There is actually many independent studies done and I found one that is quite unique to what have I encountered in the past regarding the number of the Jews killed during WWII.
This is pretty long so bear with me:
Source: www.holology.com (author goes by name of Freydis)
Here's is the link of the site:
http://www.holology.com/history.html#11 Holocausts by the Numbers
Although holocaust narratives are interesting studies on their
own, the element that intrigues me now is the mechanical aspects
of death on a mass scale. Genocidal holocausts are much more difficult
than the average person is led to believe – it’s no simple task
to make millions of people disappear. How do despotic regimes do it? What
logistics elements are really necessary for a mass-extermination
campaign?
Two
examples of holocausts worth comparing are that of Nazi Germany
and the Khmer Rouge’s Cambodia. The Cambodian holocaust is very
useful from a historical perspective because it is a recent
event and a well documented one as well, but even more
importantly it is replete with the physical evidence necessary
to validate the numbers attached to the event, namely mountains of bones left behind by the
victims of execution. The killing methods employed by the Khmer
Rouge were brutally simple consisting of nothing more than rope
and plastic bags or an iron bar to the back of the head, and of
course starvation by default. Examples of Khmer Rouge killing
methods can be found in the 1984 film The Killing Fields,
which even though it is not a documentary still does an apt job
of depicting life and death under the rule of the Khmer Rouge.
Actual interviews of KR prison guards can be found in the
documentary film S21: The
Khmer Rouge Killing Machine (2003).
The tools used by the KR
thugs may seem primitive and inefficient for mass killing when
compared to Nazi gas chambers and crematoria but actually the
opposite is true. Mass killings other than war are nearly always
done in a very crude fashion. Hutu and Tutsi killed each other
in Rwanda using nothing more than machetes during the
mass-slaughter of up to one million in 1994.
The simplest and most
effective way to kill thousands or even millions of people is,
and always has been, famine. Stalin was responsible for a mass
starvation that killed a roughly estimated eight million
Ukrainians from 1932-1933. Mao Zedong was responsible for
several famines that killed millions in China as a direct result
of the implementation of his foolish and self-defeating policies
such as the ‘Great Leap Forward’ that starved to death an
estimated 30 million.
[3] Many of the one million Armenians killed by the Turks
from 1915-1917 in the “Armenian Holocaust” died from starvation.
The
events of the Holocaust of Nazi Germany have been repeated so
many times it need not be rehashed in detail. Jews, criminals
and other portions of the German population deemed undesirable
by the Nazi regime, such as homosexuals and Jehovah’s Witnesses,
were methodically executed by poison gas and then the bodies
cremated leaving no traces.
In comparison
to other historical examples, the Nazi extermination program
seems to be the most elaborate mass execution system devised.
Nonetheless, just as the KR left mountains of
bones, so should the Germans have left behind mountains of ashes
from the cremated bodies and bones from the one that weren't. In
any case the of volume of physical evidence has to be commensurate with the number
of people that died at the extermination sites. Paper evidence and written
documentation concerning the
Nazi government's plans and procedures for executing millions has also been
troublesome for historians because so much of it is either
bogus, misleading or simply non-existent. The orders for mass execution are considered
to be either hidden or suggested by vague phrases such as
solving the 'Jewish problem'.
It
seems that the historians that toil to corroborate the Nazi
holocaust using period specific documentation are left to assume
that little or no written record was left by intent in order to
cover up the crime. This would not be without precedent as
Stalin was notorious for using verbal orders to liquidate
opponents rather than written records that could be traced back
to him personally. So as far as Nazi Germany is concerned events
imply that Hitler spoke about the ‘Jewish Problem’ and his
deputies took it up on their own to interpret a solution to that
‘problem’, i.e. mass execution by poison gas in special
extermination camps. It must also be added here that much of the
evidence to support the Nazi Holocaust comes from dubious and
highly suspect sources. The Soviets ‘discovered’ and concocted
bogus evidence on numerous Nazi crimes because they had a strong
ideological motivation to make the Germans look as evil and
inhuman as possible. Anything that made Hitler seem more ghastly
only made Stalin look less insidious himself in comparison. The
Katyn Forest Massacre is a classic example of this Soviet
policy, they blamed their killings on the Nazis and lied about
their own crime all the way up to 1990. But the point here is
that regardless of the validity of documents and stories, take
them or leave them, certain numerical facts remain and that is
where we really begin.
