaning then Khan as you've explained self.
I wonder whats modern anatolian Turkish if its not Chagatay? Karluk? Kipchak?
Modern Anatolian Turkish is a branch of the Oghuz Turkic languages, with strong Non-Turkic influence, pointing toward the Non-Turkish origin of the Turcophone population. Anatolian Turkish - as the only Turkic language - lacks the use of typical Turkic souds ([x] & [q] for example), and replaces them - just like Zaza and Balouch - with "h" and "k".
It's not coincidence or whatever you might call it, if that name was Persian or Persianized name then why is the meaning of that name the same as in Turkic (brave, fearless) and NOT the one you've explained?
The meaning of "Bahâdur" in Persian is not "brave", it means "noble" and was usually given to princes, especially in the Indo-Persian world of the Mughals. But it is undisputed among scholars that the actual origin of the word is the Turko-Mongolian military title "Baghatur". The Persians adopted the name, but change it into a moder Persian name. Fact is that "Bahâdur" was not used in Persian before the arrival of Altayic invaders. Modern websites and sources now use the original Altayic meaning of the word when explaining "Bahâdur". But the meaning in Persian is not "brave", it's "noble". The name of the former Afghan royal family, "Durrâni", has the same Persian root ("dur" = "pearl"; "Durrâni" = "pearle-like", "noble"). After creating Afghanistan, the Pashtun Abdâli clan adopted the new name, symbolizing their newly achieved nobility. "Durrâni" has a pure Persian origin, "Bahâdur" is Turko-Mongolian.
When was that title used in Iran? After the Turks came in Iran. The Persian Hân (khana) has different meaning then Khan as you've explained self.
The title "Khân" - as a tribal chief or head of the family - was already used in Persia before the invading East Asian nomads. However, it has no political or military meaning in Persian. The highest military title was "spahbud", a soldier was a "sarbâz", a general was sometiomes called "sardâr" (the last two containing the word "sar", "head"). The title "Tarkhan" was used in Persian and in Sogdian way before the Turks arrived in Iran. One of Bâbak's allies and close frieds in the "Khurrâmiyyah" movement of Azarbaijan was "Tarkhân" - but a Turkic origin of the person is totally impossible, since the Khurrâmiyyah movement was a strict, Zoroastrian, anti-Turkic and anti-Arab Persian nationalist alliance. The name "Tarkhân" is also used by Ferdowsi in the Shâhnâma, evidently having an Avestan origin. The similarity to the Mongolian military title "Tarkhân" is pure coincidence.
Another good example is the word "Pasha" (in Ottoman Turkish). It could be either derived from the Persian royal title "Pâdshâh" ("king") or from the Turkish word "bas" ("head"). If it is really taken from the Turkic "Bas" (maybe through "Bas aqa", as suggested by some), then the similarity - both in pronounciation and meaning - to the Persian "Pâdshâh" is pure coincidence.
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Posted: 07-Apr-2007 at 09:07
DerDoc
The meaning of "Bahâdur" in Persian is not "brave", it means "noble"
Would you stop inventing the names meaning.
Bahadur name does not mean beautiful pearl in Persian it means "Brave Bold", just like it does in all the other languages which borrowed it from Turkic its not some wild coincidence.
Anatolian Turkish - as the only Turkic language - lacks the use of typical Turkic souds ([x] & [q] for example),
No.
Just because it doesnt have those letters doesnt mean it doesnt have the sounds.
Korkut is actually pronounced Qorqut
Kes is pronounced Kes
Bahadur, Khan, Agha, Gurkan, Aydin, Arslan etc are names borrowed by Persian from Turkic.
Khan entered Persian from Turkic there is nothing to debate about this, it isn't a suprise that many "leader" names in Persian are Turkic, Turks were ruling the region from Central Asia, Northern India to the Anatolia for around a millenia.