Now for some mathematical
comparisons. The Khmer Rouges officially took power in Cambodia
on April 17, 1975 and their regime lasted three years eight
months and 22 days. The Khmer Rouge killed around 1.5 million
Cambodians during their reign. Starting with the basic
assumption that the Khmer Rouge could only be killing while they
were in power, this gives us a fixed time period with which to
calculate the rate of killing. Here’s the math:
Total killed:
1,500,000
Time frame: 1357 days
(365*3)+(30*8)+22 days
Average deaths per day:
1,500,000/1357 = 1105
Deaths per hour: 1105/24 = 46 |
In actuality most of the 1.5
million killed by the KR were the result of starvation not
intentional execution. True executions by the KR may be as few
as 50,000.
[4]
Recalculating based on this lower limit generates a
significantly less dramatic result:
Total executed:
50,000
Time frame: 1357 days
(365*3)+(30*8)+22 days
Average deaths per day:
50,000/1357 = 37
Deaths per hour: 37/24 = 1.5 |
So,
we can see that although the KR were busy killing
Cambodians the numbers are what we would expect to be practical
and possible given the methods used and the established time
frame.
Since Germany was an open country and
since the extermination camps were a factor of wartime, the mass
killings associated with Nazi Germany occurred during the war
years of WWII, in this case the fall of 1939 until spring of
1945 or about five and a half years. The total number killed in
Nazi extermination camps varies widely. The most common number
thrown about is six million but that only refers to the number
of Jews killed. Including everyone else Nazi Germany supposedly
executed in the Holocaust bumps the number up to somewhere
between 11 million and an incredible 26 million.
[1]
This vast discrepancy makes calculations more difficult so we'll
run two examples, one for the lowest number of six million and
one for the highest number of 26.
Establishing the time frame in this case is a choice between
greater accuracy according to the given set of events and
providing an intentionally exaggerated allowance to cover every
possible act. An exaggerated allowance would use the fall of
1939 until the spring of 1945, the entire length of the war, as
the time frame. However, this time frame would be misleading
because the killing of the millions in the Holocaust occurred at
the Nazi execution camps that only operated from around early
1942 until mid 1944. For greater accuracy I’ll use the time
frame from the beginning of 1942 until the middle of 1944, or 30
months.
Here’s the math:
Total killed (upper limit):
26,000,000
Time frame: (365*2)+(30*6) =
910
days
Average deaths per day: 26,000,000/910
= 28,571
Bodies cremated per hour:
28,571/24 =
1190 |
Total killed (lower limit):
11,000,000
Time frame: (365*2)+(30*6) =
910
days
Average deaths per day: 11,000,000/910
= 12,088
Bodies cremated per hour:
12,088/24 = 504 |
Clearly the Nazis were killing people
at a frenetic rate the Khmer Rouge could only have aspired towards, as
even on the smallest total number, the Nazis out-killed the KR by
eleven times on the daily average! This is especially peculiar because it occurred during
the largest and most expensive (and expansive) hot war in human
history. So even though the KR had only internal issues to deal
with and no external war to fight at the same time, the Nazis
managed to fight a two front war against three major enemies and
still exterminate several hundred people every
day for nearly three years, and that's just an average!
Another aspect of the Nazi
liquidation machine that demands further investigation is that
of cremation. Complete cremation of bodies is a very energy
intensive operation and even so it still leaves a few pounds of
ash and bone fragments per person, 5% of the body.
[2]
So multiply that five pounds minimum (100lb body*.05 = 5 lbs) by
the number of people cremated:
Upper limit:
5*1190 = 5950 pounds of human ash
produced per day * 910 days = 5,414,500 lbs total |
Lower limit:
5*504 = 2520 pounds of human ash
produced per day * 910 days = 2,293,200 lbs total |
That’s a hell of a lot of ash. So where is it all of it? Since
the Nazi extermination camps are in Poland, the first place to
look for these massive quantities of human ash is, logically, at
one of these camps: Auschwitz, Belzec, Chelmno, Majdanek,
Sobibór, and Treblinka, but more on that in a moment. It should
also be mentioned here that these extermination camps were
discovered and controlled by the Communist Russian Soviet forces
as they rolled west towards Berlin during the final phase of
World War II.
Another technical problem also exists, the time limit, for it
takes at least two hours to cremate one body in a special,
modern oven at a constant temperature between
760 to 1150 °C (1400 to 2100 °F).
[2] Old cremation ovens would have taken longer, five to ten
hours per body, especially if they were fueled by less efficient
means than a gas like propane.
Upper limit:
1190 per 24 hours requires 2380
cremation ovens |
Lower limit:
504 per 24 hours requires 1008
cremation ovens |
These cremation ovens would have to be running constantly for
nearly three years in order to destroy the bodies of the number
of people Nazi Germany is supposed to have liquidated. However,
this assumes that only one body was cremated at a time. If you
build a bigger oven then you can logically burn up more bodies in
any given time period. A photo of the
Majdanek crematorium reveals that it is not designed for
more than one body at a time in a given section but it does have
what appear to be five chambers.
Mathausen appears to only have one oven with two single body
chambers. Other sites were destroyed but it is reasonable to
expect the cremation ovens would be of similar sizes.
Another
technical problem is fuel for the ovens. Could wartime Germany
afford the fuel needed to constantly run 2,380 cremation ovens
for nearly three years? Cremation ovens need very high
temperatures to operate and this requires a constant, energetic
fuel supply like natural gas. These fuels were in very short
supply because of the war effort. If the Nazis used coal, as is
assumed, they would have needed mountains of the stuff and an
entire army to continually shovel it into the furnaces.
Even more waste
product would have been produced from the consumed coal in the
form of ash. Given the scale of the purported operation, the
burned coal fuel for the crematoria would have been piled into
giant heaps something like the waste from a simple coal-fired
power plant.
The Execution Camps
Now let's
attempt to break it down by extermination camp to see if the
figures make more sense that way.
A
more specific study of each site reveals the approximate dates
of actual operation, a significantly shorter window than the
entire war period, meaning that the executions must have
occurred at a much more rapid pace than calculated above. It
also reveals that most of the dead were not cremated!
Auschwitz II (Birkenau)
“Large-scale extermination started in Spring 1942. ... Between
May and July 1944, about 438,000 Jews from Hungary were deported
to Auschwitz-Birkenau and the majority were killed there.”
[10] Like Birkenau, Majdanek was also overrun by the
Soviets.
Belzec
“The
installation was finished by early March 1942. … by December
1942, the last shipment of Jews arrived in Belzec. ... 434,508 Jews were killed in Belzec
... [T]he corpses were buried
in pits covered with only a narrow layer of earth.”
[5] Thus since none of the victims at Belzec were cremated
(according to this story) it should be a straightforward, even if time consuming, matter
to exhume the bones and officially number the dead.
Chelmno
“The
death camp operated from December 8, 1941 until April 1943 when
it was closed down and its crematorium blown up, ... It is
estimated that 200,000 people were killed in the camp”
[9]
Majdanek
Majdanek is the showcase operation because it contains all the
primary elements of the execution machinery and is considered to
be the best preserved execution camp. “Between April 1942 and
July 1944, extermination took place in Majdanek using gas
chambers and crematoria. ... It is estimated that over 235,000
human lives were lost in Majdanek,”
[8]
Majdanek has a monument with ashes that are claimed to be
human and there’s a convincing amount. It should also be noted
that Majdanek was discovered, liberated, acquired, however you
want to put it, by the Soviets. So, if Majdanek was a crime
scene then the Soviets are about the least reputable
investigator that could possibly be put in control of it.
Maly
Trostenets
Maly
Trostenets near Minsk. “No survivors of the camp are known to
exist, and estimates of the number of people killed there range
from 200,000 to more than half a million. ... the camp became a
Vernichtungsl*ger, or extermination camp, on May 10, 1942
when the first transport of Jews arrived there.” [11]
Maly Trostenets ended in June 1944 when the advancing Soviet
forces took over. Crematoria are not mentioned, implying yet
another simple dump-the-bodies-in-a-grave execution operation.
Sobibór
“At
least 180,000 people were killed in Sobibór.”
[6] Cremation is not mentioned so it is possible to count
the bones to determine the number of dead.
Treblinka
“It
was operated from July 1942 until October 1943 … approximately
310,000 Jews were transported in freight trains from the Warsaw
Ghetto to Treblinka during the period from July 22, 1942 to
October 3, 1942."