DerDoc
The title "Tarkhan" was used in Persian and in Sogdian way before the Turks arrived in Iran. One of Bâbak's allies and close frieds in the "Khurrâmiyyah" movement of Azarbaijan was "Tarkhân" - but a Turkic origin of the person is totally impossible, since the Khurrâmiyyah movement was a strict, Zoroastrian, anti-Turkic and anti-Arab Persian nationalist alliance.
Are you SERIOUS.
Really man wake up, Tarkhan is totally Turkic it has nothing to do with Persian, its not totally "impossible" nothing is impossible, Persians had contact with Turks prior to Babak, Khazar's had Tarkhans, Bulgars had Tarkhans, its an ancient Turkic term.
When has this name ever been used prior to Persians contact with Turks? Turks have so many examples of Tarkhan, legendary Kama Tarkhan of the Huns, Khan Qutlug Tarkhan Sengun, Tun Bagha Tarkhan, Chorpan Tarkhan of Khazars, Alp Tarkhan of Khazars.
Even Farabi was Tarkhan Uzlug Farabi from Turkistan.
Why don't you want to accept that Persian has been influenced by Turks?
Turk. honorary title formerly given to officers of high rank, 1646, from Turk. pasha, earlier basha, from bash "head, chief" (no clear distinction between -b- and -p- in Turk.), Earlier in Eng. as bashaw (1534).
Bahadur name does not mean beautiful pearl in Persian it means "Brave Bold", just like it does in all the other languages which borrowed it from Turkic its not some wild coincidence.
This is so funny, Bulldog. Because only 2 days ago, you told me not to talk about Turkishbecause "I do not speak Turkish". And now, you want to explain to me the meaning of "Bahâdur" although you do not even understand a word Persian?!
No.
Just because it doesnt have those letters doesnt mean it doesnt have the sounds.
Korkut is actually pronounced Qorqut
Kes is pronounced Kes
Modern Anatolian Turkish does not have [q] or [x]. That's why they say "haber" instead of the correct Arabic "xabar" ([x] = [kh]), and why the say "horasan" instead of the correct Persian "xorâsân". They say "han" instead of the correct "xân" and "hakan" instead of the correct "xâqân".
Bahadur, Khan, Agha, Gurkan, Aydin, Arslan etc are names borrowed by Persian from Turkic.
There are plenty more Turkish names in Persian, and - of course - there are plenty of Persian names in Turkish.
And, btw, it's "Âqâ" ("elder brother") and NOT "Âghâ" ("queen").
Khan entered Persian from Turkic there is nothing to debate about this, it isn't a suprise that many "leader" names in Persian are Turkic, Turks were ruling the region from Central Asia, Northern India to the Anatolia for around a millenia.
Of course these languages influenced each other. Actually, most of the titles in Persian and Turkish are of Arabic origin: Sultân, Amir, Caliph, Sayyed, Khwâjah, Hâji, Rahbar, etc. The Persian and Turkish military title "Mir", for example, is derived from Arabic "Amir".
Military titles are taken from all 3 languages, while the Turkish words are dominant. In the fields of politics and court-life, Persian titles dominate (wazir, wazir-e azam, mirzâ, etc), while Arabic titles dominate in the field of religious sciences (Sayed, Mowlâh, Sheikh, etc).
The Iranian and Indian honorary title "Khân" - the title given to a family's leader - is not derived from the military title "Khân" (actually "Khâ'ân", derived from proto-Mongolian "Gaqân" - see Encyclopaedia Iranica), but from the Iranian word "khâna" ("house") and "khândân" ("family", "clan"):
Really man wake up, Tarkhan is totally Turkic it has nothing to do with Persian, its not totally "impossible" nothing is impossible, Persians had contact with Turks prior to Babak, Khazar's had Tarkhans, Bulgars had Tarkhans, its an ancient Turkic term.