[7] Yet the total is always shown as being much more. Nearly
every source gives a different total number killed from 700,000
to 1,400,000 at Treblinka because the records are either
non-existent or were destroyed. The story of Treblinka has the
bodies being buried in mass graves. So to determine the number
dead at Treblinka one should look to count bones not ash volume.
Total
killed for each execution camp are as follows: Auschwitz II:
1,100,000; Belzec: 436,000; Chelmno: 340,000; Majdanek: 300,000
to 350,000; Sobibór: 260,000; Treblinka: at least 700,000,
possibly over 1,000,000; Maly Trostenets: at least 200,000,
possibly over 500,000.
[12] Giving a
maximum total of 3,986,000 and that includes Jews and everyone else.
The estimated total dead for these major execution camps is
still significantly less than total of six million Jews and not
even close to the upper limit of 26 million. What about the
rest? “Before Operation Reinhard, over a million Jews were
killed by the Einsatzgruppen, mobile SS units whose sole purpose
was to murder Jews and commissars in territories conquered by
the German army.” [7] So someone in some capacity as an expert
roughly estimates that another one million were killed and their
bodies left scattered around Europe. 4,986,000.
The
point I’m trying to make is that there’s no way to make any of
these numbers credible within the parameters of the given
narrative that characterizes the Nazi Holocaust story; it’s a
classic example of atrocity inflation. And until an
objective, professional and complete forensic examination is
conducted it will never be anything more than a claim based on
speculation, rumor, interrogations under duress, ridiculously
biased sources and estimations of estimated estimates. How
difficult is it to forge a document? How difficult is it to get
the public to believe the validity of that document if it lends
support to the execution stories in the Nazi Holocaust? No, the
majority of the real definitive proof hasn’t even been cremated,
it’s still in the ground.
What really happened?
The logistics requirements for the Nazi
extermination machine would make it impossible to keep the
operation a secret or even moderately covert simply given the
energy and manpower requirements needed to maintain and operate
it. The smoke and fumes alone would have been an indicator for
miles around.
The most simple and
least sensationalist answer is nearly always sufficient to
explain actual events.
If there is no
reason to invoke the sensational to make the pieces fit
then the sensational should not be used to justify an
elaborate explanation.
This is because if an unlimited allowance for credulity is
granted then almost anything can be concocted to
potentially explain the basic elements of a given event. |
So what are we
left with?
If
we take the given numbers executed by the Nazis and factor in
the absolute limitations of time and make plenty of allowance
for resources that they likely didn't even have, then something
just does not compute.
The physical
infrastructure is simply not present to support a mass execution
on the purported scale and within the purported means.
The
truth must be much less insidious than the myth, at least on a
numerical scale anyway. Just ask yourself, can the known
events be explained without the application of the elaborate
Nazi Holocaust story? Yes they can!
Tolerance for dissent is always at a nadir during a war in any
society and the Germans were no exception. The Nazi government
rounded up dissenters, troublemakers, and potential problems,
most of them non-Germans, and shipped them off to labor
and concentration camps. But it made no sense to simply setup a
massive mechanism to exterminate millions of these people that
would place an enormous drain on manpower and resources when the
Germans could instead turn the imprisoned into a cheap labor
force that would actually aid the war effort instead of making
it more difficult. And that’s what they did. Germany was very
pressed for resources even when the war was going in their
favor, but especially so towards the end. The Nazi government,
typically German in efficiency, ranked and allocated their
limited resources according to the needs of the German nation.
Germans came first and non-Germans last. So while the German
cities and factories were being bombed into rubble by the
British and Americans and the German people were running low on
food and everything else, the people in the concentration camps
were only getting the barest minimum of food and supplies, if
even that. Hence the emaciated and diseased victims found at the
end of the war and widely filmed for propaganda value.
The
“gas chambers” in the “extermination camps” were exactly what
they looked like and were originally designed for: to fumigate
and sterilize clothing and other articles to prevent the spread
of insects and disease, always a problem in any cramped quarters
but especially so in a concentration camp. Just looking at the
pictures of these crematoria, claims of 6, 11 or even 26 million
bodies burned up in these ovens is nothing short of outrageous.
This does not mean that people were not executed, but
claims of millions killed by the Nazis in extermination camps
are wildly inflated, far beyond the level of absurdity. In
fact these claims are so fantastic that very few people are
willing to question them precisely because they are so
incredible but at the same time supported by the apparent
credibility of time and authority!
Which version makes more
sense?
Even if people were missing
this does not prove or even imply that they were murdered. The
years before, during and after World War II featured a
massive demographic turmoil caused by multiple factors. Indeed
it was the largest movement of people in world history! If
contact with a relative or friend was lost during this upheaval
it should hardly be surprising. Yet practically every Jew who
experienced this loss assumes by default that their loss was due
to a Nazi murder. Think about it, if one million Haim, Hannah
and Hershel’s all lost contact with each other then we have an
instant ‘Holocaust’ of six million Jews.
Not only that, but after the war half of Europe was cut off from
the rest behind the "iron curtain" of strict Soviet control.
Separated friends and relatives lived and died on opposite sides
of Cold War Europe without ever reconnecting.
To demonstrate how
incredibly easy it is to create the illusion of a
‘Holocaust’ consider a network of 8 people who all know
each other. If each person in this group gets separated
from each other person due to natural disaster, war, or
whatever reason, and they then report that all of their
friends in the network have disappeared, i.e. have been
executed, then a ‘holocaust’ of 56 people will be recorded
in the history books; a loss of 7 friends is reported by 8
different people, 7*8=56.This is the formula, where A is
the number of people in a network:
A*(A-1) =
‘holocaust’ total
If
a network of only 2500 people were completely separated
they would report a ‘holocaust’ of 6,247,500! |
Another way of putting it is
to always choose the solution that requires the least amount of
credulousness. So which one do you choose?
A) Many Jews lost contact
with many of their friends and relatives and assumed they died
amongst the greatest turmoil and movement of persons in world
history.
- or -
B) Jews from all over
Europe were systematically identified, arrested, and packed
onto trains by a country that was being attacked from all
sides during the largest war in human history. These people
were sent to half a dozen camps in Poland that were
constructed for no other purpose than to execute the
inhabitants yet still disguised so that no one would figure
out what was really going on. These Jews were abused,
tortured, enslaved and executed, waves of them lured into
shower rooms then poisoned with a gas that the German guards
bought at their local hardware store. Other Jews hauled out
the dead bodies to be burned in pits, buried in shallow graves
or incinerated to the sum total of somewhere between 6 and 26
million. Then, after the war was over and the execution system
was discovered by the sworn enemies of the Nazi party, the key
evidential elements necessary for confirmation were found to
be either missing or destroyed.
So
which version do you swallow?
Can the truth be found?
No effort was ever made to
verify personal claims of the numbers executed with the physical
remains after the execution camps were liberated, and that is
exactly why the crematoria entered the story because it is the
only way to rectify the purported numbers executed with the
totally inadequate volume of physical evidence present in the
form of human ash and bones. So if the given numbers are wildly
inflated then is there really any way to definitively gauge the
true number of people executed by the Nazis in extermination
camps? The number killed? Yes. The number executed? Only to the
extent that it cannot be more than the number of dead. Assuming
that all the
remains from the people executed did not leave the site of the
camp, or if they did, that we know where they went to, then determining
the cause of death is still a problematic endeavor but
determining number of deaths is not. Where there is ash
we can estimate number of people that died based on the volume
and chemical composition. Where there are bones we can count the
number of bodies, one skull means one person, and often
determine the cause of death such as disease or violence.
Exactly this
necessary verification process is conducted today in the
case of a massacre, genocide or war crime. One reason is because
the victim group, race, or tribe will exaggerate the numbers
killed. Another reason is that in order to build a valid case,
and one that is legally prosecutable, the facts have to be
established beyond a reasonable doubt. This means exhuming the
bodies and human remains and carefully cataloging what is found,
where it’s found and the approximate date the bodies were
buried. This process has to be openly documented and conducted
by impartial professionals.
For an example
of this procedure simply travel a few hundred miles south of
Poland, where fifty years after the end of World War II, up to
8,000 Bosnian males were killed in what is referred to as the
Srebrenica massacre.
This mass killing has been called a genocide because of the
ethnic motivation behind it. Forensic investigators are
currently excavating the human remains from multiple sites in
order to catalog the executions and prosecute those responsible.
Do the total murder numbers
really matter?