First of all, Tarkhân is not Turkic but Mongolian. It was introduced to the Islamic world by Gengis Khan. In fact, he gave the title even to Non-Mongols, for examples to the family of the famous Timurid administrator Giath ud-Din Tarkhan, father of Gowharshâd. Gowhardshâd was a Persian noble and favourite wife of Shâhrukh. However, she was not his first wife, because she was a Non-Chingizid. She was also the mother of Muhammad Taraghay bin Shâhrukh, better known in Central Asia as "Ulugh Beg".
When has this name ever been used prior to Persians contact with Turks? Turks have so many examples of Tarkhan, legendary Kama Tarkhan of the Huns, Khan Qutlug Tarkhan Sengun, Tun Bagha Tarkhan, Chorpan Tarkhan of Khazars, Alp Tarkhan of Khazars.
I have already given you an example. On of the leaders of the Persian Khurrâmiyyah movement was known as Tarkhân. But it is a known fact that he was not a Turk:
... The Khurramites (Persian: خُرامية Khurrāmīyah or Khorrām-Dīnān, "followers of the right religion") were an Iranian religious and political movement which appeared in Āzarbāyjān and the rest of Iran in 814. An alternative name for the movement is Surkhjāmgān (سرخ جامگان) or its Arabic equivalent Muhammrira - "those who wear a red headgear" - a reference to their symbolic red headgear.
The sect was founded by the Persian cleric, Sunpadh and was a revitalization of an earlier sect that had mixed Shi'ism and Zoroastrianism; however, its true claim to fame was its adoption by Bābak as a basis for rebelling against the Abbasid Caliphate.
The sect grew out of a response to the execution of Abu Muslim by the Abbasids, and denied that he had died, rather claiming that he would return as the messiah. This message was further confirmed by the appearance of a prophet named al-Muqanna who claimed that the spirit of God had existed in Muhammad, Ali and Abu Muslim.
Under the leadership of Bābak, the Khurammites proclaimed the
breakup and redistribution of all the great estates and the abolition
of Islam. In 816 they began making attacks on Muslim forces in Iran and Iraq. Al-Mamun sent four armies to deal with the problem, but they were defeated each time with Byzantine support.The sect would continue to attract followers until the sixteenth century when the Safavids took control of Iran. According to Turkish scholar Abdülbaki Gölpinarli, the "Kizilbash" ("Red-Heads") of the 16th century - a religious and political movement in Azerbaijan that helped to establish the Safavid dynasty - were "spiritual descendants of the Khurramites". ...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khurramites
Even Farabi was Tarkhan Uzlug Farabi from Turkistan.
ROFL Are you being serious?! Farabi's origins are unknown, and the claim that he was known as "ibn Tarkhan" is totally baseless:
"... These present themselves as our most extensive and detailed
sources though they date a good three centuries after Farâbi's death.
Ebn Abu Osaybe'a's entry, which is the earlier one, consists
of a collection and patching together of all the diverse pieces of
information that were available to him in Syria at that time. It
includes much legendary material, but Ebn Abu Osâybe'a also quotes Farâbi where he can. Ebn Kallekân's entry, by contrast, is a
response to that of Ebn Abu Osaybe'a: the latter had mentioned at the beginning of his entry, and for the first time by any extant biographer, that Farâbi's father was of Persian descent; Ebn Ebn Kallekân's entry is completely animated by the effort to prove that Farâbi was ethnically Turkish. To this end, Ebn Ebn Kallekân first gave Farâbi an additional nesba, one he never had, al-Torki.
Abu'l-Fedâi, who copied Ebn Ebn Kallekân, corrected this, and changed
the word, al-Torki "the Turk," which reads like a nesba, to the
descriptive statement, wa-kâna rajolan torkiyan "he was a Turkish man"
(Mokhtasar II, p. 104). Second, at the end of his entry, Ebn
Kallekân spent considerable time giving the correct spelling and
vocalization of all the names which he says are Turkish and are
associated with Farâbi: the names of his alleged grand- and
great-grandfather, Tarkhân and Awzalagh (adding explicitly, wa-homâ
men asmâi al-tork, "these are Turkish names"), and the toponymics of
his origins, Farâbi, Otrâr, Balâsagûn, and Kashgâr (the
information on the toponymics is derived from Samânî, under the nesba
al-Fârâbî, though Samânî does not refer to the philosopher). In
between, Ebn Kallekân offers a continuous narrative of Fârâbi's
life as reconstructed by him. ..." - M. Mahdi/M. Galston "al-Farabi", in Encyclopaedia Iranica (with reference to Politics and Excellence: The Political Philosophy of Alfarabi, Princeton,
1990)
al-Fârâbi's alleged Turkish origin and his alleged Turkish names are nothing but the invention of Ibn Kallekân. He not only invented these names (he is the only historian who actually mentions these names), but also invented for him the nisba "al-Tork". The alleged Turkish origin and Turkish names of al-Fârâbi are also rejected by Peter J. King ( P.J. King, "One Hundred Philosophers", chapter al-Fārābi, Barron's Educational Books, USA 2004)
It is very unlikely that al-Fârâbi had any Turkish origins. Turks - especially in the 9th century - were still a nomadic people, and Central Asia's cities were Persian until at least the 15th century. No Turkish scholars or scientists are known from that time, and non are known from the following centuries (one of the very few exceptions was Mahmud al-Kashgari who was not a scientist but a Turkic poet and who lived some 200 years after al-Fârâbi).
As Ibn Khaldun put it:
"... Thus the founders of grammar were Sibawaih and after him,
al-Farisi and Az-Zajjaj. All of them were of Persian descent […] they
invented rules of (Arabic) grammar […] great jurists were Persians […]
only the Persians engaged in the task of preserving knowledge and
writing systematic scholarly works. Thus the truth of the statement of
the prophet becomes apparent, 'If learning were suspended in the
highest parts of heaven the Persians would attain it' […] The
intellectual sciences were also the preserve of the Persians, left
alone by the Arabs, who did not cultivate them […] as was the case with
all crafts […]This situation continued in the cities as long as the Persians and Persian countries, Iraq, Khorasan and Transoxiana (modern Central Asia), retained their sedentary culture. ..." - Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406), in: The Muqaddimah, Translated by F. Rosenthal (III, pp. 311-15, 271-4 [Arabic]; R.N. Frye (p.91).
However, this is not the main discussion.
Why don't you want to accept that Persian has been influenced by Turks?
This has nothing to do with influences. The problem is that you do not want to believe that there are sometimes pure coincidences. "Gurkân" is not Turkish, it is derived from the Mongolian word for "son-in-law". And the tribal honorary title "Khân" is not taken from the Altayic "Khaqan", it is derived from Persian "Khândân" ("clan", "family").
As for Pasha:
"... The word is variously derived from the Persian padshah, Turkish padishah, equivalent to king or emperor, and from the Turkish bash, in some dialects gash, a head, chief, &c. In old Turkish there was no fixed distinction between b and p. As first used in western Europe the title was written with the initial b.
The English forms bashaw, bassaw, bucha, &c., general in the 16th
and 17th centuries, were derived through the med. Lat. and Ital. bassa. ..." - Encyclopaedia Britannica 1911
As for "Yabghu", here is an academic article by Prof. C. E. Bosworth ("Fellow of the British Academy"):
"... The origins and etymology of the term [Yabghu] have excited much speculation. It
seems certain that it is not a native Turkish term. It may appear in
pre-Islamic, pre-Türk empire times amongst such peoples of Inner Asia
as the Huns and the Indo-European Wusun of eastern Turkestan, and
there exist Chinese transcriptions of it. It may well be ultimately an
Indo-European word, either “Tokharian” or Iranian. See the extensive
discussions in G. Doerfer, Türkische und mongolische elemente im
Neupersischen, iv, Wiesbaden 1975, 124-36 n. 1825; Sir Gerard Clauson,
An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth century Turkish, Oxford
1972, 873. ..." - Clifford Edmund Bosworth in Encyclopaedia of Islam
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