Imagine what
would happen if authorities claimed for 50 years that Serbs had
killed six million Bosnian Muslims, never having conducted any
objective forensic investigation, when the Serbs really didn’t
kill more than 8,000? And not only that but the authorities
making the exaggerated allegations were all enemies or opponents
of the accused Serbs, having every reason to lie about the
facts, obscure the truth and prevent a fair investigation? Yes,
the numbers definitely do matter.
Comparative Analysis
Despite the variation in time
and geography, mass-killings all have certain core similarities
that make comparison and analysis a fairly straightforward, even
if macabre, study. There’s no fundamental ambiguity about the
event, no lingering questions about the main cause of death and
the numbers have a fixed range that is capable of being linked
back to physical evidence. But in the case of the Nazi Holocaust
there’s something very peculiar. No other mass killing is as
clouded by contradictory statements and startlingly different
narratives while being as intensely polarized. The Nazi
Holocaust has more layers than an onion and stings the eyes even
worse.
Mass killings
are ugly but straightforward affairs and the cause of death is
rarely in dispute whether it be an artificial famine, thousands
of angry machetes or a metal bar to the skull. But not with the
Nazi Holocaust, in some cases it is poison gas, in another it is
a bullet, in another it is torture, in another it is dynamite,
literally every form of killing imaginable has been ascribed
to a Nazi execution. Nor are the total numbers killed so
violently dispersed across the spectrum in other mass killings
because they always leave behind human remains that can be used
to measure the scale of the atrocity. Yet in the case of the
Nazi Holocaust the story continually grows to exclude the
possibility of verification. So when bones are needed they
become ash from an incinerator and where the ash should be found
it has been obliterated. Where a gas chamber or cremation oven
should be found it has been bombed or dismantled. Where
objective, independent analysis should be employed to determine
fact from fiction, we have personal attacks and a paucity of
forensic studies.
The Nazi Holocaust is unique in the immunity to questions and
criticism that is has acquired, a remarkable allowance that has
never been granted to any other recorded event of mass killing.
As the ‘Shoah’ it has achieved a level of mythical, mystical
sanctity that cannot be questioned, critiqued or evaluated in
any objective or critical context as one would with any other
historical event. This is something so profoundly unnatural and
antithetic to modern, progressive thought it can only be
described as a contemporary taboo or religious dogma. Even the
law of gravity is open to debate and criticism from anyone that
can come up with an explanation that better describes it than
the one we have now. No one feels insulted or attacked if
traditional concepts of gravity are challenged because, in any
open debate, ideas and theories are allowed to stand or fall
based on their own internal merit. Yet this is curiously not the
case with the Nazi Holocaust story, for some insecure and
fearful European countries actually imprison people that
question it!
Indeed the historical and
personal obsession with Nazi crimes borders on the irrational;
any library will have shelves full of books written on Hitler,
the Nazis, and especially the (Nazi) Holocaust. How many books
fill a typical library on the Armenian Holocaust or the
Ukrainian ‘Holodomor’? In any objective context the 20th
century was a violent, brutal and bloody century but the Nazis
had no monopoly on killing in practice, desire or even
methodology. Even the purported numbers exterminated by the
Nazis remain smaller than the crimes of Mao and Stalin, both of
which were Communists, interestingly enough.
Mass killings have occurred before the Nazi era and they have
occurred after it, it’s not an impossibility. Regardless of what
I know some readers are going to assume, I don’t have a stake
in this issue one way or the other and I’m not trying to force
one set of facts to fit a predetermined bias. If you know of
something I'm missing then document it, list the reference, and
send it to me. If the Nazis
really did liquidate 26 million people in execution camps then
let's see the evidence, because an event on that scale will
present it unambiguously. But if the Nazis really only killed a
few hundred thousand and the lie of millions is still being
perpetuated over fifty years later, then something is seriously
wrong here.
We
should remember that truth is the first casualty in war. Not
only that but the winners write the history books, and making
Nazi Germany look as evil as possible was of critical importance
to the Soviets, the Americans and the British too. Not only
because they needed to justify their war in the minds of the
public but also to deflect against outrageous wartime atrocities
of their own. The British and Americans intentionally targeted
civilian population centers in Germany and Japan with massive fire-bombing
attacks that killed thousands upon thousands of innocent people,
cremated you might even say, as a result. 11.08.05